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MİSİS Skip to content Çukurova’da tarihî bir şehir.
Ceyhan nehrinin sağ kıyısında Adana’ya 27 km. uzaklıkta kurulan şehrin adı Eskiçağ kaynaklarında Mopsuestia, Bizans ve Haçlı kaynaklarında Mopsuesta, Mamistra (Mampsista, Mamista, Malmistra) şeklinde geçer. Şehir Süryânîce’de Masista, Arapça’da Massîsa (Masîsa), Türkçe’de Misis olarak adlandırılır. Mopsuestia ve Külek Boğazı’ndaki Mopsukhrene şehirlerinin efsanevî bir şahsiyet olan Mopsos adındaki kâhin tarafından kurulduğu rivayet edilir (Erhat, s. 227). Hıristiyanlığın Anadolu’ya yayılmasından sonra dinî bir merkez haline gelen Mopsuestia özellikle piskopos Theodoros vasıtası ile tanınmıştır. 550 yılı Haziranında Bizans İmparatoru Iustinianos zamanında burada bir konsil toplanmış, ardından şehir Mopsuestia adıyla anılmaya başlanmıştır. V. (XI.) yüzyıl Bizans kaynaklarında ise şehrin adı Mamista olarak kaydedilmektedir.
Bizans İmparatoru Herakleios, Suriye’yi tahliye etmek zorunda kalınca müslüman Araplar’ın Anadolu’ya yaptığı akınları önlemek ve arada tampon bir bölge oluşturmak amacıyla Antakya ile Misis arasındaki bütün kaleleri yıkarak halkını sürgün etti (Belâzürî, s. 234). Bizans’ın bu çabasına rağmen Araplar Emevîler zamanında Misis’e geldiler, hatta akınlarını Malatya’ya kadar uzattılar; ancak Misis-Malatya arasındaki bu toprakları Merdeî akınları yüzünden iskân edemediler. Belâzürî, Tarsus ve Misis şehirlerinin Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh veya onun kumandanlarından Meysere b. Mesrûk tarafından ele geçirildiğini kaydeder (a.g.e., s. 235).
Emevî Halifesi Abdülmelik b. Mervân zamanında İslâm dünyasındaki iç karışıklıklardan faydalanan Bizans İmparatoru IV. Konstantinos’un 685 yılında yeniden Bizans topraklarına kattığı Misis 84’te (703) Abdülmelik’in oğlu Abdullah tarafından geri alındı. İç kalesi eski temelleri üzerinde tekrar inşa edildi. Abdullah ertesi yıl kaleye 300 muharip yerleştirdi, Tellülhısn’da bir cami yaptırdı (İbnü’l-Esîr, IV, 500). Mesleme b. Abdülmelik 87’de (706) Misis’e bağlı Sûsene’ye bir akın düzenleyerek birçok kişiyi öldürttü. Abdülmelik döneminde özellikle kış aylarında Misis’te Antakya kuvvetlerine mensup 1500-2000 kişilik bir birlik bulundurulmakta idi (Belâzürî, s. 236).
Rumlar’ın Misis halkını sık sık muhasara etmesine öfkelenen Ömer b. Abdülazîz Antakya-Misis arasında bulunan kaleleri yıktırmak istedi. Ancak halkın bu durumda Antakya dışında düşmana karşı koyacak bir engel kalmayacağını söylemesi üzerine bundan vazgeçildi. Ömer b. Abdülazîz şehrin dış mahallesi olan Keferbeyya’da bir cami ve bir sarnıç yaptırdı. Belâzürî, Kale Camii adıyla bilinen bu caminin Mu‘tasım-Billâh zamanında yıkıldığını kaydeder (a.g.e., s. 237). Diğer bir rivayete göre Keferbeyya, Abbâsî Halifesi Hârûnürreşîd veya Mehdî-Billâh döneminde kurulmuştur. Hişâm b. Abdülmelik şehrin kalesinin dış kısmını (rabaz) inşa ettirdi. II. Yezîd, Zutlar’ı mandalarıyla birlikte Misis’e yerleştirdi. II. Mervân ise Ceyhan nehrinin doğusunda Husûs mahallesini, 125 (743) yılında Adana ile Misis arasında Velîd Köprüsü’nü yaptırdı. Köprü Mu‘tasım-Billâh tarafından onarıldı (225/840).
