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MİHRİŞAH VÂLİDE SULTAN KÜLLİYESİ Skip to content İstanbul Eyüp’te XVIII. yüzyılın sonunda yapılan külliye.
Türbe, hazîre, imaret (aşhane), mektep, sebil ve çeşmelerden oluşan külliye, Sultan III. Selim’in annesi Mihrişah Vâlide Sultan tarafından 1792-1796 yıllarında Mehmed Ârif Ağa ve Ahmed Nûrullah Ağa’nın başmimarlıkları sırasında inşa ettirilmiş olup bina emini Anadolu kazaskerlerinden Kavafzâde Mehmed Emin Efendi’dir.
Külliyenin barok özelliklere sahip mermer cephesi türbe, taçkapılar, yuvarlak kemerli madenî şebekeli pencereler, sebil ve çeşmelerle şekillenmiştir. Sebilin sağındaki pencerenin üzerinden başlayarak türbenin başlangıcına kadar devam eden Sünbülzâde Vehbî’ye ait kitâbe metni Yesârî Mehmed Esad’ın ta‘lik hattıyla mermere işlenmiştir. Ön cephede mevcut iki kapı dışında doğu ve batıda külliyeye ait iki kapı daha vardır. Türbe ve hazîre avlusuna kilit taşı stilize istiridye kabuğu motifli, iki renk mermerden örülmüş “S” profilli bir kapı ile geçilir. Kapı kemeri üzerinde “küllü nefsin zâikatü’l-mevt” âyeti yazılıdır. Bu bölüm, “S” ve “C” kıvrımlı kemerler ve ortasında akant yaprağının yer aldığı bir bölümle sonlanır. Kapının iki yanında dalgalı hatlara sahip yüksek kaidelerin üzerinde helozonik kıvrımlı, akant yapraklı ve profilli başlıkları olan sütunlar yükselir. Sütunların arasındaki iç bükey bölümler birer süs çeşmeciğiyle hareketlendirilmiştir. Bu bölümün üzerindeki köşeli pilastırlar arasında kelime-i tevhidin yazılı olduğu madalyonlar vardır.
Türbe. Beyaz mermerden, on iki oval yüzlü, çift sıra pencereli ve kubbeli bir yapının cephelerindeki pencereler arasında duvarlara gömülü sütunlar ve köşeli pilastırlar yer alır. Pencere altlarında ve üstlerinde bulunan yatay silmelerle, bunların aralarında yer alan sütun ve pilastırlarla cepheler bölümlenmiş, kullanılan renkli taşlarla etkili bir görünüm sağlanmıştır. Kilit taşları stilize istiridye kabuğu motifli, “S” profilli kemerleri olan pencerelerden alttakiler dökme demir şebekeli, üsttekiler revzenlidir. Türbe üç bölümlü, revaklı bir girişe sahiptir. Ortasını bir kubbenin, iki yanını tonozların örttüğü bu bölümün iç yüzeyleri kalem işleriyle bezenmiştir. Yastıklı ve impostlu sütunlar üzerindeki yuvarlak kemerlerden kapı önündeki daha yüksek ve geniş tutulmuştur. Türbe kapısı siyah-beyaz mermerden, kilit taşı stilize istiridye kabuğu motifli, “S” profilli bir kemere sahiptir. Bir âyetin yazılı olduğu kitâbenin üzerinde “S” ve “C” profilli bir kemeri içte ve dışta akant ve palmet motifleriyle bezeyen taç kısmı bulunur. İki yandan ikişer sütunla sınırlanan kapının sağına ve soluna birer dikdörtgen pencere yerleştirilmiştir. On iki yüzlü türbe cephesinin bir yüzü giriş, iki yanı birer dolap nişi olarak düzenlenmiştir. Dokuz yüzünde altlı üstlü pencereler sıralanır. Üst kat pencereleri renkli camlı ve revzenlidir. Türbenin içindeki on iki adet sütun yapının iç köşelerindeki geçişleri yumuşatır. Alt kat pencereleri üzerindeki celî sülüs hatlı âyet kitâbesiyle üst kat pencereleri üzerindeki ism-i celâl, ism-i nebî, dört halife, Hasan, Hüseyin, Saîd, Sa‘d, Zübeyr ve Talha isimlerinin yazılı olduğu madalyonlar Hattat Mahmud Celâleddin Efendi’nin eseridir. Türbenin nakkaşı Mehmed Şevki’dir. Kubbenin iç yüzeyi, merkezdeki yuvarlak bir madalyondan çıkarak on iki kola ayrılan, kalem işi tekniğindeki, sarı, beyaz, kırmızı, yeşil ve mavi renkli dalgalı şeritlerle bezelidir. Bu şeritlerin aralarını ve eteğini aynı teknikteki “S” ve “C” kıvrımlı barok süslemelerle rokoko üslûbundaki buketler dolgular. Türbe, planı itibariyle Türk barok mimarisinin önemli bir temsilcisidir. Türbenin içinde Mihrişah Vâlide Sultan, Hatice Sultan, Beyhan Sultan, Refet Kadın ve Rahime Piristû Kadın’a ait beş sanduka bulunmaktadır. Girişin sağında etrafını rûmî, palmet ve kıvrık dalların bezediği, sedef kakmalı ahşap bir korkulukla çevrili sanduka Mihrişah Vâlide Sultan’a aittir. Türbenin avlusu zamanla XVIII. yüzyıl sonu ile XIX ve XX. yüzyıllara ait mezarların bulunduğu bir hazîreye dönüşmüştür. Avlunun doğusunda âbidevî bir kapı ile ulaşılan, içleri kalem işi bezeli, sekiz adet, kubbeli bir revakla bunun arkasında aynalı tonoz örtülü birimler yer alır. Revak kubbelerinin sonuna kitâbesiz bir çeşme yerleştirilmiştir. Bu revakın arkasındaki aynalı tonozlu birimlerden ilki imaret avlusuna geçişi sağlar. 2, 3 ve 6. birimler türbenin bulunduğu avluya açılan mekânlar olup türbedar odaları olarak kullanılmaktadır.
