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MORİTANYA Skip to content Afrika’nın kuzeybatısında bir İslâm ülkesi.
Bölümler İçin Önizleme
Madde Planı
1/2 Müellif: AYDOĞAN KÖKSAL Bölüme Git
Güneyde Senegal, doğuda ve güneydoğuda Mali, kuzeydoğuda Cezayir, kuzeybatıda Batı Sahrâ (eski İspanyol Sahrâsı) ve batıda Atlas Okyanusu ile sınırlan…
2/2 Müellif: HARRY THIRLWALL NORRIS Bölüme Git
II. TARİH Tarih öncesi dönemlerde iskân edildiği anlaşılan Moritanya toprakları Romalılar zamanında onlara bağlı bir krallık tarafından yönetiliyordu….
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA
II. TARİH
Güneyde Senegal, doğuda ve güneydoğuda Mali, kuzeydoğuda Cezayir, kuzeybatıda Batı Sahrâ (eski İspanyol Sahrâsı) ve batıda Atlas Okyanusu ile sınırlanmış olan ve başkanlık tipi cumhuriyetle yönetilen Moritanya’nın resmî adı el-Cumhûriyyetü’l-İslâmiyyetü’l-Mûritâniyye (ismin tarihçesi için bk. MORİSKOLAR), yüzölçümü 1.030.700 km2 , nüfusu 2.998.000 (2004 tah.), başşehri Nuakşot (Nouakchott, 679.000), diğer önemli şehirleri Nouadhibou (83.000), Kife (71.000), Keyheydi (53.000) ve Rûsû’dur (52.000).
I. FİZİKÎ ve BEŞERÎ COĞRAFYA Moritanya’nın geniş bir kısmı Büyük Sahrâ’da yer alır ve çöl, yarı çöl görünümündedir. Yüksek olmayan ülke topraklarının batı tarafı alçak ovalardan meydana gelmiştir ve kumullarla kaplıdır; Senegal vadisi uzun bir alüvyonlu ovadır. Çöl ortasında ada gibi bazı kayalık tepeler yükselir; bunlardan İcil (Idjil) ülkenin en yüksek doruğudur (915 m.). İklimi kuraklık ve sıcaklık karakterize eder. Dokuz ayı kurak geçen ülkeye bu aylarda ortalama 30 milimetreden daha az yağış düşer (Nouadhibou: 5 mm); sıcaklık ortalaması Nuakşot’ta 26,5 °C, Nouadhibou’da 22,1 °C’dir. Bitki örtüsü iklime bağlıdır ve üç kuşağa ayrılır. Bu örtü Sudan ikliminin hüküm sürdüğü savan alanında otluk ve fundalıklardan ibarettir, bunların arasında baobab ve Senegal akasyası ağaçları yer alır; sahil alanı genelde çalılıklarla kaplıdır ve yine yer yer akasyalara rastlanır. Büyük Sahrâ alanı ise bitki örtüsünden yoksun olup sadece adacıklar halinde seyrek vahalar ihtiva eder. Ülkenin gerçek anlamda tek akarsuyu güneybatı kesiminde akan ve Senegal Devleti ile sınır oluşturan Senegal nehridir. Ayrıca güneyde yalnız yağmur mevsiminde canlanan ve sularını Senegal nehrine boşaltan bazı küçük dereler bulunmaktadır.
Geniş bir alanı kaplayan Moritanya’da çok az olan nüfusun bölgelere dağılışı eşit değildir. Ortalama yoğunluk zenci köylülerin çoğunlukta bulunduğu güney sahasında km2 ’ye üç, geri kalan kesimde ise sadece bir kişiden ibarettir. Nüfusun ülkenin yerlileri sayılan ve Berberî-Arap-Zenci melezi olan Maurlar ile Tukulor, Soninke (Sarakole), Volof, Bambara ve Pöller’in oluşturduğu Sudan halkları teşkil eder. Bunların % 99’u Sünnî müslüman, % 1’i hıristiyandır. Resmî dili Arapça olan ülkede mahallî dillerin ve Berberîce karışık Arapça’nın (Hassaniyye lehçesi) yanında Fransızca da konuşulur.