İlk Abbâsî halifesi Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh Misis’e 400 asker gönderdi ve onlara iktâ olarak toprak verdi. Halife Ebû Ca‘fer el-Mansûr bunlara 400 kişi ekledi ve askerlere toprak bağışında bulundu. Şiddetli bir deprem yüzünden zarara uğrayan surları tamir ettiren (139/756-57) Mansûr 8000 muhacir yerleştirip şehrin çok azalmış bulunan nüfusunu arttırdı ve şehre Ma‘mûre adını verdi (a.g.e., s. 237). Mansûr, Misis’te Kale Camii’nden daha büyük bir cami yaptırdı. Me’mûn zamanında meşhur valilerden Abdullah b. Tâhir b. Hüseyin bu camiyi genişletti. Mansûr, Misis’e 1000 asker yollayarak şehrin savunmasını kuvvetlendirdi. Emevî Halifesi II. Mervân döneminde sürgün edilen İranlı, Slav ve hıristiyan Nabatîler Misis şehrine yerleştirildi, kendilerine toprak ve ev verildi (140/757). Misis’teki asker sayısını 2000’e çıkaran Mehdî-Billâh, Keferbeyya’nın planını değiştirip şehrin güvenliğini sağlamak için etrafını hendeklerle çevirmeye çalıştı. Hârûnürreşîd 165’te (781-82) Bizans topraklarına girince camiyi tamir ettirdi ve şehirdeki asker sayısını arttırdı.
187 (803) yılında büyük bir deprem Misis’i tahrip etti. Ertesi yıl Bizans kuvvetleri Çukurova bölgesine girerek Misis ve Aynizerbâ’yı (Anazarba) yağmalayıp halkını esir aldılar. Hârûnürreşîd süratle bölgeye gelip Bizanslılar’ı buradan uzaklaştırdı. Misis etrafındaki arazi 190’da (806) Bizanslılar tarafından tekrar yağmalandıysa da Misis halkı ve gönüllü mücahidler Bizans kuvvetlerini yenip mallarını geri aldılar. 195 (811) yılındaki depremde şehrin surları ve bazı mahalleleri civardaki üç köyle birlikte harap oldu. Süryânî Mihail, depremden sonra Ceyhan nehrinin sularının gemiler karaya oturacak kadar alçaldığını söyler (Chronique, III, 17).
Halife Me’mûn, 215 yılı Muharreminde (Mart 830) Bizans’a karşı çıktığı Anadolu seferinde Misis üzerinden geçen yolu kullandı. Ertesi yıl Bizans İmparatoru Theophilos, Çukurova bölgesine girerek Misis’i ve civarını tahrip etti. Bu sefer esnasında Bizans ordusunun yaklaşık 1600 kişiyi öldürdüğü, 7000 kişiyi de esir aldığı rivayet edilir. Ardından Me’mûn Bizans’a karşı sefer düzenledi ve onları barış istemeye zorladı (Ya‘kūbî, II, 465-466; İbnü’l-Esîr, VI, 419). Theophilos, Me’mûn’un Bizans’tan aldığı kaleleri geri vermesi ve beş yıllık barış antlaşması imzalaması karşılığında 100.000 dinar ödemeyi ve 7000 müslüman esiri serbest bırakmayı önerdi; ancak Me’mûn bunu kabul etmedi (Avcı, s. 98). Ertesi yıl Mu‘tasım-Billâh, Bizans’a karşı yeni bir Anadolu seferine çıkarak Ammûriye’ye (Amorion) kadar ilerledi. 245’te (859) vuku bulan deprem Kuzey Suriye, el-Cezîre ve Çukurova’daki birçok yerleşim yerini, bu arada Misis şehrini tahrip etti.
287’de (900) Misis’e varan Halife Mu‘tazıd-Billâh Tarsus’un ileri gelenlerini çağırdı ve Emîr Vasîf ile mektuplaştıkları için onları tutukladı (İbnü’l-Esîr, VII, 498). 292 (905) yılında Andronikos kumandasında Bizans ordusu Maraş’a kadar ilerledi; Misis ve Tarsus halkı yardıma koştuysa da yenildi, reisleri Ebû Ricâl savaş sırasında öldürüldü. 344’te (955) Misis, Adana, Tarsus birlikleri Bizans elçi heyetiyle birlikte Halep Hamdânî Hükümdarı Seyfüddevle’nin yanına gidip kendisiyle bir mütareke imzaladılar. Bizans’a karşı mücadeleyi sürdüren Seyfüddevle, 349 (960) yılında Leon Phokas ile yaptığı savaşı kaybedince Misis üzerinden Halep’e çekildi.