İmaret. İmaret avlusuna giriş kilit taşı stilize istiridye kabuğu motifli, pembe-beyaz mermerden, yuvarlak kemerli bir kapı ile sağlanmaktadır. Üstteki barok tepelik altında “mâşallah” ile bir âyet yazılmıştır. Kapının yanlarındaki pilastırlı ikişer sütun yüksek kaidelere oturmakta olup helozonik kıvrımlı, akant yapraklı ve profilli başlıklara sahiptir. Üstte, sütunların devamı durumundaki köşeli pilastırlar arasında III. Selim’e ait tuğralı madalyonlar vardır. İmaretin avlusunda Mısırlı Mustafa Fâzıl Paşa ve ailesine ait lahitler bulunmaktadır. İyonik başlıklı sütunlar üzerinde yükselen, yuvarlak kemerli, içleri beyaz badanalı, kubbeli revaklar avluyu batı, kuzey ve doğu yönlerinden çevreler. Avlunun batı yönündeki mekânlar aynalı tonozla örtülüdür. Bu mekânlardan ilki türbe avlusuna geçişi sağlar. Bugün arşiv ve soyunma odası olarak kullanılan mekânlar kapı ve pencereleriyle imaret avlusuna, diğerleri ise türbe avlusuna, doğu kanadındaki odalardan ilki bir kemerle aynı zamanda doğu kapısıyla da ulaşılan hazîreye açılır. Bu bölümün gerisinde biri beşik, diğer altısı aynalı tonozla örtülü mekânlar mevcuttur. İmaret kapısının tam karşısında sekizgen kasnaklar üzerindeki pandantifli kubbelerle örtülü üç büyük mekân yer alır. Soldaki batı yönünde, diğer ikisi doğu yönünde yarım aynalı tonozla genişletilmiştir. Ortadaki imaretin mutfağı olup mutfağın sağındaki fırındır. Kapısının üzerinde Zâriyât sûresinin yazılı olduğu soldaki oda günümüzde kesilen etlerin konulduğu soğuk hava tesisi haline getirilmiştir. İmaretin beşi sekizgen, altısı silindirik on bir adet bacası bulunmaktadır.
Sebil. İmaretin bitişiğindeki cephe üzerinde yer alan ve iki yanındaki çeşmeleri örten geniş saçaklı gövdesi beş dalgalı yüze bölünmüş sebil barok üslûbunun âbidevî örneklerinden biridir. Altta pilastırlar arasında her yüzey kare formlu kartuşlarla dolgulanmıştır. Cephelerde ikisi pembe, biri mermer olan, üçlü demet sütunları birbirine bağlayan akant yapraklı, “S” ve “C” profilli kemerler arasında bitkisel tezyinatlı dökme demir şebekelere sahip pencere açıklıkları yer alır. Pencerelerin üzerinde yine pilastırlarla bölümlenmiş yüzeyler bu defa birbirinden profilli bir kornişle ayrılmış olup iki kat şeklinde devam etmektedir. Bunlardan ilki, “S” ve “C” kıvrımlı kemerler ve akant yaprakları ile meydana getirilen kartuşlara sahiptir. En üsttekinde tekrarlanan benzer kartuşlar her pencerenin üzerindeki dörder mısralık kitâbeyi çevreler. Yesârî Mehmed Esad’ın hattı olan kitâbenin yazarı Galata Mevlevîhânesi postnişinlerinden Şeyh Galib’dir. Sebilin içinde sağda yalaklı küçük bir çeşme vardır. Sebilin iki yanındaki çeşmeler, iki yandan köşeli pilastırlardan oluşan yüksek kaideler üzerine oturan, helozonik kıvrımlı, akant yaprak başlıklı, yarım daire kesitli sütunlarla sınırlanmıştır. İçte iki pembe sütunçe üzerinde pilastırlı kitâbeli, “C” ve “S” formlu bir tepelik yer alır. Ayna kısımlarını “S” profilli kemerlere sahip dikdörtgen kartuşlar dolgulamaktadır.
Sıbyan Mektebi. Mihrişah Vâlide Sultan Türbesi’nin tam karşısında bulunan mektep “L” planlı, çift meyilli çatılı, almaşık duvar örgülü bir yapıdır. Etrafı inşasından yaklaşık otuz yıl sonra mezarlık haline gelmiştir. 1970’lerde içinde barınan ailenin dikkatsizliği sonucu yanmış, 1995’te Eyüp Sultan Camii ve Çevresi Koruma Projesi kapsamında restore edilmiştir. Bugün Eyüp Sultan Gençlik İzci Grubu Lokali olarak kullanılmaktadır.
Mihrişah Vâlide Sultan Kütüphanesi’nin külliye ile bir ilgisi yoktur. Mihrişah Vâlide Sultan ve kethüdâsı Atâullah Efendi’nin vakfı olan kitaplar önce Eyüp Sultan Camii içinde sol taraftaki iki dolapta muhafaza edilmiştir. Zamanla genişleyen kütüphane 1924’te Hüsrev Paşa Kütüphanesi’ne, 1957’de Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ne nakledilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “Stil Yönünden, Klasik Sonrası, Türk Mimarlığında Sebil Anıtları”, Taç (Türkiye Anıt Çevre Turizm Değerlerini Koruma Vakfı Yayını), I/3, İstanbul 1986, s. 22.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 42-44 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.