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MİSVAK Skip to content
1/2 Müellif: TURHAN BAYTOP Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “bir şeyi ovmak” anlamındaki sevk (sivâk) kökünden türeyen misvâk (sivâk), dişlerin temizlenmesinde kullanılmak üzere genellikle erâk (salvad…
2/2 Müellif: AHMET ÖZEL Bölüme Git
FIKIH. Misvakın, yetiştiği bölgelerde eski zamanlardan beri kullanıldığı bilinmekle birlikte İslâm’ın gelişiyle kullanımı dinî bir görev olarak yaygın…
Sözlükte “bir şeyi ovmak” anlamındaki sevk (sivâk ) kökünden türeyen misvâk (sivâk ), dişlerin temizlenmesinde kullanılmak üzere genellikle erâk (salvadora persica) ağacından yapılan, bir ucu fırça şeklindeki çubuk parçasının adıdır. Sudan’da bulunan, milâttan önceki devirlere ait bir diş üzerinde yapılan incelemeler misvak ağacının çok eski dönemlerden beri kullanıldığını ortaya koymaktadır (Janot v.dğr., XXXII [1998], s. 101). Eski Arap şiirinde geçtiği üzere misvak Câhiliye devrinde de biliniyor, Araplar ayrıca “hulle” (ammi visnaga) denilen bitkinin dallarını kürdan olarak kullanıyordu (Sâmî Sultân, s. 210, 228). Ebû Hanîfe ed-Dîneverî, Ebü’l-Hayr el-İşbîlî ve İbnü’l-Baytâr gibi botanik bilginleri bişâm, bekâ, dirv, debîdâryâ, ficen (sivâkürâî), kebâs, utum, umr (amr), nu’d, şeceretü’l-feres (sivâkü’s-seyyid), yesteûr gibi ağaçlardan da misvak yapıldığını belirtmişlerdir (diğer bazı bitki isimleri için bk. Janot v.dğr., XXXII [1998], s. 110-112).
Kurutulmuş gövde, dal veya kök parçalarından misvakın elde edildiği erâk bitkisi Kuzey Afrika, Sudan, Mısır’ın Saîd bölgesi, Arap yarımadası, İran ve Hindistan’ın ekvatoral bölgelerinde yetişir; 1-2 m. yükseklikte, tüysüz ve dikensiz bir çalı veya ağaççık biçimindedir. Yaprakları 3-7 cm. uzunlukta, karşılıklı, çıplak ve derimsi görünüşlüdür. Çiçekleri dört parçalı, yeşilimsi-sarı renkli ve küçük, meyvesi nohuttan biraz ufak, küremsi, üzüm salkımı şeklinde ve kırmızı renklidir; olgunlaştıkça rengi siyahlaşır. Misvak genellikle parmak kalınlığında gümüşümsü esmer renkli çubuklar halindedir. Kök çubuğu açık kahve renginde, tadı tere otu lezzetindedir. Ebü’l-Hayr el-İşbîlî erâkın hayvanların otladığı en güzel bitki olduğunu, süte güzel koku ve tat verdiğini; merd, kebâs, berîr, berm, hedâl gibi çeşitlerinin bulunduğunu belirtir (ʿUmdetü’ṭ-ṭabîb , I, 53).
Misvak ağacı üzerinde yapılan araştırmalar misvakın dişleri güçlendiren ve çürümeyi önleyen, lekelere karşı etkili, dişlerin parlamasını sağlayan, antiseptik özelliği olan, diş etlerini sıkılaştıran, ağız içi asit salgısını dengeleyen, iltihap kurutucu, kanamayı durdurucu ve beyazlatıcı özelliğe sahip etilamin, trimetilamin, florid, alkaloid, silis, saponin, kalsiyum, fosfor, magnezyum, potasyum, sodyum, sülfür, kükürt dioksit, tannik asit, benzil nitrat, sitasterol vb. maddeler ihtiva ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu maddelerin diş ve ağız sağlığı yanında vücudun diğer organları üzerinde de olumlu etkiler yaptığı bilinmektedir. Batı’da misvakla ilgili incelemeler sonucunda bazı ilâç şirketleri misvak ağacının terkibindeki maddelerden faydalanarak diş macunu imal etmişlerdir (Muhtâr Sâlim, s. 431; Rispler-Chaim, II/1 [1992], s. 13).
