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MÎRÂHUR Skip to content Saraya ve özellikle hükümdara ait hayvanlarla ilgilenen teşkilâtın başı.
1/2 Müellif: ABBAS SABBÂĞ Bölüme Git
Arapça emîr (bey) kelimesinin Farsçalaşmış şekli olan mîr ile Farsça âhûrun (ahır) birleşmesinden meydana gelen mîrâhûr (emîrâhûr) Osmanlıca’da bu şek…
2/2 Müellif: ERHAN AFYONCU Bölüme Git
Osmanlı Devleti’nde. Önceleri has ahıra bakan bir görevli varken daha sonra işlerin artması üzerine sayıları ikiye çıkınca teşkilâtın başında olana bü…
Arapça emîr (bey) kelimesinin Farsçalaşmış şekli olan mîr ile Farsça âhûrun (ahır) birleşmesinden meydana gelen mîrâhûr (emîrâhûr) Osmanlıca’da bu şeklin yanı sıra imrahor imlâsıyla da kullanılmıştır. Ortaçağ’da her devletin saray ve ordusunda büyük oranda atlardan ve diğer bazı hayvanlardan yararlanılmış, dolayısıyla onlarla ilgili kuruluşların çeşitli adlar taşıyan yöneticileri büyük önem ve itibar sahibi olmuştur.
Abbâsîler devrinde ahırlar harcama cetvelinde büyük yekün tutmaktaydı. Bu sebeple Dîvânü’n-nafakāt’a bağlı olarak büyükbaş hayvan, deve, at, katır, yarış ve av hayvanlarının satın alınması, bunların her türlü ihtiyacının ve bakım masraflarının karşılanması, otlaklarının korunması gibi görevlerle yükümlü Dîvânü’l-kürâ‘ kuruldu. Bu daire ıstabl-ı hâssa (halifeye ait özel ahır), ıstabl-ı âmme (saraylılara ait umumi ahır), taşradan gelen misafirlerin binekleriyle saraya hediye edilen hayvanların barındırıldığı ahır, ağır yük taşıyan katırlara ait ahır ve yarış develerinin ahırlarından sorumluydu. Güvenilir kişiler arasından seçilen Dîvânü’l-kürâ‘ başkanının hayvanların vasıflarını bilmesi ve onları iyice tanıması gerekirdi.
Gazneliler, Selçuklular ve Hârizmşahlar gibi Ortaçağ İslâm devletlerinde sarayın ve sultanın hayvanlarının bulunduğu ıstabl-ı sultânîden sorumlu kişilere “mîrâhur, âhursâlâr (Sâsânîler’de âhâvarasâlâr), âhursâlâr pîri, âhurbeg”, Karahanlılar’da ise “ilbaşı” denilirdi. Mîrâhurların Gazneliler ve Selçuklular’da önemli kumandanlar arasından seçildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Sultan Mahmûd-ı Gaznevî, Mîrâhur Ahmed Ali Nûştegin’i XIV. Hint Seferi’nde öncü birliklerin kumandanlığına getirmişti; Sultan Mesud zamanındaki mîrâhur da kumandanlar arasında yer alıyordu. Mîrâhur İnanç Yabgu, Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Melikşah’ın ölümünden sonra başlayan taht kavgalarında önemli rol oynamıştı. Kaynaklardan, Anadolu Selçukluları’nda I. İzzeddin Keykâvus zamanında Zeynüddin Başara ve I. Alâeddin Keykubad döneminde Esedüddin Ayaz adlı itibarlı kişilerin mîrâhur olarak görev yaptıkları öğrenilmektedir. Eyyûbîler’de de adı bilinen mîrâhurlardan Eslem, Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî devrinin büyük emîrlerinden biriydi. Memlükler’de ıstabl-ı sultânînin bakımından, atların terbiye edilmesinden ve yem ihtiyaçlarının karşılanmasından mesul olan mîrâhur mukaddemü elf rütbesinde bir kumandandı. Memlükler’de çok sayıda mîrâhur unvanı taşıyan görevli vardı ve bunlar mîrâhûr-ı sânî, mîrâhûr-ı sâlis, mîrâhûr-ı râbi‘ gibi farklı rütbelere sahipti. Mîrâhurü’l-berîd ise istihbarat ve posta görevlileri için at ve teçhizat sağlamakla görevliydi. Bütün mîrâhurlardan sorumlu kişiye “mîrâhûr-ı kebîr” deniliyordu. Mîrâhûr-ı kebîrlik çok önemli bir makamdı. Sultan Berkuk tahta geçmeden önce bu makamda bulunmuş, “Seyfü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn” lakabını da bu sırada almıştı (Tekindağ, s. 46). Gurlular’da ve Hindistan’da hüküm süren Türk-İslâm devletlerinde de mîrâhurluk önemli bir mevkiydi. Delhi’deki Memlük sultanlardan Kutbüddin Aybeg