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MÎKÂİL Skip to content Kur’an’da adı geçen dört büyük melekten biri.
Mîkâil kelimesinin İbrânîce’deki karşılığı “Kim Tanrı gibidir?” anlamındaki mika’êl dir; Arapça’ya İbrânîce veya Süryânîce’den geçtiği ifade edilmektedir (Mustafavî, XI, 148; Jeffery, s. 275-276). Müslüman müfessir ve dilcileri de mîkâilin, mîk (mîkâ ) ve îl kelimelerinden oluşan İbrânîce veya Süryânîce menşeli olduğunu söylemektedir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “eyl” ve “yll” md.leri). İbn Abbas, İkrime ve Ali b. Hüseyin’den gelen rivayetlere göre mîk “ubeyd” (kulcağız), îl de “Allah” demek olup “ubeydullah” (Allah’ın kulcağızı) mânasına gelmektedir (Müsned , V, 16; Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 2/6; Taberî, I, 346-347; Kurtubî, II, 38; İbn Kesîr, I, 232; İbn Hacer, XVII, 16; Âlûsî, I, 334). Kelimenin mîkâl, mîkâil, mîkeîl, mîkeil, mîkâîl, mîkeyîl, mîkâel ve mîkâyîl gibi okunuşları bulunmakta, hatta mîkâyîn şekli de nakledilmektedir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “myk [mîkâʾîl]” md.; Fahreddin er-Râzî, III, 181; Kurtubî, II, 38; Âlûsî, I, 334).
Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te Mîkâil’in ismi beş yerde geçer (Daniel, 10/13, 21; 12/1; Yahuda’nın Mektubu, 9; Vahiy, 12/7). Eski Ahid’de adı anılan iki büyük melekten biri olan Mîkâil (diğeri Gabriel [Cebrâil]), düşmanlarına karşı İsrâiloğulları’na yardıma gelen ve onları esaretten kurtaran, İsrâiloğulları’nın koruyucu meleği, birinci ve büyük reis (Daniel, 10/13, 21; 12/1); Yeni Ahid’de de İblîs’e karşı çıkan baş melek ve gök ordusunun reisi (Yahuda’nın Mektubu, 9), başında bulunduğu melek ordusu ile İblîs ve şeytan denen büyük ejder ve ordusuna karşı savaşan ve onları yenip göklerden yere süren başkumandan (Vahiy, 12/7-9) olarak geçer ve Hz. Mûsâ’nın cesedi hakkında İblîs ile mücadele eden biri olarak takdim edilir (Yahuda’nın Mektubu, 9). Jonathan Targumu , bu hadiseyi Hz. Mûsâ’nın gömülmesiyle ilgili Tevrat metninin (Tesniye, 34/6) açıklaması çerçevesinde anlatır ve Mûsâ’nın Mîkâil ve diğer meleklerce defnedildiğini nakleder.
Kutsal kitap dışı dinî literatüre göre Cebrâil ve Mîkâil, Uriel ve Rafael ile birlikte Tanrı’nın tahtını kuşatmışlardır. Bu ikisi, Eski Ahid’de adı verilmeksizin zikredilen ilâhî elçiler veya melekler olarak görülmekte, yahudilerin savunucusu olan Mîkâil, Cebrâil’den daha büyük kabul edilmektedir. Hz. İbrâhim’i ziyaret eden üç melekten ikisi Cebrâil ile Mîkâil’dir; Mîkâil, İshak’ın doğumunu müjdelemek, Cebrâil de Sodom’u helâk etmekle görevlendirilmiştir. Ya‘kūb ile güreşen ve Horeb’de Mûsâ’ya görünen de Cebrâil veya Mîkâil’dir. İbrâhim’i ateşten koruyan, oğlunu kurban etmek üzere iken onun elini tutan, Lût’un esir alındığını haber veren, İshak’a eş aramak için yola çıkan hizmetçiye refakat eden Mîkâil’dir. Mîkâil, Cebrâil ile birlikte Sînâ dağına inen Tanrı’ya eşlik etmiştir. Onlar meleklerin kralları olarak kabul edilmektedir. Mûsâ’dan korktukları için ruhunu almaya cesaret edememişler, bu sebeple Mûsâ’nın ruhunu bizzat Tanrı kabzetmiş, onlar da Mûsâ’nın tabutunun iki tarafında ayakta durmuşlardır. Mîkâil Vezir Hâmân’ın komplosuna karşı yahudileri korumuştur. Mîkâil ve Cebrâil, âhir zamanda Mesîh’e refakat edenler arasında yer alacak ve kötülerle çarpışacaktır. Mîkâil tamamıyla buzdan, Cebrâil ise ateşten yaratılmıştır, fakat bir arada olduklarında birbirlerine zararları dokunmamaktadır. Şeytana ve diğer meleklere Âdem’e secde etmelerini emreden Mîkâil’dir. O, semanın anahtarlarının muhafızı ve âhirette ölüleri dirilişe çağırandır. Kabala literatüründe de Mîkâil önemli rol üstlenmektedir (İA , VIII, 309; EJd. , XI, 1489-1490). Tövbe, dürüstlük, merhamet ve kutsama meleği olan Mîkâil dördüncü semanın yöneticisidir (Davidson, s. 193).