Erâk bitkisi yetiştiği ülkelerde halk arasında romatizma tedavisinde kullanılmakta, özellikle çekirdeğinden elde edilen yağ romatizma ağrılarına karşı iyi gelmektedir. Bu bitkinin yaprak ve meyvelerinin kuvvet verici, ateş düşürücü ve yatıştırıcı, öksürük kesici, nefes ve ses açıcı, hâfızayı ve gözü güçlendirici, gaz söktürücü ve idrar arttırıcı özelliği de vardır.
Misvak şu şekilde hazırlanmaktadır: Çubuğun bir ucundan kabuk 1-2 cm. uzunlukta soyulur. Bu kısım bir süre suda bırakılarak yumuşatılır. Daha sonra hafifçe dövülerek uç kısımdaki lifler meydana çıkarılır. Gerektiğinde bu lifler keskin bir bıçakla bölünüp daha yumuşak bir fırça elde edilebilir. Misvak kullanımında hem liflerin sürtünmesiyle dişler temizlenmekte, hem misvakta bulunan kimyasal birleşiklerin antiseptik ve temizleyici özellikleri etkili olmaktadır. Bu sebeple liflerin uçları her gün ince bir kıymık şeklinde alınarak yaklaşık haftada bir fırça kısmı yenilenmelidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebû Hanîfe ed-Dîneverî, Kitâbü’n-Nebât (nşr. Muhammed Hamîdullah), Kahire 1973, II, 98, 123, 132, 152-153, 327, 348.
Ebü’l-Hayr el-İşbîlî, ʿUmdetü’ṭ-ṭabîb fî maʿrifeti’n-nebât (nşr. Muhammed el-Arabî el-Hattâbî), Rabat 1410/1990, I, 53-54, 510; II, 555, 700, 740, 741, 772.
İbnü’l-Baytâr, Tenḳīḥu’l-Câmiʿ (nşr. Muhammed el-Arabî el-Hattâbî), Beyrut 1990, s. 15, 63, 66, 72-73, 153, 225, 239, 302.
Turhan Baytop, Türkiyede Bitkiler ile Tedavi , İstanbul 1984, s. 333.
Muhtâr Sâlim, eṭ-Ṭıbbü’l-İslâmî beyne’l-ʿaḳīde ve’l-ibdâʿ , Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 425-432.
Sâmî Sultân, “eṭ-Ṭıbbü’l-viḳāʾî el-femevî ʿinde’l-ʿArab”, Ebḥâs̱ü’n-nedveti’l-ʿâlemiyyeti’r-râbiʿa li-târîḫi’l-ʿulûm ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Halep 1413/1992, s. 207-233.
Mustafa Özer, Salvadora Persica: Misvak Mucizesi , İstanbul 2001.
Ulusay Koryak, “İslâm Dünyasında Misvak”, Ankara Dişhekimliği Bülteni , I, Ankara 1966, s. 24.
M. Ragaii el-Mostehy v.dğr., “Siwak as Oral Health Device Preliminary Chemical and Clinical Evaluation”, Hamdard Medicus , XXVI/3, Karachi 1983, s. 41-50.
V. Rispler-Chaim, “The Siwāk: A Medieval Islamic Contribution to Dental Care”, JRAS , üçüncü seri, II/1 (1992), s. 13-20.
