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MUALLAKĀT Skip to content Câhiliye döneminde yedi (veya on) şaire ait seçkin kaside koleksiyonuna verilen ad.
Sözlükte “bir şeyi diğeriyle irtibatlandırmak, bir şeyle ilgilenip onu beğenmek ve sevmek” anlamındaki alak (alâka) kökünden türeyen muallaka kelimesinin çoğulu olan muallakāt “beğenildiği için herkesin görebileceği bir yere asılan, sergilenen şiirler” demektir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “ʿalḳ” md.). Kelime ilk defa muhtemelen, IV. (X.) yüzyılın ilk yarısında telif edilen Ebû Zeyd el-Kureşî’nin Cemheretü eşʿâri’l-ʿArab’ında görülür. Yedi bölümden oluşan antolojide birinci bölümü “Muallakāt” başlığı altında sekiz muallaka şairinin kasideleri oluşturmaktadır. Bu şiirler için “es-seb‘u’t-tıvâl” (yedi uzun kaside), “sümût” (dizili inciler), “müzehhebât” (yaldızlı şiirler), “seb‘iyyât” (yedi kaside) ve daha yeni eserlerde “mukalledât” (asırlardan devredilen eski şiirler), “müsemmetât” (inci dizileri) isimleri de kullanılmaktadır.
Rivayete göre muallakāt, Câhiliye devri Arap yarımadasının çeşitli yörelerinde kurulan Ukâz vb. panayırlarda düzenlenen şiir yarışmalarında eleştiri süzgecinden geçerek seçilmiş (Nicholson, s. 109), keten bezinden yapılmış tomarlara altın suyu ile yazılıp Kâbe’nin duvarına asılmıştır. Edebiyat tenkitçisi Ebû Ca‘fer en-Nehhâs, II. (VIII.) yüzyılda eski Arap şiiri derleyicisi Hammâd er-Râviye’nin ilk defa yedi muallaka kasidesi derlediğini, ancak şiirlerin Kâbe duvarına asıldığı yolundaki rivayetin kesin olmadığını belirtmektedir (Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, s. 35; Nâsırüddin el-Esed, s. 169 vd.).
Muallakātın adlandırılması ve Kâbe duvarına asılması hususunda olduğu gibi hangi şairlerin şiirlerinin bu derlemeye dahil edildiği konusunda da farklı görüşler ortaya çıkmıştır. İbn Abdürabbih muallakāt şairleri olarak şu isimleri zikreder: İmruülkays b. Hucr, Tarafe b. Abd, Hâris b. Hillize, Amr b. Külsûm, Züheyr b. Ebû Sülmâ, Antere ve Lebîd b. Rebîa (el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd, V, 269-270). Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ, Antere ve Hâris’in yerine Nâbiga ez-Zübyânî ile Meymûn b. Kays el-A‘şâ’yı koyar (İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, I, 96). Ebû Zeyd el-Kureşî, İbn Abdürabbih’in listesinden Hâris b. Hillize’yi çıkarıp Nâbiga ve A‘şâ’yı ilâve etmek suretiyle şairlerin sayısını sekize yükseltir (Cemhere, s. 123 vd.). İbn Kuteybe bu şairlere Abîd b. Ebras’ı da ekler (eş-Şiʿr ve’ş-şuʿarâʾ, I, 268). Muallaka şairlerinin sayısını Nehhâs dokuza, Hatîb et-Tebrîzî ve Ahmed b. Emîn eş-Şinkītî ona çıkarır. İbn Haldûn bu şairlere Alkame b. Abede’yi ekler (Mukaddime, III, 253). Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî ile Hüseyin b. Ahmed ez-Zevzenî, şerhlerinde İbn Abdürabbih’in verdiği listeye bağlı kalmışlardır. Muallakāt şairlerinin en eskisi, milâdî VI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında yaşadığı kabul edilen İmruülkays b. Hucr’dür. Diğerleri bu asrın ikinci yarısında hayat sürmüştür. Bunlardan sadece Lebîd b. Rebîa müslüman olmuş ve İslâm devrinde de uzun müddet yaşamıştır.
