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MÎRGANİYYE Skip to content Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî’ye (ö. 1268/1852) nisbet edilen bir tarikat.
Ahmed b. İdrîs’in 1253’te (1837) halife tayin etmeden vefatından sonra İdrîsiyye tarikatı kendi çocukları dışında üç önemli müridi tarafından sürdürülmüştür. Bunlardan Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî’ye Hatmiyye, Muhammed b. Ali es-Senûsî’ye Senûsiyye, İbrâhim Reşîd ed-Düveyhî’ye Reşîdiyye tarikatları nisbet edilmiş, böylece İdrîsiyye üç ana kola ayrılmıştır.
Mîrganiyye’ye dair ilk kayıt, Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî’nin müridlerinden olup daha sonra kendi adına nisbetle İsmâiliyye tarikatını kuran İsmâil el-Velî’nin 1824 yılında kaleme aldığı Kitâbü’l-ʿUhûdi’l-vâfiye adlı eserinde yer almaktadır. İsmâil el-Velî tarikatı Mîrganî’den öğrendiğini ve adının Hatmiyye olduğunu söyler (Ali Sâlih Kerrâr, The Sufi Brotherhoods, s. 64). Hatmiyye, daha sonra tarikat geleneğine uygun olarak kurucusuna nisbetle Mîrganiyye (Emîrganiyye) diye de anılmıştır. Muhammed Osman, dedesi Abdullah b. İbrâhim el-Mahcûb el-Mîrganî’ye de Mîrganiyye adıyla bir tarikat nisbet eder.
Hatmiyye, Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî’nin “hatmü’l-evliyâ” ifadesinin kısaltılmış şekli olan “hatm” lakabından gelmektedir. Allah katındaki makamının Mehdî’den sonra altıncı sırada yer aldığına inanan ve Mehdî, vahdet-i vücûd, hakîkat-i Muhammediyye görüşüne özellikle vurgu yapan Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî Hatmiyye’nin, şeyhi Ahmed b. İdrîs’ten aldığı beş tarikatın hulâsası olduğunu söyler. Bu sebeple tarikatın sembolü olarak benimsenen “nkşcm” (ن ق ش ج م ) ifadesindeki “nûn” Nakşibendiyye, “kāf” Kādiriyye, “şîn” Şâzeliyye, “cîm” Cüneydiyye ve “mîm” Muhammed Osman’ın dedesi Abdullah el-Mîrganî’ye nisbet ettiği Mîrganiyye tarikatlarını temsil etmektedir (Ali Sâlih Kerrâr, eṭ-Ṭarîḳatü’l-İdrîsiyye, s. 50).
Şeyhinin vefatının ardından ilk olarak Mekke’de, daha sonra Medine, Cidde ve Tâif gibi Hicaz’ın önemli şehirlerinde zâviyeler açarak tebliğ sahasını genişleten Mîrganî’nin yoğun çalışmaları neticesinde tarikat kısa zamanda bölgede yaygınlık kazandı. Mîrganî, tarikatını daha da yaygınlaştırmak amacıyla büyük oğlu Muhammed Sırrülhatm’i Yemen ve Hadramut’a, annesi Sudan asıllı olan ikinci oğlu Muhammed Hasan’ı Sudan’a gönderdi. Kurucusunun sağlığında Arap yarımadasının batısıyla Sudan’ın özellikle kuzey kesimlerinde yaygınlık kazanan tarikatın başına onun ölümünün (1268/1852) ardından büyük oğlu Muhammed Sırrülhatm geçti. Muhammed Sırrülhatm’den (ö. 1863) sonra tarikat Mısır, Sudan, Eritre, Yemen ve Somali gibi bölgelerde her birinin başında kendi mahallî şeyhi bulunan yarı bağımsız birkaç kola ayrıldı.
Asıl faaliyet alanı olan Sudan’da Mîrganiyye, Mîrganî’nin diğer oğlu Seyyid Hasan diye de tanınan Muhammed Hasan tarafından yaygınlaştırıldı. Muhammed Hasan, babasının kurduğu Seniye (Hatmiye) köyünü kendine merkez edinerek Sudan’ın özellikle kuzey ve doğu bölgelerine ve daha önce babasının ziyaret etmediği Şaykıye bölgesine giderek tarikatı yaymaya çalıştı. Şerif ve seyyid aileleriyle iyi ilişkiler kurup pek çok mürid edindi. Onun, babasının tavsiyesi üzerine aktif olarak siyasetle uğraşmadığı, yöneticilerle iyi geçindiği, hatta bazı anlaşmazlıkların çözümünde aracı olduğu, hükümet yanlısı bu tavrından dolayı tarikatın Seniye’deki zâviyesi için dönemin Mısır idaresinden düzenli biçimde aylık para ve yiyecek yardımı aldığı ifade edilmektedir. Muhammed Hasan’ın yoğun tebliğ faaliyetleri sayesinde Mîrganiyye Sudan’ın önde gelen tarikatlarından biri haline geldi.