Fr. Janot v.dğr., “Le siwâk (bâ-tonnet frotte-dents), instrument à usages religieux et médical”, AIsl. , XXXII (1998), s. 101-123.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 190-191 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
FIKIH. Misvakın, yetiştiği bölgelerde eski zamanlardan beri kullanıldığı bilinmekle birlikte İslâm’ın gelişiyle kullanımı dinî bir görev olarak yaygınlık ve süreklilik kazanmış, müslüman tıp ve botanik bilginleri de eserlerinde bu ağacın özelliklerine dair bilgilere yer vermişlerdir.
Dört Sünnî mezheple Ca‘feriyye ve Zeydiyye’ye göre dişleri misvakla temizlemek sünnettir (müstehap, mendup). Bazı kaynaklarda, Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî ve İshak b. Râhûye’ye göre misvak kullanmanın vâcip (farz) olup İshak b. Râhûye’nin misvaksız kılınan namazın sahih olmayacağını söylediği, buna karşılık Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî’nin misvak kullanmamayı namazın geçerliliğine engel görmediği kaydedilirse de (Mâverdî, I, 83; İbn Kudâme, I, 133; Ebû Şâme el-Makdisî, s. 50; Bedreddin el-Aynî, V, 262) bu naklin doğru olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır (Nevevî, I, 271; Şevkânî, I, 124). Nitekim Zâhirîler’den İbn Hazm da misvakın müstehap olduğunu belirtmektedir (el-Muḥallâ , II, 218, 219). Birçok sahâbînin rivayet ettiği, “Eğer müminlere (ümmetime) zorluk çıkaracak olmasaydım her namazda misvak kullanmalarını emrederdim” meâlindeki hadiste (Buhârî, “Cumʿa”, 8; Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 42; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 25) Resûlullah’ın kesin bir emir vermediği anlaşıldığından misvak kullanmak vâcip değil sünnet kabul edilmiştir. Ancak ulemâ, Hz. Peygamber’in sürekli uygulaması ve ısrarlı tavsiyeleri sebebiyle misvakın vâcip değilse de müekked bir sünnet sayıldığı hususunda ittifak etmiştir. Nitekim diğer bir rivayette bazı sahâbîlerin misvak kullanmadan Resûlullah’ın huzuruna çıktıkları ve onun kendilerine şöyle dediği kaydedilir: “Benim yanıma dişleriniz sararmış halde geliyorsunuz; misvak kullanın, eğer ümmetime zorluk çıkaracak olmasaydım her namazda abdest almalarını farz kıldığım gibi misvak kullanmalarını da farz kılardım” (Müsned , I, 214; III, 442; Hâkim, I, 146).
Hz. Peygamber’in, “Misvak hakkında o kadar emir aldım ki bu konuda Kur’an’da bir âyet ineceğini zannettim” sözü yanında (Müsned , I, 237, 307) on şeyin fıtrattan olduğunu belirttiği hadiste genellikle temizliğe dair olan bu hususlar arasında misvak kullanmayı da zikretmesi (Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 56; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 29); hayâ duygusu, güzel koku sürünme, evlilik ve misvak kullanmanın geçmiş peygamberlerin sünnetinden kabul edildiğini dile getirmesi (Müsned , V, 421; Tirmizî, “Nikâḥ”, 1); Hz. Âişe’ye Resûlullah’ın eve geldiğinde ilk yaptığı işin ne olduğu sorulduğunda dişlerini misvakla temizlediğini söylemesi (Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 43-44) misvakın önemini vurgulayan diğer bazı hadislerdir. Yine kaynaklarda Resûl-i Ekrem’in hizmetini gören sahâbîler arasında misvakını taşıma ve onu kullanıma hazır tutma görevinin (sâhibü’s-sivâk) Abdullah b. Mes‘ûd’a verildiği (Buhârî, “Feżâʾilü aṣḥâbi’n-nebî”, 20; “İstiʾẕân”, 38) ve Resûlullah’ın ısrarlı tavsiyeleri sebebiyle sahâbîlerin yanlarında devamlı misvak bulundurdukları kaydedilir.