Hıristiyanlık’ta da Mîkâil (Saint Michel) koruyucu vasfıyla ön plana çıkmaktadır. Ortodoks kilisesinin ikonlarında Mîkâil, şerre karşı zaferi sembolize etmek üzere genellikle elindeki kılıcıyla ejderhaya karşı dövüşür şekilde gösterilmektedir. Hıristiyan düşüncesinde Mîkâil bütün şer güçlere karşı hıristiyanların koruyucusu, semavî mihmandarların prensi, inançlı canları ölüm vadisinden geçirip ötesindeki hayata götüren kılavuz olarak kabul edilir. Katolik kilisesinin şarap-ekmek âyinlerinde ve günah çıkarma esnasında söylenen yakarışlarda Tanrı ve bâkire Meryem’den sonra Mîkâil’in anılması ona verilen önemi göstermektedir (MacGregor, s. 136, 412). Katolik kilisesinde Mîkâil’in biri 29 Eylül, diğeri 8 Mayıs’ta olmak üzere iki bayramı vardır (Catholicisme , I, 545).
İslâm inancına göre meleklerin büyüklerinden olan Mîkâil’in ismi hem Kur’an’da (Mîkâl, el-Bakara 2/98) hem hadislerde geçmektedir. Rivayete göre, Hz. Peygamber’e bazı sorular soran bir grup yahudi bunlara cevap alınca bu defa kendisine vahyi kimin getirdiğini sormuşlar, Cebrâil cevabını alınca selâmet ve bereket meleği ve kendilerinin koruyucusu Mîkâil’in aksine Cebrâil’i kendilerine düşman bildiklerini, onun felâket ve sefalet meleği olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Diğer bir rivayete göre yine yahudiler, “Her peygamberin meleklerden bir dostu vardır; senin dostun hangi melektir?” deyince Resûl-i Ekrem, “Dostum Cebrâil’dir ve Allah’ın gönderdiği bütün peygamberlerin de istisnasız dostu odur” cevabını vermiş, bunun üzerine yahudiler, “Eğer dostun ondan başka bir melek olsaydı sana tâbi olur, seni tasdik ederdik” demişler, “Cebrâil’i kabul etmeyişinizin sebebi nedir?” diye sorulunca da, “O bizim düşmanımızdır” demişlerdir (Taberî, I, 341; İbn Kesîr, I, 226). Bunun üzerine şu âyetler nâzil olmuştur: “De ki: Kim Cebrâil’e düşman ise bilsin ki müminler için hidayet ve müjde olan Kur’an’ı Allah’ın izniyle senin kalbine indiren odur. Kim Allah’a, meleklerine, peygamberlerine, Cebrâil’e, Mîkâil’e düşman olursa şüphesiz Allah da o kâfirlerin düşmanıdır” (el-Bakara 2/97-98).
