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MÎR-i ALEM Skip to content Türk ve İslâm devletlerinde hükümdarın bayrağını taşımakla görevli kumandan.
1/2 Müellif: ABDÜLKERİM ÖZAYDIN Bölüme Git
Selçuklular’dan itibaren siyasî ve askerî bir unvan olarak kullanılan mîr-i alem, Arapça emîrin kısaltılmış biçimi mîr ile (bey) alem (sancak, bayrak)…
2/2 Müellif: ERHAN AFYONCU Bölüme Git
Osmanlılar’da. Mîr-i alem, Osmanlılar’da hem sancaktar hem mehterhâne bölüklerinin âmirini ifade eder. “Emîr-i alem-i dergâh-ı âlî” ve “emîr-i alemlik…
Selçuklular’dan itibaren siyasî ve askerî bir unvan olarak kullanılan mîr-i alem, Arapça emîrin kısaltılmış biçimi mîr ile (bey) alem (sancak, bayrak) kelimelerinden oluşur (emîrü’l-alem → emîr-i alem → mîr-i alem). Livâ ve râye de alemle aynı mânaya gelir. İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında Hayber’in fethine kadar (7/628) daha çok livâ kelimesinin kullanıldığı kaydedilmektedir. İbn Sa‘d da bu tarihten evvel râye kelimesine rastlanmadığını belirtir (eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt, II, 106). Selçuklular’dan önceki dönemlerde sâhibü’l-livâ / sâhibü’r-râyenin mîr-i alem karşılığında kullanıldığı görülmektedir.
Hz. Peygamber erken tarihlerden itibaren Hz. Hamza, Ubeyde b. Hâris ve Abdullah b. Cahş gibi sahâbîleri sâhibü’l-livâ olarak görevlendirmişti (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, II, 79). Daha sonra Hz. Ali başta olmak üzere Mikdâd b. Amr, Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās, Mus‘ab b. Umeyr, Sa‘d b. Muâz, Sa‘d b. Ubâde, Kays b. Sa‘d b. Ubâde, Hubâb b. Münzir, Ubeyd b. Hudayr, Hz. Ebû Bekir ve Zübeyr b. Avvâm gibi sahâbîler de sâhibü’l-livâ olarak görev yapmıştır. Genellikle her kabilenin ve askerî birliğin livâsı vardı. Livâyı öncelikle birliğin kumandanı, bazan da öncü birliğin başındaki görevli taşırdı.
İbnü’l-Esîr, Zengîler’den I. Seyfeddin Gazi’nin (1146-1149) Selçuklu hükümdarları dışında başı üzerinde sancak taşınan ilk hükümdar olduğunu, daha önce mahallî hükümdarların (ashâbü’l-etrâf) Selçuklu sultanlarına hürmeten böyle bir uygulamada bulunmadığını anlatır (et-Târîḫu’l-bâhir, s. 93). Bu bilgilerden mîr-i alemlerin sancağı Selçuklu sultanlarının başı üzerinde tuttukları öğrenilmektedir. Selçuklular’a dair kaynaklarda “emîr-i alem” (İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, XII, 125; Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, II/5, s. 186, 191), “emîr-i alemdâr” (a.g.e., II/5, s. 184), “emîrü’l-alemi’s-sultânî” (Bündârî, s. 164) ve “sâhibü’l-alem” (İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, X, 430; XI, 167) şeklinde anılan mîr-i alemin sultanın önemli kumandanları arasında yer aldığı ve muharebelerde ön saflarda savaştığı anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Kılıcarslan’ın Musul yakınlarında Büyük Selçuklu kuvvetleriyle yaptığı savaşta sâhibü’l-alemin üzerine hücum edip onu ağır şekilde yaraladığı (a.g.e., X, 430), Irak Selçuklu Sultanı Mes‘ûd b. Muhammed Tapar ile Abbâsî Halifesi Müsterşid-Billâh arasındaki bir savaşta emîrü’l-alemi’s-sultânînin ön saflarda çarpıştığı (Bündârî, s. 164), II. Tuğrul’un emîr-i alemdârının Muharrem 584’te (Mart 1188) İldenizliler’den Nusretüddin Ebû Bekir’e karşı muharip birliklerin önünde savaştığı, II. Tuğrul’un Şevval 589’da (Ekim 1193) emîr-i alemini 4000 kişilik bir süvari birliğiyle İldenizliler’den Kutluğ İnanç üzerine sevkettiği ve onun da Kutluğ İnanç’ı bozguna uğrattığı (Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, II/5, s. 191) bilinmektedir. Aynı kurum Oğuzlar’da da mevcuttur (İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, XI, 167).