Misvakın bazı durumlarda kullanılması özellikle istenmiştir. Hz. Peygamber’in misvak kullanılarak kılınan namazın misvaksız yetmiş namazdan daha faziletli olduğunu belirtmesiyle (Müsned , VI, 272; Hâkim, I, 146) her namaz kılındığında; “Eğer ümmetime zorluk çıkaracak olmasaydım her abdest alışlarında onlara misvakı emrederdim” rivayetine istinaden (Müsned , II, 460, 517) her abdest alındığında; onun geceleyin her uykudan uyanışında misvak kullandığına dair rivayetten hareketle (Buhârî, “Vuḍûʾ”, 73; Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 46-48; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 30) uykudan uyanıldığında; “Ağızlarınız Kur’an yoludur, onları misvakla temizleyin” hadisi sebebiyle (İbn Mâce, “Ṭahâret”, 7) Kur’an okurken; misvakın ağzı temizleyici, Allah Teâlâ’yı hoşnut kılıcı olduğuna ve Cebrâil’in her gelişinde misvakı tavsiye ettiğine dair hadis dolayısıyla (Müsned , VI, 47, 62, 124, 238; İbn Mâce, “Ṭahâret”, 7) ağzı kokutan yemek ve açlık gibi durumlar münasebetiyle misvak kullanmanın müekked sünnet olduğu belirtilmiştir.
Hadislerde geçen ifadelerden hareketle, abdest alırken misvak kullanmanın sünnet olduğu hususunda dört mezhep görüş birliğine varmakla birlikte Hanefîler, Mâlikîler ve bir görüşlerinde Şâfiîler bunu abdestin sünnetlerinden, Hanbelîler ve daha kuvvetli görüşlerinde Şâfiîler abdest dışında müstakil bir sünnet saymışlardır. Bunun sonucu olarak ilkine göre besmeleden sonra, diğerine göre besmeleden önce misvak kullanılır. Bazı âlimler ayrıca farz, vâcip veya nâfile her namazda misvakın sünnet olduğunu söylerken bir kısmı farz namazda kullanılmışsa ona tâbi sünnetlerde gerek olmadığını, bir kısmı abdest sırasında misvak kullanılması halinde namaz kılarken ayrıca gerekmediğini, bazıları da abdestle namaz arasına örfen uzun sayılabilecek bir zaman girmişse misvak kullanılabileceğini belirtmişlerdir.
Hz. Peygamber’in uygulamasını ve ilgili hadislerin mutlak ifadesini esas alan fukahanın çoğunluğuna göre misvak kullanmanın hükmü oruçlu kişi için de aynıdır. Buna karşılık bir rivayette Ahmed b. Hanbel, Şâfiî ve diğer bazı âlimler öğleden yahut ikindiden sonra, İmam Mâlik ise ıslak şekilde misvak kullanmanın oruçlu için mekruh olduğunu söylemişlerdir.
Kādî İyâz, Resûlullah’ın eve geldiğinde ilk yaptığı işin dişlerini misvakla temizlemek olduğuna dair hadisten Resûlullah’ın sıkça misvak kullandığını, gece ve gündüz birer defayla yetinmediğini, ayrıca onun uygulamalarından misvakı insanların toplu halde bulunduğu yerlerde değil evde kullanmak gerektiğinin anlaşıldığını belirtir. Ebû Şâme, avamdan bazı kişilerin camiye misvak getirip her namaz kılışta kullanmalarının hoş olmadığı yolundaki kanaatini desteklemek üzere bu yoruma yer vermektedir (es-Sivâk , s. 72). Eğitim ve âdâbla ilgili eserlerde de bir yandan temizliğe özen gösterme çerçevesinde misvak kullanmanın önemine (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, II, 402-403), öte yandan kişinin topluluk içinde kürdanla dişlerini temizlemesinin uygun olmadığına (Gazzâlî, s. 311) dikkat çekilmiştir.