ve Balaban Han daha önce bu görevi yapmışlardı. Delhi sarayında melik ve han unvanlarını taşıyan ve kendilerine “âhûrbeg-i meymene” ve “âhûrbeg-i meysere” denilen iki mîrâhur görev yapmaktaydı. Mîrâhurların eyalet valiliğine ve ordu kumandanlığına getirildiği de bilinmektedir. Moğollar “akta” (ahta) adı verilen iğdiş edilmiş at kullanırlardı, bu sebeple mîrâhurluk görevini üstlenenlere “aktacı” (ahtacı) denilirdi. Akkoyunlular, Safevîler ve Kaçarlar devrinde de mîrâhurluk önemli bir görevdi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî, Rüsûmü dâri’l-ḫilâfe (nşr. Mîhâîl Avvâd), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 22-23; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, X, 290; Reşîdüddin Fazlullāh-ı Hemedânî, Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ (nşr. Ahmed Ateş), Ankara 1960, I, 62; a.e. (nşr. Abdülkerim Alioğlu Alizâde), Bakü 1957, III, 168, 175, 186; Sübkî, Muʿîdü’n-niʿam ve mübîdü’n-niḳam, Beyrut 1407/1986, s. 36; İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, et-Taʿrîf bi’l-muṣṭalaḥi’ş-şerîf (nşr. Semîr ed-Dürûbî), Kerek 1413/1992, s. 131-134; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, II, 11-12; III, 474-475, 548-549, 568-569; IV, 18-19, 32; V, 433, 461; VII, 224-225; XI, 127-130, 169-171; Makrîzî, Ḫıṭaṭ, II, 222, 312; Hasan-ı Enverî, Iṣṭılâḥât-ı Dîvânî: Devre-yi Ġaznevî ve Selcûḳī , Tahran 2535 şş., s. 209-210, 212; M. C. Şehabeddin Tekindağ, Berkuk Devrinde Memlûk Sultanlığı, İstanbul 1961, s. 46; Hüsâmeddin es-Sâmerrâî, el-Müʾessesâtü’l-idâriyye fi’d-devleti’l-ʿAbbâsiyye, Dımaşk 1971, tür.yer.; Şemîs Şerîk-i Emîn, Ferheng-i Iṣṭılâḥât-ı Dîvânî-yi Devrân-ı Moġūl , Tahran 1357 hş., s. 23; Abdülmün‘im Mâcid, Nüẓumü’l-Fâṭımiyyîn ve rüsûmühüm, Kahire 1979, s. 25-26; Cl. Cahen, Osmanlılardan Önce Anadoluda Türkler (trc. Yıldız Moran), İstanbul 1979, s. 222, 238-239; Reşat Genç, Karahanlı Devlet Teşkilâtı, İstanbul 1981, s. 227-228; A. Christensen, Îrân fî ʿahdi’s-Sâsâniyyîn (trc. Yahyâ el-Haşşâb), Beyrut 1982, s. 445; İsmail Yiğit, Siyasî-Dinî-Kültürel-Sosyal İslâm Tarihi: Memlûkler, İstanbul 1991, s. 189, 210; Hasan el-Bâşâ, el-Fünûnü’l-İslâmiyye ve’l-veẓâʾif ʿale’l-âs̱âri’l-ʿArabiyye, Kahire, ts. (Dârü’n-nehdati’l-Arabiyye), I, 174-186; Mehmet Aykaç, Abbâsi Devleti’nin İlk Dönemi İdarî Teşkilâtında Dîvânlar: 132-232/750-847 , Ankara 1997, s. 145, 149-150; Haluk Kortel, Delhi Türk Sultanlığı’nda Teşkilât: 1206-1414 (doktora tezi, 2001), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 102-105; M. Hanefi Palabıyık, Valilikten İmparatorluğa Gazneliler Devlet ve Saray Teşkilatı, Ankara 2002, s. 203; İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Mirâhûr”, İA, VIII, 347-350; D. Ayalon, “Amīr Āk̲h̲ūr”, EI2 (İng.), I, 442; D. O. Morgan, “Aktājī”, EIr., I, 730; Hâdî Âlimzâde, “Âḫûrsâlâr”, DMBİ, I, 147-150; Abdülkadir Özcan, “Istabl”, DİA, XIX, 203-206.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 141 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde. Önceleri has ahıra bakan bir görevli varken daha sonra işlerin artması üzerine sayıları ikiye çıkınca teşkilâtın başında olana büyük mîrâhur, yardımcısına da küçük mîrâhur dendi. Kaynaklarda ve belgelerde bunlar ayrıca “emîr-i âhûr-ı kebîr, emîr-i âhûr-ı küçük; mîrâhûr-ı büzürg-i dergâh-ı âlî, mîrâhûr-ı küçük-i dergâh-ı âlî; mîrâhûr-ı evvel, mîrâhûr-ı sânî, mîrâhûr-ı evvel-i şehriyârî, mîrâhûr-ı sânî-i şehriyârî” diye de anılır. Sadece saray ahırlarına değil Kırım hanları, vezîriâzamlar, beylerbeyiler, sancak beyleri gibi üst düzey devlet adamlarının ahırlarına bakan hizmetli için de mîrâhur unvanı kullanılmıştır.