Mîrganiyye şeyhlerinin 1237’de (1821) Func Sultanlığı’nın hâkimiyetine son veren Mısır-Türk idaresiyle arası iyi idi. Bu sıcak ilişkilerin önemli sebeplerinden biri, diğer bazı tarikat ve etnik grupların aksine Mîrganiyye mensuplarının ülkenin güvenliğini sağlamada Türk idarecilerine yardımcı olmasıdır. Dostâne münasebetlerin temellerinin tarikatın kurucusu Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî tarafından Hicaz’da atıldığı söylenmektedir (a.g.e., s. 83). Onun Sudan’dan ayrılırken Mısır Valisi Hurşid Ahmed Paşa’ya verilmek üzere Seniye köylülerine bıraktığı mektup ve Hurşid Paşa’nın mektuba saygı göstererek gereğini yerine getirmesi bu ilişkilerin daha eskilere dayandığını göstermektedir.
Muhammed Hasan’ın 1286’da (1869) vefatı üzerine Mîrganî ailesinin Mısır ve Hicaz’da yaşayan mensupları Sudan’a gidip Muhammed Hasan’ın küçük oğlu Muhammed Osman el-Akrab’ın liderliğinde tarikat faaliyetlerini devam ettirdiler. Akrab, babası ve dedesinin yolundan gidip tarikatın ülkenin doğu ve kuzey kesimlerindeki zâviyelerini ziyaret etti ve irşad faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. Ülkede ekonomik sıkıntıların baş gösterdiği bu dönemde dinî ve iktisadî sebeplerden dolayı Mîrganiyye şeyhleriyle yöneticilerin arası açıldıysa da Muhammed Osman onları barıştırdı. Bu dönemde Sudan’da Muhammed Ahmed el-Mehdî tarafından başlatılan Mehdîlik hareketiyle genelde bütün tarikatlar, özelde ise Hatmiyye arasında şiddetli mücadeleler yaşandı. Mısır-Türk idaresini devirmeyi amaçlayan ve bunu gerçekleştirmek için kendisinin beklenen mehdî olduğunu iddia ederek pek çok taraftar toplayan Muhammed Ahmed, 1884 yılında basit ihtilâflarla insanların birbirine düşman hale gelmesine yol açtığı gerekçesiyle önce dört fıkhî mezhebi, ardından tarikatları ilga ettiğini bildirdi. Mîrganiyye ile Mehdîlik hareketi arasındaki düşmanlığın Mîrganiyye mensuplarının Türk idarecilerinden yana tavır almalarından kaynaklandığını ileri sürenler de vardır.
Mehdîlik hareketiyle Mîrganiyye arasındaki mücadele ileriki yıllarda artarak devam etti. Mehdî ordusu tarikatın Keselâ’daki merkezine saldırdı. Benî Âmir ve Şükriyye gibi büyük kabilelerin başında Mehdî kuvvetlerine karşı koyan Muhammed Osman el-Akrab, direnişini daha fazla sürdüremeyip diğer birçok tarikat şeyhi gibi ülkeden gizlice ayrılarak Kahire’ye gitti. Birkaç gün sonra orada vefat etti (17 Ocak 1886). Muhammed Osman’ın ardından tarikatın başına amcazadesi Seyyid Bekrî b. Ca‘fer el-Mîrganî geçti. Tarikat mensuplarıyla Mehdî taraftarları arasındaki mücadele, Mehdî Devleti’nin yıkılıp yerine Mısır-İngiliz idaresinin yönetimi ele geçirdiği 1898 yılına kadar devam etti. Mîrganiyye’nin daha başlangıçtan itibaren, Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî ile Hicaz’a gidip Ahmed b. İdrîs’e intisap eden Muhammed b. Kamerüddin el-Meczûb tarafından Kādiriyye ve Şâzeliyye’nin bir kolu olarak kurulan Meczûbiyye tarikatıyla da mücadelesi olmuştur.