İmparator II. Nikephoros Phokas 352’de (963) Çukurova’ya sefer yaparak Adana’yı zaptetti. Adana halkının Misis’e kaçması üzerine Domestikos Ioannes Çimiskes’i onları takip etmesi için Misis’e gönderdi. Misis’i bir süre kuşatan Çimiskes erzak tükenince muhasarayı kaldırıp geri çekildi. Bu sırada Misisliler’e yardım eden köyleri yakıp yıktı ve 5000 müslümanı öldürttü. Horasan bölgesinden yardım için yola çıkan müslümanlar şehre geldiğinde Bizanslılar geri çekilmişti (a.g.e., VIII, 552). Aynı yıl İmparator Nikephoros ordusu ile Misis’i elli gün süreyle kuşattı, fakat o da yiyecek sıkıntısı yüzünden kuşatmayı kaldırarak geri çekildi. Ancak 13 Receb 354’te (15 Temmuz 965) Domestikos Ioannes Çimiskes Misis’i zaptetti. Şehir halkı Keferbeyya’ya çekilip bu saldırıdan korunmaya çalıştıysa da Çimiskes Keferbeyya’yı da ele geçirerek yaklaşık 200.000 kişiyi esir aldı (a.g.e., VIII, 561). Esirler, Tarsus halkını korkutup kaleyi teslim etmelerini sağlamak için imparatorun kardeşi Leon tarafından kuşatılan Tarsus Kalesi önüne getirildi. Misis ve Tarsus’un kale kapıları yaldızlanarak zafer ganimeti diye İstanbul’a götürüldü ve bölgeye Ermeniler yerleştirildi. Tarsus ve Misis’in istilâsı sebebiyle imparatorun emriyle yazılıp halifeye gönderilen kaside ve buna reddiye olarak Muhammed b. Ali el-Kaffâl’in kaleme aldığı hicviye meşhurdur (bk. KAFFÂL, Muhammed b. Ali).
Misis bu tarihten itibaren yüz yıl kadar Bizanslılar’ın elinde kaldı. İmparator II. Basileios, tahta çıktıktan sonra yaptığı Doğu Anadolu seferinde yaklaşık altı ay Misis ve Tarsus bölgesinde ikamet etti. İmparator IX. Konstantinos Monomak-hos, 1042’de Ardzruni hânedanından Apilkarib adlı bir Ermeni prensi Çukurova’ya vali olarak gönderdi. Misis’in 1080’li yıllarda Kuropolates unvanına sahip Ermeni asıllı Philaretos’un elinde olduğu görülmektedir. Ancak onun Tarsus, Malatya, Urfa, Antakya ve Misis’i kapsayan hâkimiyeti fazla sürmedi.
Anadolu Selçukluları’nın kurucusu I. Süleyman Şah 1082’de Tarsus’u, 1083’te Adana, Aynizerbâ ve Misis’i fethetti (Azimî Tarihi, s. 24; İbnü’l-Esîr, X, 138). Ancak Anadolu’da Selçuklu fetihlerinin hemen arkasından başlayan I. Haçlı Seferi sırasında (1097) Çukurova’nın bu şehirleri Antakya üzerine yürüyen Haçlılar tarafından zaptedildi (Demirkent, Haçlı Seferleri, s. 37).
Çukurova’ya önce gelip Tarsus, Adana ve Misis’i 8 Ekim 1097 tarihinde Türkler’in elinden alan Haçlı liderlerinden Bohemund’un yeğeni Tankred, bu üç şehri kendisinden bir süre sonra bölgeye gelen Baudouin de Boulogne’a teslim etmek zorunda kaldı. Baudouin buralara kendi adamlarını yerleştirerek bölgeden ayrıldı. 1101 yılında Tankred Misis’i geri aldı. Fakat 1103’te Antakya Prinkepsliği ile birlikte Çukurova’daki Adana, Tarsus, Misis şehirlerini dayısı Bohemund’a teslim etmeye mecbur oldu. Aynı yıl Kilikya’ya karşı saldırıya geçen Dânişmendliler Tarsus, Misis ve Aynizerbâ’yı yağmalayıp geri döndüler (Ersan, s. 25). Ertesi yıl Bizans kumandanı Monastras Longinias bu şehirlerin hepsini tekrar Bizans arazisine kattı.