Moritanya ekonomisi geleneksel kır ürünleri (tarım, hayvancılık, toplayıcılık, nehir balıkçılığı), deniz balıkçılığı ve maden işletmeciliğine dayanır. Tarımdan fazla ekonomik rol oynayan hayvancılıkta deve, sığır, koyun ve keçi yetiştiriciliği yapılır. Ekonomide hayvancılığın önemli yer tutması insanların beslenme tarzına da yansımıştır; kişi başına et tüketimi 30 kilograma ulaşır ve bu Batı Afrika’daki en yüksek değerdir. Et ticareti soğuk hava tertibatlı modern kamyon filolarıyla gerçekleştirilmektedir. Başlıca tarım alanları güney sahil bölgesindedir. Burada kışın darı, manyok ve yer fıstığı, yazın kocadarı, mısır, pirinç ve bazı sebze türleri yetiştirilir. Vahalardaki hurmalıklardan elde edilen ürünün çoğu ülke içinde tüketilir, bir kısmı da Senegal ve Mali’ye satılır. Geleneksel kırsal faaliyetlerden toplayıcılıktaki ürünler akasya zamkı ile kaya tuzudur. Ancak kaya tuzunun dış pazarlardaki önemi deniz tuzunun rekabeti karşısında azalmıştır.
Senegal nehrinde geleneksel metotlarla yapılan tatlı su balıkçılığı öncelikle yerel nüfusun ihtiyacını karşılar, balıkların az bir kısmı da kurutulmuş olarak Senegal’e ihraç edilir. Deniz balıkçılığı ise modern usullerle gerçekleştirilmektedir. Ancak Moritanya açıklarında bol miktarda balık bulunmasına rağmen balıkçılık ülkeye fazla bir kazanç sağlamamaktadır. Çünkü bu faaliyet Moritanya’yı temsil etmeyen Fransız, İspanyol, Portekiz, Yunan, Japon ve Ruslar’a ait uluslararası bir filo tarafından yürütülmektedir. Kurutulmuş tuzlu balık endüstrisi de küçük ve basit yerli tesislerin yanında üç büyük Fransız konserve şirketinin elindedir. Üretilen konservelerin tamamı ekvator Afrikası’na ihraç edilir.
Yeni gelişen ve titanlı demir (ilmenit), demir, jips ve bakır cevherlerini işleyen maden sanayii ülkenin en önemli gelir kaynağıdır. Jips Nuakşot’un kuzeyindeki kıyılarda yer alır ve daha çok başşehirdeki yapılarda alçı olarak kullanılır; fakat henüz sistematik bir şekilde işletilmemektedir. 1953 yılından beri çalıştırılan bakır madeni Akjoujt bölgesinde yer alır ve açık işletme halindedir. Akjoujt’un 20 km. güneydoğusunda zengin demir ve kıyı kesiminde titanlı demir yatakları bulunmaktadır. Demir yataklarının en önemlisi İcil yöresindekidir; ayrıca batıda, doğuda ve orta masifte üç önemli demir yatağı vardır. En önemli ticarî gelirin sağlandığı demir sanayii sayesinde Moritanya sömürgecilik dönemine göre birdenbire önem kazanmıştır. Ticaret yapılan ülkeler arasında Fransa, Büyük Britanya, Almanya, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, İtalya, İspanya, Japonya ve Cezayir ön sıralarda gelmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Sami Öngör, Devletler ve Ülkeler Ansiklopedisi, Ankara 1967, s. 122; Türkkaya Ataöv, Afrika Ulusal Kurtuluş Mücadeleleri, Ankara 1977, s. 226-228; Mauritania: A Country Study (ed. R. E. Handloff), Washington 1990; Aydoğan Köksal, Afrika Genel ve Ülkeler Coğrafyası, Ankara 1999, s. 183-189; H. T. Norris, “Mūrītānīya”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 611-612; “Moritanya”, Gelişim Büyük Coğrafya Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 1981, VI, 1617-1624; “Günümüzde Moritanya”, Bertelsman: Bugünkü Dünyamız, Atlas Ansiklopedi, Gütersloh 1993, s. 12-13.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 291-292 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
II. TARİH Tarih öncesi dönemlerde iskân edildiği anlaşılan Moritanya toprakları Romalılar zamanında onlara bağlı bir krallık tarafından yönetiliyordu. En önemli hükümdarlarından biri ülkenin Helenistik kültür alanına girmesini sağlayan, Marcus Antonius ve VII. Kleopatra’nın kızları olan Kleopatra Selene’nin kocası XI. Juba idi.