Diğer bir rivayete göre Hz. Ömer bir gün yahudilerin beytülmidrâslarına gider ve onların Cebrâil hakkındaki düşüncelerini öğrenmek ister. “O bizim düşmanımızdır, çünkü Muhammed’e bizim sırlarımızı veriyor. Ayrıca o şiddet, zorluk ve azap meleği, dostumuz olan Mîkâil ise kurtuluş, hayır ve rahmet meleğidir” derler. Bunun üzerine Ömer, “Bu iki melek ilâhî huzurda nerede yer alır?” diye sorar. “Cebrâil rabbin sağında, Mîkâil solundadır ve aralarında düşmanlık vardır” cevabını verince Hz. Ömer, “Eğer dediğiniz gibi ise onlar birbirlerine düşman olamazlar. Kim onlardan birine düşman olursa Allah’a da düşman olur” diyerek yanlarından ayrılır. Hz. Peygamber’in huzuruna gidince de yukarıdaki âyetin nâzil olduğunu öğrenir. Onun yahudilerle yaptığı konuşmadan vahiy yoluyla haberdar olan Resûl-i Ekrem, “Ey Ömer, rabbin senin sözüne muvafık âyet gönderdi” der (bu ve benzeri birçok rivayet için bk. Müsned , I, 274; Taberî, I, 342-346; İbn Kesîr, I, 229; Âlûsî, I, 331).
Cebrâil ile Mîkâil’in Allah ile peygamberleri arasında elçilik yaptıkları, bu çerçevede Mîkâil’in nübüvvetin ilk yıllarında Resûlullah’a vahiy getirdiği belirtilerek esas vazifesi vahiy getirmekten ibaret bulunan Cebrâil’in Resûl-i Ekrem’e daha yakın olduğu, âyette Cebrâil’in önce zikredilmesinin, ayrıca vahiy ile görevli oluşunun Mîkâil’den faziletli olduğunu gösterdiği nakledilir (İbn Kesîr, I, 231-232; Âlûsî, I, 334). Mîkâil Cebrâil, Hârût ve Mârût ile birlikte Kur’an’da ismi zikredilen dört melekten biridir. Cebrâil ile Mîkâil’in özel isimleriyle anılması Allah katında kıymetli ve büyük meleklerden olduklarını gösterir (Taberî, I, 349; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, VII, 177; Âlûsî, I, 333-334). Diğer taraftan Resûlullah’ın gece namaza başlayacağı zaman, ayrıca her namazın arkasından okuduğu dualarda Cebrâil’in ve Mîkâil’in adını anması bu meleklerin Allah katındaki üstün derecesini gösterir (Müsned , VI, 61, 156; Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 200; İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 180).
Meleklerin çeşitli görevleri vardır. Bunlardan Mîkâil insan da dahil olmak üzere canlıların rızıkları, dolayısıyla yağmurların yağması ve bitkilerin gelişmesi gibi işlerle görevlidir (Mahmûd Muhammed es-Sübkî, V, 178).
Felsefe geleneğinin etkisinde kalan tasavvuf ehli dört büyük meleğin görevlerini farklı bir şekilde açıklarken altıncı feleğin aklı ve ruhu diye nitelediği Mîkâil’i bütün bitki nefislerine feyiz veren ve mahlûkatın rızıklarını dağıtan melek olarak kabul etmiştir (Âlûsî, I, 334).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in dört sûresinde, önce Hz. İbrâhim’e gelip oğlu İshak’ın ve torunu Ya‘kūb’un doğacağını müjdeleyen, ardından Hz. Lût’u ziyaret edip azgınlaşan kavmini helâk eden bir grup elçi melekten bahsedilir (Hûd 11/69-83; el-Hicr 15/51-71; el-Ankebût 29/31-34; ez-Zâriyât 51/24-37). Cebrâil, İsrâfil ve Azrâil ile birlikte Mîkâil’in de bunların arasında yer aldığı rivayet edilmektedir (Taberî, XII, 42; İbn Kesîr, III, 563; Âlûsî, XII, 93). Allah’ın, üzerlerine yemin ettiği “mukassimât”ın (ez-Zâriyât 51/4) O’nun işlerini taksim ve tevzi eden Cebrâil, Mîkâil, İsrâfil ve Azrâil gibi emir melekleri olduğu söylenmiştir (Kurtubî, XVII, 21; Elmalılı, VI, 4527).
Bedir Gazvesi’nde müminlerin yardımına gelen melek ordusunun (el-Enfâl 8/9-12) kumandanlarından birinin Mîkâil olduğu rivayet edilmiştir (Müsned , I, 147; Taberî, IX, 128). Cebrâil ve Mîkâil’in Uhud günü beyaz elbiseli iki insan kıyafetinde Resûlullah’ın sağında ve solunda durup onu bütün güçleriyle korudukları da nakledilmektedir (Müslim, “Feżâʾil”, 46-47).
