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MİZANCI MURAD Skip to content (1854-1917)
Jön Türkler’in önde gelen isimlerinden, fikir adamı, gazeteci ve yazar.
Dağıstan’ın Huraki kasabasında doğdu. Asıl adı Mehmed Murad’dır. Babası kadılık ve müftülük yapmış olan Hacı Mustafa Efendi’dir. Mehmed Murad küçük yaşta dinî bilgiler almaya başladı ve Arapça öğrendi. Daha sonra Timurhan Şûrâ Rüşdiyesi’ni (1864), İstavropol Gimnazyumu’nu ve Moskova Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi’ni bitirdi (1866). Ruslar’ın baskıları karşısında küçük yaştan beri İstanbul’a gidip halifeye ve İslâm dinine hizmet etme arzusu içinde büyüdü. Bu idealle 1873 yılında İstanbul’a geldi. Matbûât-ı Dâhiliyye Kalemi’nde çalışırken aslen Kafkasyalı olan Maliye Nâzırı Şirvânîzâde Mehmed Rüşdü Paşa’nın himayesini gördü, onun konağına yerleşti, bir süre sonra da mühürdarı oldu.
1876-1877 yıllarında Vakit ve İttihad gazetelerinde dış politikayla ilgili yazılar yayımladı. Açılan bir imtihanı kazanarak Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’ye hoca oldu; burada ve Mekteb-i Hukuk’ta tarih dersleri verdi, ayrıca Dârülmuallimîn-i Âliye’de hocalık ve müdürlük yaptı. Muhtelit Muhâcirîn Komisyonu’nda ve Maarif Nezâreti Teftiş ve Muayene Heyeti’nde çalıştı (1879-1882). Bir ara memleketi Dağıstan’a gitti, dönüşünde Mîzan gazetesini çıkarmaya başladı (21 Ağustos 1886, bk. MÎZAN ). Önceleri II. Abdülhamid’in teveccühünü kazanan gazete eleştiri dozunu giderek arttırınca sansür tarafından zaman zaman kapatıldı. 1891’de dört yıl kadar görev yapacağı Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye komiserliğine getirildi. İkinci rütbeden Mecîdî nişanı ve altın liyakat madalyasıyla taltif edildi (1893); burada millî menfaatleri gözeten haysiyetli ve tâvizsiz bir tutum izledi. Memleketin içine düştüğü siyasî, iktisadî ve içtimaî felâketlerden kurtulabilmesi için çoğu Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’den talebesi olan genç nesil onun kendilerine rehber olmasını istiyordu. Bu amaçla hazırladığı bir reform lâyihası II. Abdülhamid tarafından ilgi görmeyince yönetimle arası açıldı. Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye’den tanıdığı bir kısım Batılılar’ın da teşvik ve telkinleriyle düşüncelerini rahatça dile getirebilmek için Avrupa’ya kaçmayı planladı.
Kasım 1895’te Sivastopol üzerinden önce Dağıstan’a, oradan Kiev-Viyana yoluyla Paris’e gitti. Ermeni hareketini ve Şark meselesini çözüme kavuşturmak için Jön Türkler’le, İttihat ve Terakkî lideri Ahmed Rızâ Bey’le görüştü. Konuyla ilgili olarak Le Figaro gazetesinde bir mülâkatı yayımlandı. Daha sonra Londra’ya geçerek Lord Salisbury ve bazı Ermeni komitacılarıyla temaslar kurdu; ancak kısa sürede büyük hayal kırıklığıyla Paris’e döndü. Ahmed Rızâ’dan da umduğu ilgiyi göremedi. Jön Türkler’in bir kısmı Ahmed Rızâ’nın yerine cemiyetin başına geçmesini teklif ettilerse de kendisi Mısır’a gitti ve Mîzan gazetesini Kahire’de yayımlamaya başladı (Ocak 1896). Bu dönemde yazdığı yazılarda saraya ve özellikle II. Abdülhamid’e açıktan açığa cephe aldı ve ağır eleştirilerde bulundu. Padişahı ya meşrutiyeti kabule ya da saltanatı terketmeye davet etti. Bunun üzerine gıyaben idama mahkûm edildi.