Muallakāt tamamıyla klasik kaside tarzında nazmedilmiştir. Altmış ile yüz beyit arasında değişen kasidelerin özelliği bütün beyitlerinde aynı kafiyenin tekrar edilmesidir. Genellikle ilk beytin her iki mısraı “musarra‘” adı verilen aynı kafiye düzenine sahip olur. Kaside, şairin eski sevgilisinin hâtırasını anmaya çağırdığı romantik bir girişle (nesîb, teşbîb) başlar. Bu tür girişi ilk defa kullanan şairin İmruülkays olduğu söylenir. Ardından gelen şairlerin hemen hepsi kaside yazma hususunda onu taklit etmiştir. Sadece Amr b. Külsûm’ün muallakasının ilk sekiz beyti işret eğlencesiyle ilgilidir. Başlangıçtan sonra muallakaların en uzun bölümü tasvir kısmıdır. Burada şairin atı veya devesi, çöl hayvanları, çöldeki olaylar ve bedevî hayatından sahneler anlatılır. Ardından kasideler methiye ve fahriye kısımlarıyla sona erer. Muallakāt metinlerinin bazı kısımlarından tarihî mâlûmat elde etmek mümkündür. Bu konuda en güvenilir bilgiler daha çok Züheyr’in muallakasında bulunmaktadır. Kabile kavgasında barışı sağlamak için büyük gayret sarfeden Mürre kabilesinin reisi hakkında yazılan bu methiye, olayın bütün ayrıntılarını ortaya koyan bir kaynak durumundadır (Beeston, III [1979], s. 419-427).
Arap yarımadasının neresinde yazılmış olursa olsun zamanımıza ulaşan muallakaların hepsi ortak şiir diliyle (fasîh dil) kaleme alınmış olup çeşitli lehçelere ait kelimeler ve ifade özellikleri yoktur. Meselâ İmruülkays’ın veya Tarafe’nin muallakalarının kendi yörelerine ve kabilelerine ait lafızları içerdiğini söylemek mümkün değildir. Theodor Nöldeke, Wilhelm Ahlwardt, William Muir, René Basset, Charles James Lyall, David Samuel Margoliouth gibi şarkiyatçıların ve Tâhâ Hüseyin gibi (Fi’l-Edebi’l-Câhilî, s. 65, 93-94) Doğulu bazı şiir eleştirmenlerinin eski Arap şiirinin, dolayısıyla muallakaların uydurma olduğu yolundaki görüşlerini ihtiyatla karşılamak gerekir (geniş bilgi için bk. Nâsırüddin el-Esed, s. 352-428; Çetin, s. 48 vd.). Son incelemeler, Câhiliye devrinde yazı kullanma geleneğinin varlığını ispat ettiği gibi o dönemde yaygın olan sözlü rivayetlere de inanılabileceğini kanıtlamıştır. Bu rivayetler şairle birlikte gezen ve görevi onun şiirlerini ezberleyip aktarmak ve yaymak olan râvilerden gelmiştir. Sözlü rivayetler daha sonra yazıya geçirilerek zamanımıza ulaşmıştır.
Genellikle Câhiliye şiirinden ve bilhassa muallakalardan Arap nahiv ve lugatı ile Kur’an’ın tefsiri ve garîb kelimelerinin açıklanmasında şevâhid olarak birinci derecede istifade edilir. Sîbeveyhi’nin el-Kitâb’ında 1050 şâhid beyit arasında sadece yirmi dördünün muallaka şiirlerinden olmasına karşılık (Abdülâl Sâlim Mekrem, s. 70-71) daha sonra gelen gramer âlimleri, muallaka şairlerinin hem bu kasidelerinden hem diğer şiirlerinden birçok şevâhide yer vermiştir. Abdülkādir el-Bağdâdî’nin, İbnü’l-Hâcib’in el-Kâfiye fi’n-naḥv adlı eserine Radî el-Esterâbâdî tarafından yazılmış şerhin şevâhid izahına dair kaleme aldığı Ḫizânetü’l-edeb’inde muallaka şairleri şevâhid yoğunluğu bakımından birinci dereceyi işgal etmektedir (XIII, İndeks, s. 162-163, 186, 224, 225-226, 250, 294-295, 316-317, 355). Hâricî reisi Nâfi‘ b. Ezrak’ın, Kur’an’da geçen 200 kadar garîb kelimenin anlamına dair Abdullah b. Abbas’a sorduğu sorular üzerine onun eski Arap şiirinden getirdiği şevâhidle yaptığı açıklamaları ihtiva eden Mesâʾilü Nâfiʿ b. el-Ezraḳ’ta (DİA, I, 79) yer alan şevâhidin çoğunu muallaka şairlerinin sözü edilen kasideleriyle diğer şiirlerinden alınmış beyitlerin oluşturduğu görülmektedir (Süyûtî, el-İtḳān, II, 55-88).