Arap coğrafyacılarının başlıca üç bölgesine Gāne, Tekrûr ve Şinkīt adlarını verdikleri bugünkü Moritanya topraklarına göçebe Berberîler’in girmesi III. yüzyıl dolaylarına rastlamaktadır. O sıralarda ülkede görülen yerleşik topluluklar ve şehir hayatı güney ve güneydoğudaki siyahî krallıkları karakterize eden özelliklerdendi. Bu siyahî krallıklar ilk dönemlerinden itibaren altın ve köle arayan Arap ve Berberî tâcirleri çok iyi tanıyorlardı. Bunlardan Güneydoğu Moritanya’daki, Gāne unvanıyla da anılan krallarının debdebe ve zenginlikleriyle ünlü Gāne ülkesi onlar için özellikle altın üzerinde yoğunlaştıkları en önemli ticaret alanı idi. Bölgeye İslâmiyet’in ne zaman girdiği kesin biçimde belli değilse de VIII. yüzyılın sonlarında müslümanlarla çok sıkı olan ticarî bağlar bunun o dönemde gerçekleşmeye başladığını düşündürmektedir. Putperest olmalarına rağmen müslüman topluluklarının kendi topraklarında barınmasına izin veren Gāne kralları, bu tutumlarıyla bir kısmı çok erken dönemlerde İslâmlaşan Berberîler’in kendi halklarıyla kaynaşmasına ortam hazırladılar (bk. GĀNE). Daha sonraları Senegal nehrinin etrafındaki War Dyabe (War Ndyay, ö. 1041) gibi siyahî müslüman krallar İslâm’ın yayılmasında etkin rol oynadılar. Berberî kabilelerinin tamamının müslüman olması, Murâbıt Devleti’nin kurucusu Abdullah b. Yâsîn tarafından çok kısa bir zamanda gerçekleştirildi. Abdullah b. Yâsîn’in bölgeye yerleştirdiği Mâlikî mezhebi bütün Batı Afrika’ya yayıldı; o dönemden itibaren tarikatlar da Moritanya’nın dinî hayatında gittikçe artan bir biçimde önem kazanmaya başladı.
XIII. yüzyılın ortalarından XV. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Merînîler’in yönetimi altında kalan Moritanya toprakları XVII. yüzyılda Tagan ve Hoz’un bir bölümü hariç, XIII. yüzyılda Mısır’dan bölgeye gelip yerleşen Benî Ma‘kıl’in önemli bir kolunu teşkil eden Hassânîler’in eline geçti. Kuzeyden gelen Pöl baskısı karşısında Berberîler’in dinî lideri Nâsırüddin Avbek cihad ilân ettiyse de 1674’te Tin Yifdad savaşında öldürüldü. XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda Moritanya’nın Trarza, Brakna ve Adrar bölgelerindeki Hassânî emîrleri Fas’ın Şerif yöneticileriyle ilişkilerini bazan ittifak ilân edecek derecede yakın tuttular.