Osmanlı saray teşkilâtında mîrâhurluğun ne zaman ortaya çıktığı hakkında kesin bilgi yoktur. Ancak Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrine ait 883 (1478) tarihli bir mevâcib defterinde ıstabl-ı âmirenin İlyas Bey isimli bir mîrâhurun idaresinde dokuz bölük halinde 129 kişiden meydana geldiğinin belirtilmesi söz konusu teşkilâtın gelişmiş olduğuna işaret eder. Bu bakımdan mîrâhurluğun daha erken bir tarihte, I. Murad veya Orhan Gazi devirlerinde ihdas edildiği düşünülebilir. 1478’de has ahırın başında bir mîrâhur ve yardımcısı olarak bir emin, bir kethüdâ ve bir kâtip bulunuyordu. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in hükümdarlığının son yıllarında hazırlandığı tahmin edilen teşkilât kanunnâmesi iki mîrâhurdan söz eder. Böylece teşkilâtın Fâtih döneminde son şeklini aldığı anlaşılır (Kānûnnâme-i Âl-i Osman, s. 6).
Kaynaklarda mîrâhurların özengi (rikâb) ağaları sınıfından olduğu belirtilir. Özengi ağaları içerisinde kapıcıbaşılardan sonra, çakırcıbaşılardan önce gelirlerdi. İki mîrâhur da hazineden maaş alıyordu ve bunlara kapıcıbaşılar gibi günlük 150 akçe ödeniyordu (BA, KK, nr. 3400, s. 5). Ayrıca kendilerine arpalık verildiği de görülmektedir. Mîrâhurlar emekliye 120 akçe ile ayrılırdı.
Büyük mîrâhurluğa kapıcılar kethüdâlığı, kapıcıbaşılık, küçük mîrâhurluk, doğancıbaşılık, silâhdarlık ve çavuşbaşılık gibi görevlerden tayin yapılırdı. Büyük mîrâhurluktan yeniçeri ağalığına, sancak beyliğine, beylerbeyiliğe, kaptan-ı deryâlığa, hatta vezirliğe yükselmek mümkündü. Küçük mîrâhurluğa da kapıcıbaşılık, silâhşorluk, kapıcılar kethüdâlığı, teberdarlık, mîralemlik, salâhorluk, müteferrikalık ve sipahi ağalığı gibi memuriyetlerden tayinler olurdu. Küçük mîrâhurluktan büyük mîrâhurluğa, çeşitli ağalıklara, sancak beyliğine ve beylerbeyiliklere çıkılabilirdi. Sancak beyi olarak saraydan çıkan büyük mîrâhura 450.000 akçe, küçük mîrâhura 330.000 akçe has gelire sahip sancaklar tevcih edilirdi.