Muhammed b. Ali er-Râvendî’nin (ö. 604/1207’den sonra) verdiği bilgilerden Abbâsîler’in de bu unvanı kullandığı ve Hârizmşahlar’la Irak’ta cereyan eden mücadelede Halife Nâsır-Lidînillâh’ın emîr-i aleminin Hârizmşah Alâeddin Tekiş’in Irak’taki temsilcisi Mayacık ile 594’te (1198) savaştığı anlaşılmaktadır (Râhatü’s-sudûr, II, 368). Karahanlılar’da “alem başlar eri” unvanı verilen alemdârın (mîr-i alem) (Genç, s. 219-220) savaş sırasında harekâtı yakından takip ederek düşmana saldıracak askerlerin saf dışı kalmaması için çalıştığı ve savaşta ön saflarda yer aldığı görülmektedir (Yûsuf Has Hâcib, II, 175 [beyit 2346]). Bu unvanı Hârizmşahlar da kullanmıştır. Nesevî, Hârizmşah Alâeddin Muhammed b. Tekiş döneminde (1200-1220) emîrü’l-alemi’l-Irâkī unvanına sahip Şemseddin adlı bir kumandandan bahsetmektedir (Sîretü’s-Sulṭân Celâliddîn Mengübertî , s. 70). İbn Bîbî Anadolu Selçukluları’nın nüfuzlu devlet adamlarından Sâdeddin Köpek ile mücadele eden ve onu yaralayan emîrler arasında emîr-i alem Togan’ın da bulunduğunu (el-Evâmirü’l-Alâiyye, II, 35), Simre subaşılığına tayin edilen emîr-i alem Şah Melik’in devrin itibarlı kumandanlarından biri olduğunu belirtir (a.g.e., II, 164).
Tâceddin es-Sübkî, Memlükler’de tablhâneden (nevbethâne) sorumlu olan emîr-i alemin savaş sırasında nevbet çalınması için gerekli önlemleri alması, askerleri saldırıya teşvik edip cesaretle savaşmalarını sağlaması gerektiğini kaydeder (Muʿîdü’n-niʿam, s. 35). Kalkaşendî de Memlükler’de önemli görevleri olan emîrler arasında saydığı emîr-i alemin tablhânedeki savaş araç ve gereçlerinin, bayrak ve sancakların korunmasından sorumlu olduğunu ve emrinde birçok görevli bulunduğunu söyler (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, IV, 13). Kalkaşendî ayrıca, Memlük Sultanı el-Melikü’z-Zâhir Berkuk’un emîr-i alem Ebû Bekir’in Remle valiliğine tayin edildiğine dair bir tevkīine de eserinde yer vermiştir (a.g.e., XII, 315-317).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt, II, 106; Belâzürî, Ensâb, s. 53-54, 171; Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, Târîḫ (nşr. Halîl Hatîb Rehber), Tahran 1368, III, 1117; Yusuf Has Hâcib, Kutadgu Bilig (trc. Reşîd Rahmetî Arat), Ankara 1974, II, 175 (beyit 2346); Râvendî, Râhatü’s-sudûr (Ateş), II, 318, 359-360, 364, 368; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, X, 430; XI, 167; XII, 125; a.mlf., et-Târîḫu’l-bâhir fi’d-devleti’l-Atâbekiyye bi’l-Mevṣıl (nşr. Abdülkādir Ahmed Tuleymât), Bağdad-Kahire 1382/1963, s. 93; Muhammed b. Ahmed en-Nesevî, Sîretü’s-Sulṭân Celâliddîn Mengübertî (nşr. O. Houdas), Paris 1891, s. 70; Bündârî, Zübdetü’n-Nusra (Burslan), s. 164; İbn Bîbî, el-Evâmirü’l-Alâiyye: Selçukname (trc. Mürsel Öztürk), Ankara 1996, II, 35, 164; Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Ahmed Ateş), Ankara 1960, II/5, s. 184, 186, 191; Sübkî, Muʿîdü’n-niʿam ve mübîdü’n-niḳam, Beyrut 1407/1986, s. 35; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, IV, 13-15, 22; V, 139, 146, 456; XII, 315-317; Uzunçarşılı, Medhal, s. 35; İbrahim Kafesoğlu, Sultan Melikşah Devrinde Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu, İstanbul 1953, s. 144; Hasan