1898’de Mehdî Devleti’nin yıkılmasından sonra bir araya gelen Mîrganî ailesi mensupları tebliğ ve irşad faaliyetlerini yarı bağımsız olarak sürdürme konusunda anlaşıp Sudan’ın çeşitli bölgelerine dağıldılar. Muhammed Osman’ın büyük oğlu Ahmed el-Mîrganî Keselâ’yı merkez edinerek Kadârif, Kalabât, Hedendeve, Şükriye bölgelerinde; Ali el-Mîrganî Hartum’u merkez yaparak Berber, Dongola, Halfa bölgelerinde; Seyyide Meryem el-Mîrganiyye Senkât merkez olmak üzere Kızıldeniz’in dağlık bölgelerinde; Seyyid Ca‘fer el-Bekrî ve Seyyide Aleviyye de Eritre’de irşad faaliyetlerini sürdürdüler. Mîrganî ailesinin bütün fertleri dinî ve mânevî liderlikte eşit statüde olmakla birlikte bu dönemde Ali el-Mîrganî tarikatın resmî lideri kabul edildi. Sudan’da hâkim olan Mısır-İngiliz yönetimi de tarikatlar arasında özellikle Mîrganiyye’ye büyük destek verdi ve liderleri Ali el-Mîrganî’yi ülkede faaliyet gösteren tarikatların başına müşrif (bakan) olarak tayin etti. Aynı dönemde Mîrganiyye, İdrîsiyye ve İsmâiliyye tarikatları arasında dinî ve siyasî mücadeleler yaşandı.
Sudan’ın bağımsızlığını elde etmesinden (1956) sonra el-Hizbü’l-vatanî el-ittihâdî içinde siyasete atılan Ali el-Mîrganî partinin lideri İsmâil el-Ezherî ile arası açılınca Hizbü’ş-şa‘b ed-dîmukrâtî adıyla yeni bir parti kurdu. İsmâil el-Ezherî’yi ve diğer siyasî rakiplerini bertaraf etmek amacıyla ülkenin ikinci büyük partisi Abdurrahman el-Mehdî önderliğindeki Hizbü’l-ümme ile koalisyon hükümetini oluşturdu.
Ali el-Mîrganî’nin 1968’de ölümü üzerine tarikatın dinî-siyasî liderliğini oğlu Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî üstlendi. Babası gibi aktif siyasete atılan Muhammed Osman, Hizbü’l-ittihâdî ed-dîmukrâtî’nin yönetim kuruluna aday gösterildi (C. Fluehr-Lobban v.dğr., s. 142). Muhammed Osman, 1978’de diğer tarikat şeyhleriyle birlikte tarikatların siyasî önemini arttırmak ve Hasan et-Türâbî’nin Müslüman Kardeşler hareketiyle Sâdık el-Mehdî’nin Ensar Partisi’nin yükselen nüfuzuna karşı koyabilmek için Hareketü’n-nehdati’l-İslâmiyye’yi kurdu (Warburg, s. 136).
Sudan’da faaliyet gösteren en büyük tarikatlardan biri olan Mîrganiyye’nin modern Sudan’ın içtimaî, siyasî, fikrî ve kültürel tarihinde önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Dongola ve Halfa, özellikle Sudan’ın doğu ve kuzey kesimlerinde hâkim olan tarikatın en güçlü olduğu bölgelerdir. Mısır’da, tarikatın kurucusu Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî’nin müridi Ebû Hüreybe tarafından yayılan tarikatın belli başlı kasabalarda zâviyeleri vardır. Ayrıca Eritre ve Etiyopya’da da taraftarları bulunmaktadır. Hicaz, Asîr ve Yemen’de ise bugün sadece küçük birer grup varlığını sürdürebilmektedir.
Şeyhlik makamına yalnız Mîrganî ailesine mensup birinin gelebildiği Mîrganiyye tarikatında Muhammed Osman el-Mîrganî’nin evliyaların, Mîrganiyye tarikatının da tarikatların sonuncusu ve mührü (hatm) olduğuna inanılır. Tarikatı asla şeriattan ayrı düşünmeyen, doğru yola şeriatla, hakikate ise ancak tarikatla ulaşılacağına inanan, şeriata bağlı olmayan müridin zındık olduğunu söyleyen Mîrganiyye şeyhleri mehdî inancını irşad faaliyetlerinde yoğun olarak işlemişler, bu inancı istismar edip siyasî bir hareket olarak ortaya çıkan Mehdîliğe şiddetle karşı çıkmışlardır.