1854’te Fransızlar Moritanya’ya girdi; ancak ülkenin içlerine doğru nüfuz etmeleri XX. yüzyılın başlarında gerçekleşti. Böylece Mağrib’den koparak ekonomik bakımdan Saint Louis ve Senegal’deki Dakar’a bağlanan Moritanya Fransızlar’ın vesâyetini kabullendi. 1950’li yıllarda bağımsızlık faaliyetleri hızlandı. 28 Eylül 1958’de ülke Moritanya İslâm Cumhuriyeti adı altında Fransız Birliği’nin özerk bir üyesi olarak kendini kabul ettirdi. 23 Haziran 1959’da millet meclisi Muhtar Olad Daddah’ı başbakan seçti. 28 Kasım 1960’ta Moritanya İslâm Cumhuriyeti bağımsız bir devlet olarak ilân edildi. Muhtar 20 Ağustos 1961’de seçimleri kazanarak ilk devlet başkanı oldu. Moritanya 1969’da İslâm Konferansı Teşkilâtı’na, 4 Aralık 1973’te Arap Birliği’ne, 1975’te Arap Ekonomik Birliği Konseyi’ne katıldı. Saygın bir kişiliğe sahip bulunan ve Moritanya’yı Mağrib ile Siyah Afrika arasında bir köprü konumuna getirme idealini kısmen gerçekleştiren Muhtar, Fas’ın İspanya’nın eski İspanyol Sahrâsı’ndan çekilmesinin ardından kayıp topraklar gözüyle baktığı yerleri geri alma çabasına karşı verilen mücadelede başarılı olamadı. 14 Kasım 1975’te Madrid’de yapılan antlaşma ile İspanya Batı Sahrâ’dan çekilmeyi ve bölgeyi Fas ile Moritanya’ya bırakmayı kabul etti. Nisan 1976’da imzalanan bir antlaşma ile de Batı Sahrâ Fas ile Moritanya arasında taksim edildi. Muhtar 10 Haziran 1978’de askerî bir darbe ile devrildi. O tarihten bu yana ülkede pek çok hükümet değişikliği ve etnik mücadele gerçekleşti; 14 Kasım 1975 antlaşmasını tanımayan Polisario Cephesi kanlı eylemler yaptı. Ülkenin ekonomik çöküntüden, kuraklıktan meydana gelen kıtlıklardan ve eski İspanyol Sahrâsı’nın sahiplenilmesinden doğan çatışmalardan kurtulabilmek için devamlı şekilde uluslararası yardıma ihtiyaç duyduğu halde ayakta kalabilmesi günümüz Afrika’sının şaşırtıcı olaylarından biridir; bunda çeşitli etnik grupları bir arada tutan İslâmiyet’in etkisi büyüktür. 20 Mayıs 1961 anayasası İslâm dinini, etnik kökenlerinin farklılığına rağmen Moritanya halkının ve devletinin resmî dini olarak kabul etmiş ve devlet başkanlığına seçilebilmeyi de Müslümanlık şartına bağlamıştır.
Moritanya’da tarikatların önemli tesiri vardır. Sûfîler ülkenin her tarafına dağılmıştır ve bunlardan bazıları kadındır. Muhtemelen tarikatların en eskisi yüzyıllar boyunca önemini yitirmeyen Şâzeliyye’dir. Künte kabilesine mensup ünlü şeyhlerle ilişkilendirilen Kādiriyye ise bütün Batı Sahrâ’nın en büyük tarikatıdır. Senegal nehri civarında yaşayan siyahî nüfus arasında Ticâniyye yaygındır. Ülkede Vehhâbîlik de güçlü bir konuma sahiptir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA C. C. Stewart – E. K. Stewart, Islam and Social Order in Mauritania: A Case Study from the Nineteenth Century, Oxford 1973; Ch. Harrison, France and Islam in West Africa: 1860-1960, Cambridge 1988; C. Belvaude, La Mauritanie, Paris 1989; Abdel Wedoud Ould Cheikh, “Le facteur religieux dans l’organisation d’une tribu maure”, al-Ansâb, la quête des origines: Anthropologie historique de la société tribale arabe (ed. P. Bonte v.dğr.), Paris 1991, s. 201-238; S. Calderini v.dğr., Mauritania, Oxford 1992, s. 69-73; H. T. Norris, “Mūrītāniyā”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 611-628.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 292-293 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.