Temmuz 1896’da tekrar Paris’e döndü ve Ahmed Rızâ’ya muhalefet eden Kaymakam Şefik, Çürüksulu Ahmed, İshak Sükûtî, Şerefeddin Mağmûmî, Süleyman Nazif ve Ali Kemal gibi Jön Türkler’in desteğiyle İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nin başına geçti (Kasım 1896). Ahmed Rızâ’nın çevresindeki Jön Türkler’le ihtilâfları artınca cemiyetin merkezini Paris’ten Cenevre’ye nakletti, Mîzan gazetesini de cemiyetin yayın organı olarak orada çıkarmaya başladı (Mayıs 1897). Ancak İttihat ve Terakkî mensupları arasındaki anlaşmazlıkları ortadan kaldırma teşebbüslerinde başarılı olamadı. Serhafiye Ahmed Celâleddin Paşa’nın padişah adına birtakım vaadleri ve 1897 Türk Yunan Muharebesi’nin zaferle sonuçlanması üzerine II. Abdülhamid’in ilân ettiği genel af ve biraz da aile hasretiyle cemiyetin reisliğini bırakarak İstanbul’a döndü (Ağustos 1897). Fakat verilen sözlerin hiçbiri gerçekleşmediği gibi İstanbul’a döner dönmez göz hapsine alındı. 1899’da Şûrâ-yı Devlet Maliye Dairesi üyeliğine getirildi, 1908’de II. Meşrutiyet’in ilân edilmesiyle istifa ederek Mîzan ’ı tekrar çıkarmaya başladı (30 Temmuz 1908). İktidardaki İttihat ve Terakkî Fırkası’na şiddetle muhalefet edince gazetesi kapatıldı. Daha sonra, Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası’nın tahrikçileri arasında bulunduğu ileri sürülerek müebbet kalebentlik cezasına çarptırıldı ve Rodos’a sürgüne gönderildi (Haziran 1909). Bir süre Rodos’ta, bir süre de Midilli’de kaldı. Burada iken Târîh-i Ebü’l-Fârûk adlı eseriyle hâtıralarını kaleme aldı. 1913’te çıkan af üzerine İstanbul’a döndü. Hayatının son yılları tam bir yalnızlık ve sefalet içinde geçti. 15 Nisan 1917’de Anadoluhisarı’ndaki yalısında öldü ve Anadoluhisarı Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Tanzimat’tan sonraki Türk fikir hayatının önde gelen şahsiyetlerinden olan Mizancı Murad, gerek Mekteb-i Mülkiyye’deki hocalığı gerekse Mîzan gazetesindeki yazılarıyla hürriyet ve meşrutiyet özlemi çeken genç nesle önderlik yapmış, onlara tarih bilinci kazandırmış bir aksiyon adamıdır. Hayatı boyunca fikir ve hayallerinin doğruluğuna inanmış, bu şuur onda giderek kendi kendini idealleştirme duygusu meydana getirmiştir. Bundan dolayı kendini daima örnek bir idealist olarak görmüş, çevresini ve yaşanan olayları kolayca değiştirebileceğini sanmış, ancak hep çatışma halinde ve sonunda yalnızlık içinde kalmıştır. Bir müddet fiilen aralarında bulunmasına, hatta liderliklerini bile yapmasına rağmen rejim meselesinde Jön Türkler’den çok farklı düşünen Mizancı Murad bu konuda daha çok Yeni Osmanlılar’a yaklaşır. Mısır’da iken yayımladığı “Fırkamızın Hatt-ı Hareketi” başlıklı yirmi bir maddelik reform projesi onun diğer Jön Türkler’den ayrılan taraflarını göstermektedir. Mizancı Murad, devlet yönetimi için ileri sürdüğü meşveret usulünün şeriatın gerektirdiği bir sistem olduğunu savunur. Ona göre devletin resmî ideolojisi Osmanlılık, kültürel anlamdaki ideolojisi de ittihâd-ı İslâm olmalıdır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin siyasî ve coğrafî bütünlüğüne zarar vermeyecek millî bir politika izlenmesini isteyen Mizancı Murad bunun için dış politikada muvazeneden yanadır.
Mizancı Murad’ın hemen hepsi gazete sayfalarında kalan makalelerinde devrine göre oldukça yeni ve modern sayılabilecek görüşlere sahip olduğu dikkati çeker. Onun çıkardığı Mîzan bir haber gazetesi olmaktan ziyade fikir politikacılığı organı niteliğindedir. Burada gerek dış gerekse iç politika konusunda çok sayıda fikir yazısı yazmış, “İç Siyaset” başlığı altında devlet, rejim meselesi, yöneticiler, iktisat, maliye, eğitim öğretim ve sanayi konuları ile fakirlere yardımdan fuhşun yasaklanmasına kadar dönemin hemen bütün sosyal meselelerini ele almıştır.