el-Bâşâ, el-Fünûnü’l-İslâmiyye ve’l-veẓâʾif ʿale’l-âs̱âri’l-ʿArabiyye, Kahire, ts. (Dârü’n-nehdati’l-Arabiyye), I, 242-243; Muhammed Hamîdullah, Hz. Peygamberin Savaşları ve Savaş Meydanları (trc. Salih Tuğ), İstanbul 1972, s. 204-217; Aydın Taneri, Türk Devlet Geleneği-Dün ve Bugün, Ankara 1975, s. 99; Reşat Genç, Karahanlı Devlet Teşkilâtı, İstanbul 1981, s. 219-220; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel), II, 77-84; Mustafa Zeki Terzi, Hz. Peygamber ve Hulefâ-i Râşidîn Döneminde Askerî Teşkilât, Samsun 1990, s. 116; J. Deny, “Sancak”, İA, X, 186-189; H. Bowen, “Bayraḳdār”, EI2 (İng.), I, 1134-1135; J. Calmard, “ʿAlam ve ʿAlāmat”, EIr., I, 788.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 123-124 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Osmanlılar’da. Mîr-i alem, Osmanlılar’da hem sancaktar hem mehterhâne bölüklerinin âmirini ifade eder. “Emîr-i alem-i dergâh-ı âlî” ve “emîr-i alemlik-i hâssa” olarak da geçer. XVI. yüzyıla ait arşiv kayıtlarında daha ziyade “emîr-i alem” şeklinde kaydedilirken (BA, MAD, nr. 559, s. 2) XVII. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren belgelerde çoğunlukla “mîr-i alem” biçiminde görülür (BA, D.KRZ, nr. 33120, s. 4; BA, KK, nr. 3398, s. 2).
Mîr-i alemliğin ne zaman ihdas edildiği belli değildir. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in teşkilât kanunnâmesinde mîr-i alemlik, statüsü belirlenmiş üst düzey memuriyetlerden biri olarak tarif edilir. Osmanlılar’da ilk dönemlerden itibaren bayrak kullanıldığı bilindiğine göre böyle bir görevin daha kuruluş yıllarında ortaya çıkmış olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir.
Mîr-i alem mehterân-ı tabl ü alem denilen sancaktarların ve mehterhânenin başı idi. Mehterân-ı alem adı verilen alemdarlar saltanat sancaklarının muhafazasından ve taşınmasından sorumluydu, mehterhâne takımı ise imparatorluğun askerî mûsikisini icra ederdi. Alemdarlar otuz kırk, mehterhâne ise 200 kişiden oluşuyordu ve her iki grubun idaresi mîr-i aleme verilmişti. Bununla beraber mîr-i alemin asıl görevi saltanat sancaklarıyla ilgiliydi. Saltanat sancakları 1529’a kadar dört adet iken bu tarihte sayı yediye çıkmıştı. Bunlar bir ak, iki kırmızı, bir yeşil, iki alaca yeşil ve kızıl, bir sarı alaca ve kızıl sancaktan ibaret olup içlerinde en muteberi ak sancaktı ve bunu mîr-i alem taşırdı. Bu sancak hükümdara yakın bir yerde durur, padişah sefere çıktığında bunu sadece mîr-i alem taşırdı. Ancak önemli bir sefere giden veya bir isyanı bastırmak için görevlendirilen vezîriâzamın isteği durumunda sancak-ı şerifi ona götürmek de mîr-i alemin göreviydi. Vezir, beylerbeyi ve sancak beylerine tayinleri sırasında padişah tarafından verilen sancak ve tuğların teslimi işi de ona aitti. Saray hazinesinden çıkarılan sancağı mîr-i alem sancaktarlar, mehter takımı ve bir kısım devlet erkânı ile birlikte teslim edilecek kişiye götürür, sancağı kapıda karşılayıp öpen paşa veya bey çevreye tepsiler içinde para dağıttıktan sonra mîr-i aleme de muayyen aidatı ile at ve hil‘at hediye ederdi. Sancak beyi, beylerbeyi veya vezir görevde iken ölürse verilen tuğ ve sancaklar mîr-i alem vasıtasıyla geri alınarak hazîne-i âmireye konulurdu.