Antakya Prinkepsliği’nin idaresini üzerine almış olan Tankred 1107’de Bizans’ın elinden Misis’i geri aldı. İmparator ile Bohemund arasında yapılan antlaşmayı hiçe sayarak şehri Bizans’a teslim etmedi. II. Bohemund 1130 yılında Kilikya’yı istilâya başlayınca bölgeye hâkim olan I. Leon, Dânişmendli Emîr Gazi’den yardım istedi. Yapılan savaşta II. Bohemund öldürüldü. I. Leon 1131’de Misis, Tarsus ve Adana’yı ele geçirdi (a.g.e., s. 28). Aynı yıl Kilikya’ya bir sefer düzenleyen Emîr Gazi, I. Leon’a vergi ödemeyi kabul ettirdi. Misis bir süre Bizans hâkimiyetine girdiyse de 1132-1133’te I. Leon Misis’i geri almayı başardı.
Bu olayın ardından Antakya Prinkepsi Raymond de Poiters ile mücadeleye girişen Leon hile ile esir alınıp hapse atıldı, fakat iki ay sonra Misis ve Adana’yı Antakya Prinkepsliği’ne teslim edip esaretten kurtuldu. Ancak çok geçmeden bu şehirleri yeniden ele geçirdi (1136). İmparator II. Ioannes Komnenos 1137’de yaptığı Suriye seferi sırasında Leon’u kaçmaya mecbur etti. Çukurova’ya girerek Leon’un 1132-1133 yıllarında işgal ettiği toprakları tekrar Bizans hâkimiyeti altına aldı (İbnü’l-Esîr, XI, 53). Leon’u karısı ve çocukları ile birlikte esir alarak İstanbul’a götürüp hapsetti. Misis 1144’te yeni bir depremle sarsıldı. Kuzey Suriye ve Çukurova’nın birçok şehri bu depremden büyük zarar gördü.
Leon’un ailesinden kaçmayı başaran tek kişi olan Thoros, Çukurova’ya döndükten sonra bölgede Ermeni hâkimiyetini tekrar kurmaya teşebbüs etti. Thoros’un 1151’de Misis ile Tel Hamdûn’u Bizanslılar’dan alması üzerine İmparator Manuel Komnenos, amcasının oğlu Andronikos Komnenos’u Misis ve Tarsus’a vali tayin ederek 12.000 kişilik bir ordu ile bölgeye gönderdi. Bu sırada Thoros, Kilikya’daki hâkimiyetini tanımayıp Misis’e yürüyen Andronikos’u yenilgiye uğratıp Kilikya’nın hemen hemen tamamına hâkim oldu.
1154’te Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı I. Mesud, Kilikya’ya girip Misis, Aynizerbâ ve Tel Hamdûn’a kadar ilerledi. Bizans İmparatoru Manuel Komnenos 1158 sonbaharında büyük bir ordu ile Suriye’ye gitmek üzere İstanbul’dan yola çıktı; Aynizerbâ ve Misis’i aldı (1159). Thoros, İmparator Manuel’in Akdeniz kıyısına geldiğini haber alınca Vakha Kalesi’nde saklandı. İmparator, Kudüs Kralı III. Baudouin’in ara buluculuğuyla Thoros’u affetti.
Thoros’un ölümüyle yerine geçen kardeşi Mleh 568 (1172-73) yılında müttefiki Nûreddin Zengî’nin yardımıyla Adana, Misis ve Tarsus şehirlerini Bizanslılar’dan geri aldı. Mleh, Nûreddin’e ganimetlerden pay ayırdı ve ünlü kişilerden otuz esiri kendisine gönderdi. Nûreddin de bunlardan birkaçını Halife Müstazî-Biemrillâh’a yolladı (a.g.e., XI, 388). Mleh’ten sonra Misis, Adana ve Tel Hamdûn bir süre Haçlılar’ın eline geçtiyse de III. Rupen 1184’te bu kaleleri geri almayı başardı.
III. Haçlı Seferi sırasında Tarsus ve Misis yoluyla Suriye’ye gitmeyi planlayan Alman İmparatoru Friedrich Barbarossa 10 Haziran 1190’da Göksu ırmağında (Silifke yakınında) boğularak öldü. Ordusunun büyük bir kısmı oğlu Friedrich idaresinde Misis üzerinden yürüyerek Antakya’ya ve oradan Filistin’e gitti.
Kilikya Ermeni hâkimi II. Leon, Venedikliler’e ve Cenovalılar’a Misis’te ticaret yapma izni verdi. Ceyhan nehrinin denize döküldüğü yer alüvyonlar sebebiyle henüz tıkanmadan önce limana giren gemiler Misis’e kadar gelmekteydiler. Misis 1199’da Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı II. Süleyman Şah’a tâbi oldu. I. İzzeddin Keykâvus 1216’da Kilikya üzerine bir sefer düzenledi ve zengin ganimetlerle geri döndü.