Muallakātın Şerh ve Tercümeleri. Muallakāt üzerine bilhassa III. (IX.) yüzyıldan itibaren birçok şerh kaleme alınmıştır. Bazıları bu kasidelerin çoğunu veya tamamını, bir kısmı da birini veya birkaçını şerhetmiştir. Zamanımıza ulaşan tam muallakāt şerhleri arasında Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, Ebû Ca‘fer en-Nehhâs, Hüseyin b. Ahmed ez-Zevzenî, Hatîb et-Tebrîzî, Ali b. Ali es-Safîpûrî, Reşîdünnebî b. Habîbünnebî, Feyz el-Kureşî, Ahmed b. Emîn eş-Şinkītî, Ebû Firâs en-Na‘sânî, Ahmed Tercânîzâde, Mevlânâ Muhammed İsmâil es-Selefî ve Fevzî Atavî tarafından yazılanlar neşredilmiştir. Ebû Saîd Ahmed b. Hâlid el-Cürcânî, İbn Keysân, Mevhûb b. Ahmed el-Cevâlîkī, Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, Ahmed b. Fakīh, Muhammed b. İbrâhim el-Hadramî, Muhammed b. Bedreddin el-Avfî, Abdülkādir b. Ahmed el-Fakīhî, Osman b. Abdurrahman et-Tenûhî, Muhammed b. Ali et-Taberî, Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Mûsevî, Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Muâfâ en-Nahvî ve Abdurrahman b. Abdülkerîm’in kaleme aldığı tam muallakāt şerhleri ise yazma halindedir (Tülücü, VI [1986], s. 253-266).
Muallakātın Farsça’ya yapılan tercümelerinden biri Millet Kütüphanesi’nde Zevzenî’nin şerhinin de bulunduğu bir mecmuada kayıtlıdır (Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 1661). Mütercimi belli olmayan eserin 723 (1323) yılından önce yazıldığı sanılmaktadır. Ayrıca İmruülkays ve Züheyr’in muallakaları Abdülevvel Cavnpûrî tarafından Sebʿa-i Muʿallaḳa adıyla Arapça metin, önsöz ve notlarla birlikte Farsça’ya ve Hintçe’ye çevrilmiştir (Cavnpûr 1900). Son zamanlarda muallakātın tamamını Arapça metinle beraber Abdülmuhammed Âyetî Farsça’ya tercüme etmiştir (Muʿallaḳāt-i Sebʿ, Tahran 1345 hş.). Mevlânâ Muhammed İsmâil es-Selefî’nin Şerḥu’l-Muʿallaḳāti’s-sebʿ adıyla Arapça kaleme aldığı şerh de Urduca çevirisiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Lahor 1399/1979). Muallakātın tam olarak Türkçe’ye tercümesi ilk defa M. Şerefettin Yaltkaya tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir (Yedi Askı, İstanbul 1943, 1985, 1989). İsmet Zeki Eyüboğlu (Yedi Askı, Arap Şiirinin İlk Parlak Dönemi, İstanbul 1985) ve Sadık Yalsızuçanlar da (Muallakât-ı Seb’a-Yedi Askı, İstanbul 1998) muallakātı tam olarak nazmen Türkçe’ye çevirmişlerdir. Şemseddin Sâmi’nin el-Muallakātü’s-seb‘ adlı çevirisi henüz basılmamıştır. Muallakātın Türkçe’ye yapılmış kısmî tercümeleri de bulunmaktadır (a.g.e., a.y.).