Bir romanı, bir piyesi, “Mebâhis-i Edebiyye” ve “Üdebâmızın Numûne-i İmtisalleri” başlıklı yazılarıyla aynı zamanda edebî bir hüviyeti olan Mizancı Murad’a göre edebiyat bir milletin maddî ve mânevî hayatının ifadesidir. Bir milleti millet yapan bütün değerler o milletin edebî eserlerindedir. Geçmişte yazılı bir edebiyatı olan milletler çeşitli sebeplerle yeryüzünden silinseler bile adları, hayat maceraları, fikirleri ve medeniyetleri edebiyatları sayesinde yaşamaya devam eder. Bir toplumun ahlâkı, düşünceleri, gayeleri, bütün değer hükümleri ve medeniyet seviyesi de edebî eserlerinde görülebilir. Edebiyat toplumların hem aynası hem de gelişme vasıtasıdır; bu önemli rolü yerine getirebilmesi için belli bir ahlâk anlayışına bağlı olmalıdır. Mizancı Murad’a göre şiir, roman ve tiyatro türündeki eserlerin esas amacı mensup olduğu milletin ahlâkî güzelliğini geliştirmeye çalışmaktır. Bu görüşlerini edebiyata uygulayan Mizancı Murad eski Türk edebiyatını “iki üç yüz senelik hâb-ı gaflet” olarak nitelendirir. Yeni Türk edebiyatında ise güzel eserler ortaya konulmaktadır, fakat bunlar henüz Batılı eserler seviyesinde değildir. Türk edebiyatının gerçek anlamda millî ve Avrupaî olmasını önleyen iki önemli zaafı vardır: Taklitçilik ve ahlâkî edebiyata önem vermemek. Körü körüne Doğu’yu veya Batı’yı örnek almak aynı derecede zararlıdır. Nâmık Kemal gibi divan edebiyatını müstehcen ve gayri ahlâkî bulan Mizancı Murad, edebî eserlerde ele alınan konu ve şahısların mutlaka topluma örnek teşkil etmesi gerektiği üzerinde ısrarla durur. Ona göre bir şiirde mâkul ve dengeli olmak şartıyla hem hayal hem fikir bulunmalıdır. Ahlâkî edebiyatın bir türü olan şiirin gayesi de “tehzîb-i ahlâk”tır. Roman ve piyeslerde anlatılan konu ve olayların pek fazla önemi yoktur, çünkü bunları çok defa yazarlar uydurur. Fakat olay ve konuların mutlaka millî terbiyeye ve genel âdâba uygun olması gerekir. Mensup olduğu milletin duyuşlarını ve görüşlerini aksettirmeyen eserler okuyucuda gerçeklik duygusu uyandıramaz. Bir edebî eserin mükemmelliği üslûp ve ifadesinin sade ve düzgün olması yanında okuyucuya bir ibret dersi vermesine bağlıdır. Bir toplumun hayata bakış tarzını, mânevî değerlerini en veciz şekilde aksettiren atasözlerine de ayrı bir önem verilmelidir. Felsefeleri olmadığı iddiasıyla eleştirilen Türk milletinin sadece atasözlerine bakmak bile bu tenkidin yanlışlığını gösterir. Bu sebeple Mizancı Murad, yazarların tasvirlerinde ölçülü olmak şartıyla atasözlerini kullanmalarını hayata bakış tarzlarını göstermesi bakımından gerekli görür.
Mîzan gazetesinde Nâmık Kemal’in Vatan yahut Silistre , Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem’in Vuslat piyesiyle Sâmipaşazâde Sezâi’nin Sergüzeşt romanı hakkında “Üdebâmızın Numûne-i İmtisalleri” başlığı altında yayımlamış olduğu yazılar, Tanzimat devrinde Türk edebiyatında uygulamalı tenkit türünün ilk örnekleri kabul edilmektedir. Turfanda mı Yoksa Turfa mı? adıyla kaleme aldığı tek romanında yazılarında teorik biçimde ileri sürdüğü fikirleri somut örneklerle ortaya koymuştur. Mizancı Murad, bu eseriyle Türkiye’de ilk defa sosyal kalkınma ve ilerlemenin ilkokuldan başlamak suretiyle yukarıya doğru gerçekleştirilebileceği görüşünü ele almıştır. Tarihçiliği ilmî olmaktan ziyade ideolojik olan Mizancı Murad’ın hâtıraları ise hem kendisi hem içinde yaşadığı devir açısından önem taşımaktadır. Devr-i Hamîdî Âsârı da Türk kütüphanecilik tarihi bakımından dikkate değer bir eserdir.