Fukaha, erâk ağacından yapılan misvakın kullanılmasını daha faziletli saymakla birlikte diğer bitki vb. şeylerden de diş temizleme araçları yapılabileceğini veya bazı hadislerde de geçtiği üzere (İbn Kudâme, I, 138; Bedreddin el-Aynî, V, 263) parmakların bu amaçla kullanılabileceğini belirtmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , I, 214, 237, 307; II, 460, 517; III, 442, 445; V, 421; VI, 47, 62, 124, 238, 272.
Buhârî, “Cumʿa”, 8, “Vuḍûʾ”, 73, “Ṣavm”, 3, 9, “Feżâʾilü aṣḥâbi’n-nebî”, 20, “İstiʾẕân”, 38.
Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 42-44, 46-48, 56, “Ṣıyâm”, 163-164.
İbn Mâce, “Ṭahâret”, 7.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭahâret”, 25, 27, 29, 30.
Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 18, “Ṣavm”, 29, “Nikâḥ”, 1.
Hâkim, el-Müstedrek , I, 146.
Mâverdî, el-Ḥâvi’l-kebîr (nşr. Ali M. Muavvaz – Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd), Beyrut 1414/1994, I, 82-86.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ , II, 218, 219.
Gazzâlî, Âdâbü’ṣ-ṣuḥbe ve’l-muʿâşere (nşr. M. Suûd el-Maînî), Bağdad 1984, s. 311.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî (nşr. Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Türkî – Abdülfettâh M. el-Hulv), Riyad 1419/1999, I, 133-139.
Ebû Şâme el-Makdisî, es-Sivâk ve mâ eşbehe ẕâke (nşr. Ahmed el-Îsevî – Ebû Huzeyfe), Tanta 1410/1990.
Nevevî, el-Mecmûʿ , I, 267-283.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, eṭ-Ṭıbbü’n-nebevî (nşr. Abdülganî Abdülhâliḳ), Kahire 1377/1957, s. 248-250.
İbnü’l-Murtazâ, el-Baḥrü’z-zeḫḫâr , San‘a 1409/1988, I, 72-75.
Bedreddin el-Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî , Kahire 1392/1972, III, 67-71; V, 261-267.
Ebû Saîd el-Hâdimî, Risâle fî mesnûniyyeti’l-misvâk (nşr. Konevî Abdülbâsir Efendi, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil içinde), İstanbul 1302, s. 235-239.
İbn Usfûr el-Bahrânî, el-Ḥadâʾiḳu’n-nâżıra , Beyrut 1405/1984, II, 154-156.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , I, 123-130.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Beyrut 1415/1994, I, 235-236.
Muhtâr Sâlim, eṭ-Ṭıbbü’l-İslâmî beyne’l-ʿaḳīde ve’l-ibdâʿ , Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 425-432.
Sâmî Sultân, “eṭ-Ṭıbbü’l-viḳāʾî el-femevî ʿinde’l-ʿArab”, Ebḥâs̱ü’n-nedveti’l-ʿâlemiyyeti’r-râbiʿa li-târîḫi’l-ʿulûm ʿinde’l-ʿArab , Halep 1413/1992, s. 207-233.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Hz. Peygamber’in Yönetimi: et-Terâtîbu’l-idâriyye (trc. Ahmet Özel), İstanbul 2003, I, 169, 242; II, 311, 402-403.
Fr. Janot v.dğr., “Le siwâk (bâtonnet frotte-dents), instrument à usages religieux et médical”, AIsl. , XXXII (1998), s. 101-123.
A. J. Wensinck, “Miswāk”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 187.
M. Rızâ Ensârî, “Sivâk”, DMT , IX, 313-315.
“İstiyâk”, Mv.F , IV, 136-144.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 191-192 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu bölüm en son 01.04.2020 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.