Elçi kabullerinde de mîr-i alemin görev yaptığı bilinmektedir. Padişahın huzuruna giren elçi takdim edeceği mektubu önce ona verirdi. Mîr-i alem de mektubu en düşük rütbeli vezire teslim eder, sırayla elden ele aktarılan mektup en son vezîriâzam vasıtasıyla padişahın yastığına konulurdu. Eğer padişah tarafından elçiye bir mektup verilecekse bu defa vezîriâzamdan başlanarak tersine bir sırayla elden ele geçirilir ve yine en son mîr-i alem vasıtasıyla elçiye ulaştırılırdı.
Mîr-i alemler, üzengi (rikâb) ağaları sınıfından olduğu için protokolde yeniçeri ağasından sonra ikinci sırayı alır, kapıcıbaşı ve mîrâhurun önünde bulunurdu. Bu bakımdan mîr-i alemliğe tayin silsilesi başkapıcıbaşılıktan veya kapıcıbaşılıktan geçerdi. Fakat büyük mîrâhurluk, rikâbdarlık, teberdarlık, küçük mîrâhurluk, peşkir ağalığı, çuhadarlık, kiler-i âmire kethüdâlığı gibi görevlerden mîr-i alemliğe tayin edilenler de vardı. Mîr-i alemlikten ise büyük mîrâhurluğa, başkapıcıbaşılığa, yeniçeri ağalığına, sancak beyliğine ve beylerbeyiliğe tayin yapılabiliyordu.
Diğer rikâb ağaları gibi mîr-i alem de selîmî kavuk giyerdi. Divan toplantılarına katılacaksa mücevveze ile ve serâser üst, dîbâ iç kaftanı, orta ağır raht ve orta ağır abâyîli atla gelirdi. Törenlere selîmî ve erkân ferace giyerek divan rahtlı ve abâyîli atla katılırdı. II. Mahmud devrinde memurların kılık kıyafetlerinin yeniden düzenlenmesinden sonra mîr-i alem resmî günlerde âdi fes, mertebanî çuhadan harvani giyer ve vezirlere mahsus lehkârî gāşiye ve raht takımlı ata binerdi. Mîr-i alem Dîvân-ı Hümâyun üyesi olmadığından toplantıya katılması gerektiğinde ayakta beklerdi.
XVI. yüzyılın ortalarına ait rûznâmçe defterlerinde ve daha sonraki kayıtlarda kapıcıbaşıların ve mîrâhurların maaşı günlük 150 akçe iken mîr-i aleminki 200 akçeydi. Mîr-i alem, rikâb ağaları içerisinde 500 akçe maaşı olan yeniçeri ağasından sonra en fazla mevâcib alan görevliydi (BA, D.KRZ, nr. 33120, s. 3; BA, MAD, nr. 416, s. 7; nr. 559, s. 2; nr. 7422, s. 6; BA, KK, nr. 3400, s. 5). Onun bu maaşı diğer rikâb ağaları gibi XIX. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğine kadar değişmemiştir (BA, KK, nr. 3507, vr. 1b ). Mîr-i alemin maaş dışında ayrıca arpalığı da vardı. Rikâb ağalarının emekliye ayrılması 120 akçe ile olurdu, ancak 150 akçe ile emekli olan mîr-i alemlere de rastlanılmaktadır (BA, D.KRZ, nr. 33120, s. 4). Mîr-i alemin asıl önemli gelirini bir göreve tayin edilen vezir, beylerbeyi ve sancak beylerinden aldığı harçlar oluşturuyordu. XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında yüksek gelirli bir eyalete gönderilen beylerbeyiler mîr-i aleme 29.000 akçe, daha düşük hassa sahip bir eyalete tayin edilenler 10.000 akçe, sancak beyleri de 1000 akçe verirdi.