Eserleri. Târîh-i Umûmî (I-IV, İstanbul 1297-1299); Muhtasar Târîh-i Umûmî (İstanbul 1302); Devr-i Hamîdî Âsârı (İstanbul 1308); Muhtasar Târîh-i İslâm (Bahçesaray 1890); Turfanda mı Yoksa Turfa mı? (İstanbul 1308); Le palais de Yildiz et la sublime port (Paris 1896; Yıldız Saray-ı Hümâyunu ve Bâbıâli adıyla, Kahire 1313); Müdafaa Niyetine Bir Tecavüz (Paris 1314); La force et la faiblesse de la Turquie (Genève 1897); Mücâhede-i Milliyye (İstanbul 1324); Tencere Yuvarlandı Kapağını Buldu (oyun, İstanbul 1325); Târîh-i Ebü’l-Fârûk (I-VII, İstanbul 1325-1332); Hürriyet Vâdisinde Bir Pençe-i İstibdâd (İstanbul 1326); Enkāz-ı İstibdâd İçinde Züğürdün Tesellisi (İstanbul 1329); Meskenet Mâzeret Teşkil Eder mi? (İstanbul 1329); Taharrî-i İstikbâl (I-II, İstanbul 1329-1330); Tatlı Emeller Acı Hakikatler (İstanbul 1330); Akıldan Belâ (Griboidov’dan tercüme, piyes, İstanbul 1330).
Turfanda mı Yoksa Turfa mı? romanı (Mansur Bey adıyla, haz. M. Ertuğrul Düzdağ, İstanbul 1972; haz. Birol Emil, Ankara 1980), ayrıca Mücâhede-i Milliye: Gurbet ve Avdet Devirleri (haz. Sabahattin Çağın – Faruk Gezgin, İstanbul 1994) ve Mîzancı Murad Bey’in II. Meşrutiyet Dönemi Hâtıraları: Hürriyet Vâdisinde Bir Pençe-i İstibdad, Enkāz-ı İstibdâd İçinde Züğürdün Tesellisi, Tatlı Emeller Acı Hakikatler (haz. Celile Eren Ökten Argıt, İstanbul 1997) adlarıyla hâtıraları yeni harflerle de yayımlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şerif Mardin, Jön Türklerin Siyâsî Fikirleri: 1895-1908 , Ankara 1964, s. 46-92.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi , Konya 1966, s. 178-188.
Ali Çankaya Mücellidoğlu, Yeni Mülkiye Tarihi ve Mülkiyeliler , Ankara 1968-69, II, 1047-1050.
E. E. Ramsaur, Jön Türkler ve 1908 İhtilâli (trc. Nuran Ülken), İstanbul 1972, s. 42-45.
Birol Emil, Mizancı Murad Bey: Hayatı ve Eserleri , İstanbul 1979.
a.mlf., Jön Türklere Dair Vesikalar I: Edebiyatçı Jön Türklerin Mektupları , İstanbul 1982, tür.yer.
R. P. Finn, The Early Turkish Novel: 1872-1900 , İstanbul 1984, s. 51-64.
M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Bir Siyasal Örgüt Olarak Osmanlı İttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti ve Jön Türklük: 1889-1902 , İstanbul 1985, I, tür.yer.
Cevdet Kudret, Türk Edebiyatında Hikâye ve Roman , İstanbul 1987, I, 150-155.
Sina Akşin, Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terakki , İstanbul 1987, s. 34-35.
Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Mîzancı Mehmed Murad Bey”, TD , II/3-4 (1952), s. 67-88.
Adnan Akgün, “(Mizancı) Mehmed Murad Bey”, Yedi İklim , sy. 34, İstanbul 1993, s. 83-86.
Abdullah Uçman, “Mîzancı Murad’ın Yeni Bir Eseri: İki Münevverin Hasbihâli”, İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 7, İstanbul 1999, s. 215-234.
Mustafa Kutlu, “Mehmed Murad”, TDEA , VI, 211-212.
“Turfanda mı Yoksa Turfa mı”, a.e. , VIII, 393-394.
M. O. H. Ursinus, “Mīzānd̲j̲i Meḥmed Murād”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 205-206.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 214-216 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.