Büyük mîrâhur ıstabl-ı âmire görevlilerinin âmiri, has ahıra bağlı çayır ve koruların idarecisiydi. Bu işleri yaparken ona küçük mîrâhur yardımcı olurdu. Saraç, nalbant, deveci, katırcı ve seyislere nezaret etmesi yanında atların kıymetli madenlerle süslü koşum takımlarının bulunduğu has ahır hazinesi de (raht hazinesi) onun sorumluluğundaydı. Ayrıca Rumeli ve Anadolu’daki at yetiştiriciliği ve bakımıyla uğraşan yunt oğlanları, taylar ağası, korucular ve voynuklar ona bağlıydı. Korucular padişah haslarına ait korulardaki otları biçip satarlar ve gelirleri mîrâhura, mîrâhur da bunu Enderun Hazinesi’ne teslim ederdi. Koçi Bey çayır mahsulünün 25 yük akçeye ulaştığını yazar. Küçük mîrâhur ayrıca arabacılara nezaret eder, seferde iç oğlanlarına beygir verilmesi işlemlerini yürütürdü. Istabl-ı âmire görevlilerinin yoklamaları, tayin, azil ve ekmekliye ayrılmaları büyük mîrâhurun arzıyla yapılırdı (BA, Ali Emîrî, II. Mustafa, nr. 2410). 10 Cemâziyelevvel 1102’de (9 Şubat 1691) ıstabl-ı âmire çalışanlarının yoklanması ferman edilince başdefterdar denetiminde büyük ve küçük mîrâhurlar tarafından bu işlem gerçekleştirilmiş, ocak yeniden düzenlenerek fazla kadrolar ayıklanmış, bunun sonucunda yıllık 60 yüke ulaşan maaş harcaması 32 yüke inmişti (Abdullah b. İbrâhim Üsküdârî, III, vr. 130b -131a ).
Büyük ve küçük mîrâhurlar sefer zamanlarında asker sevkine veya sefer ikmaline memur edilebilirdi (BA, HH, nr. 11101, 13985). Mîrâhur sefere gittiğinde merkezde onun yerine bir vekil bırakılırdı. Sefer sonucunun veya ele geçirilen bir kalenin fethinin bildirilmesi için de mîrâhurların kullanıldığı dikkati çeker. Nitekim IV. Murad’ın Bağdat’ı fethi haberini İstanbul’a mîrâhur getirmişti (Kâtib Çelebi, II, 211). Mîrâhurlar beylerbeyilik, vezirlik gibi görevlerin tayininde ilgiliye durumun bildirilmesinde de vazife almışlardı. Aynı şekilde sadrazamlık tayinlerinin tebliği, mühr-i hümâyunun götürülmesi veya alınması işinde de görev yaparlardı. Kırım hanına, vezir ve beylerbeyilere kılıç, kaftan, ferman götürmeleri yanında çeşitli bölgelerdeki meseleleri çözmeye ve haber toplamaya gönderildikleri bilinmektedir. Ayrıca padişah tarafından vezir, vali gibi devlet adamlarına hediye olarak at verildiğinde bunu teslim etme vazifesini üstlenirlerdi. Mîrâhur özellikle sadrazama at götürdüğünde bizzat onun tarafından karşılanır, kendisine samur kürk, bir miktar para ve eyerli bir at, ahır halkına da atıyye ve hil‘at verilirdi.
Mîrâhurların asıl görevlerinden biri seferde ordunun at, deve, katır gibi hayvanlarıyla ilgilenmekti. Herhangi bir iş için gerekli olan hayvanlar saray ahırından karşılanacaksa bunlar onun nezareti altında sağlanırdı (BA, MAD, nr. 67, s. 196). Valiler görev yerlerine giderken talep etmeleri halinde ıstabl-ı âmireden mîrâhur vasıtasıyla gerekli hayvanları aldırabilirlerdi (BA, HH, nr. 12660). Saraydan silâhdar, kapıcı, sipahi, ulûfeci gibi cemaatlere çıkanlara âdet üzere mîrâhurlar tarafından beygir verilirdi (BA, MAD, nr. 67, s. 10, 168).
Mîrâhurlar, ölen veya katledilen devlet adamlarının muhallefatını tesbit edip defterini hazırlamak için mübâşir olarak görev yaparlardı (BA, HH, nr. 16604, 25390, 25399). Aynı şekilde mallarına el konulan devlet adamlarının mallarının zaptedilerek hazineye tesliminde görevlendirilebilirlerdi. 1097’de (1686) Rodos’a sürülen eski sadrazam Kara İbrâhim Paşa’nın mallarını Enderun Hazinesi’ne teslim eden büyük mîrâhur Receb Ağa’ya bu hizmeti karşılığında vezirlik rütbesi ve rikâb-ı hümâyun kaymakamlığı görevi verilmişti. Mîrâhurların çeşitli devlet binalarının inşasında, tamir veya kontrolünde de hizmet gördüklerine dair kayıtlara rastlanır (BA, HH, nr. 29002).