Kırım hanları, vezîriâzamlar, beylerbeyiler, sancak beyleri gibi üst düzey devlet adamlarının da mîr-i alemleri vardı. II. Mahmud’un hükümdarlığı zamanında Mîr-i alem Çayırzâde Ahmed Bey’in 9 Zilhicce 1248 (29 Nisan 1833) tarihinde vefatından sonra yerine yeni tayin yapılmayarak mîr-i alemlik unvanı lağvedilmiş ve bu memuriyetin görevleri büyük mîrâhura verilmiştir (Ahmed Lutfi Efendi, IV, 58, 75).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, D.KRZ, nr. 33120, s. 2, 3, 4; BA, MAD, nr. 416, s. 7; nr. 559, s. 2; nr. 2231, s. 6; nr. 5965, s. 4; nr. 6977, s. 4; nr. 7422, s. 6; nr. 7534, s. 1161; BA, KK, nr. 3398, s. 2; nr. 3400, s. 5; nr. 3413, vr. 3a ; nr. 3418, s. 1; nr. 3433, s. 1; nr. 3472, s. 2; nr. 3476, s. 1; nr. 3479, s. 3; nr. 3507, vr. 1b ; BA, A.RSK, nr. 1496, s. 9; nr. 1572, s. 58; nr. 1588, s. 27, 109; nr. 1593, s. 40; nr. 1698B, s. 37; BA, A.RSK, dosya kısmı, nr. 2031/104; BA, MD, nr. LVII, 70/179, 86/224, 97/257; nr. LXIX, 297; BA, D.EVM, nr. 26278, s. 171; BA, HH, nr. 23129, 23142, 23147, 23258, 25716; BA, Ali Emîrî, II. Ahmed, nr. 198, 199, 1726, 1945; BA, Ali Emîrî, II. Mustafa, nr. 1598; BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 3292; 12 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri (nşr. Hacı Osman Yıldırım v.dğr.), Ankara 1996, I, 415; II, 70, 233-234; Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, Kānûnnâme-i Âl-i Osman (nşr. Abdülkadir Özcan), İstanbul 2003, s. 5, 6, 8; Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli), I, 47, 135, 241; II, 460, 612, 692; Kitâb-ı Müstetâb (haz. Yaşar Yücel, Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilâtına Dair Kaynaklar içinde), Ankara 1988, s. 6; Koçi Bey, Risâle (Aksüt), tür.yer.; Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir (Kadrî) Efendi Târihi (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), Ankara 2003, I, 50, 121, 123, 136, 607-609; II, 711-712, 722, 996, 1014, 1071, 1123, 1132; Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, Kānûnnâme (MTM , III/1 [1331] içinde), s. 526-527, 538; Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, Telhîsü’l-beyân fî Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân (haz. Sevim İlgürel), Ankara 1998, s. 85, 115, 240, 258-259, 264, 268; Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, Zübde-i Vekayiât (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), Ankara 1995, s. 454, 482, 725; İzzî, Târih, İstanbul 1199, I, vr. 65a ; II, vr. 168b , 244b , 283a ; Âkif Mehmed, Târîh-i Cülûs-ı Sultan Mustafa-yı Sâlis, Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2108, vr. 13b , 58a , 83b , 91b , 103a , 146b , 155a , 169a , 173b , 235a-b , 241b , 249a , 250a , 258a , 259b -260a , 265b , 273a , 274a , 278b -279a , 283b ; Ahmed Lutfi Efendi, Tarih, İstanbul, ts., IV, 58, 75; Uzunçarşılı, Saray Teşkilâtı, s. 124, 204-205, 241-245, 268-269, 273-275, 278, 388-392, 430, 449-452; Pakalın, II, 543-544.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 124-125 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.