Muallakātın Latince (F. A. Arnold, Leipzig 1850), İngilizce (Sir William Jones, London 1783; F. E. Johnson, Bombay 1893, London 1894; Lady Anne Blunt – Scawen Blunt, London 1903; A. J. Arberry, London-New York 1957), Almanca (A. T. Hartmann, Münster 1801; P. Wolft, Rotweil 1857; L. Abel, Berlin 1891), İspanyolca (Federico Corriente, Madrid 1974) ve Lehçe’ye (J. Danecki, Warsaw 1981) tam veya kısmî çevrileri yapılmıştır (diğerleri için bk. Sezgin, GAS [Ar.], II/1, s. 74 vd.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “ʿalḳ” md.; İbn Kuteybe, eş-Şiʿr ve’ş-şuʿarâʾ, I, 268; İbn Abdürabbih, el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd, V, 269-270; Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, Şerḥu’l-ḳaṣâʾidi’s-sebʿi’ṭ-ṭıvâli’l-Câhiliyyât (nşr. Abdüsselâm M. Hârûn), Kahire 1963, s. 35; Ebû Ca‘fer en-Nehhâs, Şerḥu’l-ḳaṣâʾidi’t-tisʿi’l-meşhûrât (nşr. Ahmed el-Hattâb), Bağdad 1393/1973, I-II; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 51-55; Ebû Zeyd el-Kureşî, Cemhere (Fâûr), s. 123 vd.; İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1383/1963, I, 96; Hüseyin b. Ahmed ez-Zevzenî, Şerḥu’l-Muʿallaḳāti’s-sebʿa, Beyrut 1382/1963; Hatîb et-Tebrîzî, Şerḥu’l-ḳaṣâʾidi’l-ʿaşr (nşr. Abdüsselâm el-Havfî), Beyrut 1405/1985; İbn Haldûn, Mukaddime (trc. Zakir Kadiri Ugan), İstanbul 1970, III, 253; Süyûtî, el-İtḳān (Ebü’l-Fazl), II, 55-88; a.mlf., el-Müzhir fî ʿulûmi’l-luġa ve envâʿihâ (nşr. M. Ahmed Câdelmevlâ v.dğr.), Kahire, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’l-kütübi’l-Arabiyye), II, 480; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, II, 1740-1741; Abdülkādir el-Bağdâdî, Ḫizânetü’l-edeb, Muallaka şairlerinin geçtiği yerler için bk. İndeks, XIII, 162-163, 186, 224, 225-226, 250, 294-295, 316-317, 355; Ahmed b. Emîn eş-Şinkītî, Şerḥu’l-Muʿallaḳāti’l-ʿaşr ve aḫbâru şuʿarâʾihâ, Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-Endelüs); Brockelmann, GAL, I, 18-20; Suppl., I, 34-36; Îżâḥu’l-meknûn, II, 3, 229, 513 vd.; Nâsırüddin el-Esed, Meṣâdirü’ş-şiʿri’l-Câhilî ve ḳīmetühâ et-târîḫiyye , Kahire 1962, s. 169 vd., 352-428; Tâhâ Hüseyin, Fi’l-Edebi’l-Câhilî, Kahire 1968, tür.yer.; R. A. Nicholson, A Literary History of the Arabs, Cambridge 1969, s. 101 vd., 109; Nihad M. Çetin, Eski Arap Şiiri, İstanbul 1973, s. 31, 32, 48 vd.; Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî, Târîḫu âdâbi’l-ʿArab, Beyrut 1394/1974, III, 183-189; M. İsmâil es-Selefî, Şerḥu’l-Muʿallaḳāti’s-sebʿa, Lahor 1399/1979; Sezgin, GAS (Ar.), II/1, s. 70-85; Sa‘d İsmâil Şelebî, el-Uṣûlü’l-fenniyye li’ş-şiʿri’l-Câhilî, Kahire 1982, s. 132-150; Abdülâl Sâlim Mekrem, Şevâhidü Sîbeveyhi mine’l-muʿallaḳāt fî mîzâni’n-naḳd, Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 28-30, 69-101; D. S. Margoliouth, “The Origins of Arabic Poetry”, JRAS (1925), s. 417-449; J. Robson, “The Meaning of the Title al-Muʿallaqāt”, a.e. (1936), s. 83-86; Abdülmüteâl es-Saîdî, “el-Muʿallaḳāt, reʾyün cedîd fîhâ”, er-Risâle, sy. 56 (1353/1934), s. 1263-1264; Suhail Ibn Salim Hanna, “Notes on the Historiography of the Pre-Islamic Odes”, IS, V/3 (1966), s. 305-313; M. J. Kister, “The Seven Odes. Some Notes on the Compilation of the Muʿallaqāt”, RSO, XLIV (1970), s. 27-36; İnci Koçak, “Muʿallaḳa’larda Oyun”, DTCFD, XXVIII/3-4 (1970), s. 333-337; a.mlf., “Muʿallaḳa’lardaki Bazı Yabancı Sözcükler”, DDl., II/3 (1977), s. 185-194; M. Bakir Alwan, “Is Hammād the Collector of the Muʿallaqāt ?”, IC, XLV (1971), s. 263-265; A. F. L. Beeston, “Muʿallaḳāt” (trc. Süleyman Tülücü), İİFD, sy. 3 (1979), s. 419-427; Süleyman Tülücü, “Muʿallaḳāt, Şerh ve Baskıları, Tercümeleri”, EAÜİFD, VI (1986), s. 253-266; G. Lecomte, “al-Muʿallaḳāt”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 254-255; İsmail L. Çakan – Muhammed Eroğlu, “Abdullah b. Abbas”, DİA, I, 79.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 310-312 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.