Hıdrellezde has ahırın hayvanları Kâğıthane’de çayıra çıkarıldığında büyük mîrâhur Mîrâhur Köşkü’nde padişaha ziyafet verirdi. İstanbul etrafındaki devlete ait çayırların biçilmesi işi de onun sorumluluğundaydı. Bu iş için mîrî çayırların çevresindeki ahali tırpan ve arabalar gönderirlerdi (BA, Ali Emîrî, II. Mustafa, nr. 759, 1339). Mîrâhur has ahırın ihtiyacı olan hayvanların alımını yapar (BA, Ali Emîrî, II. Ahmed, nr. 379), zaman zaman devletin ihtiyaç duyduğu çeşitli malları da (meselâ hil‘at) satın alırdı (BA, Ali Emîrî, II. Mustafa, nr. 2529).
Mîrâhurların bazı durumlarda suçlu devlet adamlarının idamı için görevlendirildiği, meselâ Anadolu müfettişi Vezir İpşir Hasan Paşa’nın zulmünden dolayı idamı için hakkında ferman çıkınca küçük mîrâhur Gürcü Hasan Ağa’nın gönderildiği, ölen şehzadelerin defin işlemlerinin de yine küçük mîrâhur tarafından gerçekleştirildiği görülmektedir.
Mîrâhurun dairesi, Topkapı Sarayı’nda Ortakapı’dan içeriye girilince sol tarafta Baltacılar Ocağı’nın arkasında has ahırların olduğu yerdeydi. İstanbul’da büyük mîrâhura tâbi Ahırkapı ve Otlukkapı’da başka ahırlar da vardı. Vefa’da bulunan ahırlar ise küçük mîrâhura bağlıydı. Teşrifata göre büyük mîrâhur, rikâb-ı hümâyun ağalarıyla beraber sefer veya gezinti zamanlarında padişahın atının sağ tarafında olurdu. Tavernier, padişahın katıldığı törenlerde mîrâhurun padişahın önünde yürüdüğünü belirtir. Koçi Bey ise padişah dışarıya çıktığında büyük mîrâhurun solaklar arasında, yedeklerin arkasında bulunduğunu yazar. Küçük mîrâhur da vâlide sultan bir yere gittiğinde saraçlarla birlikte arabasının önünde yürürdü.
Mîrâhurlar “selîmî” denilen bir cins kavuk giyerlerdi. Divan toplantılarına katılacaklarsa mücevveze takarlar ve serâser üst ve dîbâ iç kaftanı giyip orta ağır raht ve orta ağır abâyîli ata binerlerdi. Törenlere selîmî ve erkân ferace giyerek divan rahtlı ve abâyîli atla katılırlardı.
Surre törenlerinde mîrâhurun da bir yeri vardı. Ahır kethüdâsı mücevveze ve yeşil üst ile mahfil devesini ve sarbanbaşı yedek deveyi gezdirip Dârüssaâde ağasını beklerlerdi. Dârüssaâde ağası geldiğinde selîmî ve bol yenli serâser kürk, kadife şalvar ve fular giymiş olan büyük mîrâhur mahfil-i şerif devesini ahır kethüdâsından alıp bir iki tur dolaştırırdı. Duanın tamamlanmasının ardından Dârüssaâde ağası gelip devenin yularını mîrâhurun elinden alırdı (Âkif Mehmed, vr. 48a-b ). Bayram törenlerinde büyük mîrâhur, birkaç saraçla birlikte süslenmiş atlara binerek mehterlerin arkasında dururdu. Mîrâhurlar sadrazamın iftarına son katılan grup içerisinde yer alır, ramazanın 24 veya 25. gecesi bostancıbaşı ve kapıcılar kethüdâsı ile birlikte sadrazamın iftarında bulunurlardı.