Hz. Peygamber’in, bir hadisinde şöyle dediği rivayet edilmiştir: “Her peygamberin gök ehlinden iki, yer ehlinden iki veziri olur. Benim gök ehlinden vezirlerim Cebrâil ile Mîkâil, yer ehlinden vezirlerim de Ebû Bekir ile Ömer’dir” (Tirmizî, “Menâḳıb”, 17).
Hadislerde Mîkâil genellikle Cebrâil ve İsrâfil ile birlikte zikredilmektedir (Müsned , III, 10; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ḥurûf”, 1). Resûl-i Ekrem’in rüyasında Cebrâil ile Mîkâil’i kendisine cennet ve cehennemi gezdiren iki insan şeklinde (Müsned , V, 15; Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 90; “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 7), bir başka rüyasında onlardan birini başı ucunda, diğerini ayağı ucunda durup kendisine bir darbımesel söylerken (Tirmizî, “Ems̱âl”, 1) gördüğü rivayet edilmektedir. İslâm’ın başlangıcında namazdaki teşehhüd esnasında “et-tahiyyât” yerine “… es-selâmü alâ Cibrîle, es-selâmü alâ Mîkâîle …” denilmekteydi (Müsned , I, 382, 413, 427; Buhârî, “Eẕân”, 148; “İstiʾẕân”, 3).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “eyl”, “myk (mîkâʾîl)”, “yll” md.leri.
Mustafavî, et-Taḥḳīḳ , XI, 148-149.
Müsned , I, 147, 199, 274, 382, 413, 427; III, 10, 224; V, 15, 16, 41, 51, 114, 122; VI, 61, 156.
Dârimî, “Ṣalât”, 84.
Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 2/6, “Cenâʾiz”, 90, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 7, “Eẕân”, 148, “İstiʾẕân”, 3.
Müslim, “Ṣalât”, 200, “Ṭalâḳ”, 30, “Feżâʾil”, 46-47.
İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 24, 180.
Ebû Dâvûd “Ṣalât”, 119, “Ḥurûf”, 1.
Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 31, “Menâḳıb”, 17, “Ems̱âl”, 1.
Nesâî, “Ḳıyâmü’l-leyl”, 12, “İftitâḥ”, 37, “Sehiv”, 41, 88, “Taṭbîḳ”, 100.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , Beyrut 1978, I, 341-349; IX, 128; XII, 42.
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Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, el-Muʿarreb (nşr. F. Abdürrahîm), Dımaşk 1410/1990, s. 600.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , Beyrut 1990, III, 181; XIII, 66; XX, 259.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , II, 38; XVII, 21.
Zekeriyyâ b. Muhammed el-Kazvînî, ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt (Demîrî, Ḥayâtü’l-ḥayevân içinde), Mısır 1315, I, 95; II, 238.
İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , Beyrut 1966, I, 226-232; III, 563.
İbn Hacer, Fetḥu’l-bârî (Sa‘d) , XVII, 16.
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H. Lesêtre, “Michel”, DB , IV/2, s. 1067-1075.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , IV, 2800; VI, 4527, 4536.
A. Jeffery, The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur’ān , Baroda 1938, s. 275-276.
G. Davidson, A Dictionary of Angels , New York 1967, s. 193-195.
Mahmûd Muhammed es-Sübkî, el-Menhelü’l-ʿaẕbü’l-mevrûd , Kahire 1394/1974, V, 178.
G. MacGregor, Dictionary of Religion and Philosophy , New York 1989, s. 136, 412.
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Ali Erbaş, Melekler Âlemi , İstanbul 1998, s. 89-90, 162-163, 266-267.
K. Kohler, “Angelology”, JE , I, 590.
A. J. Wensinck, “Mīkāl”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 25.
a.mlf., “Mikâil”, İA , VIII, 308-309.
A. Molien, “Ange”, Catholicisme , I, 545.
H. L. Ginsberg v.dğr., “Michael and Gabriel”, EJd. , XI, 1487-1490.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 45-46 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.