Mîrganiyye şeyhleri, özellikle son dönemlerde nesepte birleştikleri İsnâaşeriyye Şiîliği’nin etkisinde kalarak imâmet ve velâyet fikirlerini savunmaya başlamışlar, Şîa gibi Gadîr-i Hum rivayetini delil gösterip Hz. Ali’nin ve ondan sonraki Ehl-i beyt imamlarının imâmetine ve müslümanlar üzerinde velâyet hakkına sahip olduklarını ileri sürmüşlerdir. Tarikat mensupları arasında, Şîa’dan farklı olarak ümmetin icmâıyla seçilen Hz. Ebû Bekir, Ömer ve Osman’ın imâmetinin meşrû olduğu da kabul edilmekle birlikte sahâbeyi Hz. Ali’nin imâmetine ve hilâfette önceliğine işaret eden hadisleri gizlemek, hadisçileri de Hz. Ali ve onun özellikleri hakkındaki sahih hadisleri eserlerinden çıkarmakla itham edenler de vardır. Diğer birçok tarikatın aksine sadece dinî konularla sınırlı kalmayıp modern Sudan’ın yapılanmasında, siyasal ve kültürel hayatın gelişmesinde önemli roller üstlenen Mîrganiyye tarikatı hakkında geniş araştırmalar yapılmıştır (bk. bibl.)
BİBLİYOGRAFYA A. le Chatelier, Les confréries musulmanes du Hedjaz, Paris 1887, s. 41-66; J. S. Trimingham, Islam in the Sudan, Oxford 1965, s. 231-235; a.mlf., The Sufi Orders in Islam, Oxford 1971, s. 114-118; J. O. Voll, A History of the Khatmiyyah Tariqah in the Sudan (doktora tezi, 1969), Harvard University; a.mlf., “Mahdis, Walis and New Men in the Sudan”, Scholars, Saints and Sufis: Muslim Religious Institutions in the Middle East since 1500 (ed. N. R. Keddie), London 1972, s. 367-384; G. R. Warburg, Egypt and the Sudan, London 1985, s. 13, 15, 136; N. Grandin, “Soudan, corn de l’Afrique et Afrique orientale”, Les ordres mystiques dans l’Islam: Cheminements et situation actuelle (ed. A. Popovic – G. Veinstein), Paris 1985, s. 117-181, 187; a.mlf., “A propos des asânîd de la Naqshbandiyya dans les fondements de la Khatmiyya du Soudan oriental: Stratégies de pouvoir et relation maître / disciple”, Naqshbandis (ed. M. Gaborieau v.dğr.), Istanbul-Paris 1990, s. 621-655; Mohammed Dhaher Jasim, The Contribution of Sayed ʿAli Al-Mirghani, Leader of Khatmiyya to the Political Evolution of the Sudan: 1884-1968 (doktora tezi, 1988), University of Exeter; R. S. O’Fahey, Enigmatic Saint: Ahmad Ibn Idris and the Idrisi Tradition, London 1990, s. 142-153; Eḍvâʾ ʿale’ṭ-ṭuruḳi’ṣ-ṣûfiyye fi’l-ḳārreti’l-İfrîḳıyye, Kahire 1990, s. 143-149; Ali Sâlih Kerrâr, eṭ-Ṭarîḳatü’l-İdrîsiyye fi’s-Sûdân, Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 45-51, 83-109, 113-120, 141-142; a.mlf., The Sufi Brotherhoods in the Sudan, London 1992, s. 64-72; M. İbrâhim Ebû Selîm, Üdebâʾ ve ʿulemâʾ ve müʾerriḫûn fî târîḫi’s-Sûdân, Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 119-128; a.mlf., Buḥûs̱ fî târîḫi’s-Sûdân, Beyrut 1412/1992, s. 130-144, 160-189; C. Fluehr-Lobban v.dğr., Historical Dictionary of the Sudan, Metuchen-London 1992, s. 113, 141-143; Abdülmün‘im el-Hifnî, el-Mevsûʿatü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye, Kahire 1412/1992, s. 381-383; Arabic Literature of Africa: The Writings of Eastern Sudanic Africa (ed. J. O. Hunwick – R. S. O’Fahey), Leiden 1994, I, 178-227; M. Habîb el-Hîle, et-Târîḫ ve’l-müʾerriḫûn bi-Mekke, Mekke 1994, s. 416-417; Ali Yûsuf Süleyman, et-Taʿrîf li’ṭ-ṭarîḳati’l-Ḫatmiyyeti’l-Mîrġaniyye (Râtibü’l-Mîrġanî içinde), [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok] (Mektebetü’l-Kahire), s. 50-60; Ahmed M. Ahmed Celî, “Ṭâʾifetü’l-Ḫatmiyye ve ṣılatühâ bi’ṭ-ṭavâʾifi’l-kelâmiyyeti’l-uḫrâ”, ed-Dirâsâtü’l-İslâmiyye, XXVI/4, İslâmâbâd 1991, s. 35-64; “Mīrg̲h̲aniyya”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 124-125.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 154-156 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.