II. Mahmud zamanında devlet teşkilâtının yeniden düzenlenmesi sırasında 1835’te küçük mîrâhurluk kaldırıldı. Padişahın selâmlık resminde bulunması için ayrılan kırk rikâb kapıcıbaşı da büyük mîrâhura bağlandı. 1837’de büyük mîrâhurluğun ismi Istabl-ı Âmire Müdürlüğü’ne dönüştürüldü (BA, HH, nr. 31750, 31750-A). Mîrâhurluk görevi kaldırılmış olmasına rağmen daha sonraki tarihlerde bir unvan olarak sürmüştür (BA, A.MKT.NZD, nr. 55/3; BA, A.MKT.UM, nr. 202/53; BA, İ.DH, nr. 504/34271).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, HH, nr. 482, 827, 7825, 7827, 9474, 11101, 12660, 13985, 16604, 25390, 25399, 25490, 25716, 25725, 29002, 29149, 29360-A, 31750, 31750-A; BA, Ali Emîrî, II. Ahmed, nr. 379, 1354, 1631, 1805, 1980; BA, Ali Emîrî, II. Mustafa, nr. 759, 782, 1339, 2410, 2529; BA, A.MKT.NZD, nr. 55/3; BA, A.MKT.UM, nr. 202/53; BA, İ.DH, nr. 504/34271; BA, KK, nr. 3398, s. 2; nr. 3400, s. 5; BA, MAD, nr. 67, s. 6, 10, 168, 196; nr. 2775, s. 42, 47; nr. 3626, s. 5; nr. 5589, s. 5; nr. 5682, s. 5; nr. 6012, s. 7; nr. 6192, s. 7; nr. 7184, s. 5; nr. 7422, s. 6; nr. 7534, s. 43, 50, 53, 64, 108, 336, 362, 440, 525, 533, 549, 571, 579, 620, 706, 730, 885, 952, 993, 1093, 1178, 1251, 1277, 1284, 1289, 1321, 1356; BA, D.KRZ, nr. 33120, s. 3; BA, D.EVM, nr. 26278, s. 45, 47, 58, 61, 78, 90, 118, 128, 157; BA, MD, nr. IV, s. 3; nr. LXVII, s. 76, 198; LXIX, s. 150; Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, Kānûnnâme-i Âl-i Osman (nşr. Abdülkadir Özcan), İstanbul 2003, s. 5, 6, 21; Ahmed Refik, “Fatih Devrine Ait Vesikalar”, TOEM, IX/49 (1335), s. 20-23; Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli), bk. İndeks; Koçi Bey, Risâle (Aksüt), tür.yer.; Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir (Kadrî) Efendi Târihi (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), Ankara 2003, bk. İndeks; Kâtib Çelebi, Fezleke, II, 186, 188, 211; Ahmed b. Mahmûd, Târih, Berlin, Preussische Staatsbibliothek, Orientalische Abteilung, nr. 1209, vr. 218a-b , 229b , 231a , 236b , 237b , 251a , 314b , 327b , 337a , 351a , 367a , 368a ; Albertus Bobovius ya da Santuri Ali Ufki Bey’in Anıları: Topkapı Sarayı’nda Yaşam (trc. Ali Berktay), İstanbul 2002, s. 62; Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, Kānûnnâme (MTM , I/3 [1331] içinde), s. 526-527, 538; J. B. Tavernier, Topkapı Sarayında Yaşam (trc. Perran Üstündağ), İstanbul 1984, s. 33; Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, Telhîsü’l-beyân fî Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân (haz. Sevim İlgürel), Ankara 1998, s. 70, 77, 85, 115, 264, 268, 270; Râmi Mehmed Paşa, Münşeât, Wien, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, nr. 296, vr. 106a , 224a , 270a ; Defterdar Sarı Mehmed Paşa, Zübde-i Vekayiât (haz. Abdülkadir Özcan), Ankara 1995, bk. İndeks; Silâhdâr, Nusretnâme: Tahlil ve Metin (haz. Mehmet Topal, doktora tezi, İstanbul 2001), tür.yer.; Mustafa Münif, Defter-i Teşrîfât, İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 62, vr. 2b -3a ; Abdullah Üsküdârî, Vâkıât-ı Rûzmerre , TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1223, I, vr. 113a , 130b -131a ; Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi: İstanbul’un Uzun Dört Yılı (haz. Feridun M. Emecen), İstanbul 2003, I, 69, 98, 133, 167, 251, 364, 389; Enverî Sadullah Efendi Târihi (haz. Muharrem Saffet Çalışkan, doktora tezi, 2000), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 55-56, 62, 94, 218, 244, 301, 305; Âkif Mehmed, Târîh-i Cülûs-ı Sultan Mustafâ-yı Sâlis, Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2108, vr. 14b -15a , 20b , 38a , 47b -48b , 66b , 83b , 112a -113b , 182b , 256a ; D’Ohsson, Tableau général, VII, 16-18; Uzunçarşılı, Saray Teşkilâtı, s. 72, 124, 128, 407, 488-510; a.mlf., “Mirâhûr”, İA, VIII, 347-350; R. Withers, Büyük Efendi’nin Sarayı (trc. Cahit Kayra), İstanbul 1996, s. 130-132; Abdülkadir Özcan, “Istabl”, DİA, XIX, 203-206.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 141-143 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.