Rupen hânedanı Misis’te bir asır boyunca hemen hemen tam bir sükûn içinde hüküm sürdü. Şehir en parlak dönemini I. Hethum zamanında (1219-1270) yaşadı. 1243’ten itibaren Kilikya İlhanlılar’a tâbiiyet arzetti. Memlük Sultanı Baybars, Hama Emîri el-Melikü’l-Mansûr’u büyük bir ordu ile Ermeniler’e karşı yolladı. İki ordu Çukurova’da şiddetli bir savaşa tutuştu (24 Ağustos 1266). el-Melikü’l-Mansûr Ermeniler’i yendikten sonra Misis üzerinden Sîs’e yürüyüp şehri yağmaladı. Bu arada Seyfeddin Kalavun da Misis, Adana, Ayas (günümüzdeki Yumurtalık) ve Tarsus’u ele geçirdi. 1269’da bölgede meydana gelen deprem Misis ve civarını tahrip etti.
Memlük ordusu 1332’de Misis’te toplanmış olan Ermeniler’i büyük bir yenilgiye uğrattı. Bu savaşın ardından Misis, Adana, Melûn ve Tarsus’a yeni bir Memlük akını gerçekleşti (1334-1335). Memlükler 1375’te başşehir Sîs’i ele geçirip Kilikya Ermeni Krallığı’na son verdiler. Bu sefer sırasında Sîs, Aynizerbâ, Misis, Adana ve Tarsus şehirleri yeniden tahrip edildi. Böylece Misis Memlükler’in hâkimiyeti altına girmiş oldu. Ermeni Başpiskoposluğu’nun 1175-1320 yılları arasında Misis’te bulunduğu, Mısır’dan sık sık yapılan seferler sonunda piskoposluk merkezinin Papa XXII. Johannes’in emriyle 1320’de Ayas’a nakledildiği rivayet edilmektedir.
Bölge Ermeniler’den sonra Ramazanoğulları ve Dulkadıroğulları tarafından yönetildi. Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Mısır seferinin ardından bütün Çukurova bölgesi ve Misis kesin olarak Osmanlı hâkimiyetine girdi. Osmanlı döneminde Misis Kalesi derbend mahiyetindeydi. 1542’de Misis’in dış mahallesi olan Keferbeyya’da yaptırılan han 1830’da Hasan Paşa tarafından tamir ettirildi. Misis yakınında Ceyhan üzerinde Bizans İmparatoru Büyük Konstantinos’un yaptırdığı köprü, 1736’da orta kemerinin yıkılıp kullanılmaz hale gelmesi üzerine 1766 yılında onarıldı. Köprü 1832’de Mısır Valisi Mehmed Ali Paşa’nın oğlu İbrâhim Paşa kumandasındaki Mısır kuvvetlerine karşı Belen’de savaşan Osmanlı ordusu tarafından tahrip edildi.
1671’de Misis’ten geçen Evliya Çelebi buranın harap ve küçük bir mevki olduğunu, şehir dışındaki köprünün öbür yakasında bakımsız haldeki hanın IV. Mehmed’in emriyle Köprülü Mehmed Paşa tarafından onarıldığını ve bu handa misafir olan yolculara ekmek ve çorba ikram edildiğini, 300 kişilik bir askerî birliğin handa konaklayan kervanları eşkıya baskınlarından koruduğunu, görevlerinin bittiği yerde kervanlardan “selâmet kâğıdı” aldıklarını, hanın etrafında çatısı toprak örtülü 380 ev, köprü ile han arasında kâgir dükkânlar ve karşı tarafta çok eskiden beri kullanılmakta olan değirmenlerin bulunduğunu kaydeder (Seyahatnâme, IX, 339).
XIX. yüzyılda Misis, Adana vilâyetine bağlı 2000 nüfuslu bir nahiye merkeziydi (Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm, VI, 4313). XX. yüzyılın başında yapılan İstanbul-Bağdat demiryolu Misis’in kuzeyinden geçmektedir. 1919’da Fransızlar buraya 1200-1500 kişiden oluşan Ermeni birlikleri yerleştirdiler; 27-28 Mayıs 1920’de Türk kuvvetleri Ermeni birliklerine hücum etti. Temmuz sonunda yabancı kuvvetler Adana’ya geri çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. Misis’in adı 1960 yılından sonra Yakapınar olarak değiştirildi. Yakapınar günümüzde Adana ilinin Yüregir ilçesi sınırları içinde olup nüfusu 1997 yılında 4570 idi.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 178-181 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.