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MUÂMELÂT Skip to content Geniş anlamıyla fıkhın ibadetler dışında kalan kısmını, dar anlamıyla daha çok mal varlığına ilişkin hükümleri ifade eden terim.
“Hukukî bir sonuca yönelik irade beyanı” anlamındaki muâmele kelimesinin çoğulu olan muâmelât terimine fıkhın gelişimine paralel şekilde ve bakış açılarına göre farklı mânalar yüklenmiştir. Geniş anlamıyla fıkhın ibadetler dışında kalan kısmını, yani hukukun tamamını ifade eden muâmelât dar anlamıyla mâmelek hukukundan medenî hukuk, özel hukuk ve iç hukuka varan değişik mânalarda kullanılmıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde amel kökünden türemiş kelimeler yoğun biçimde yer alırsa da muamele ve muâmelât Kur’an’da geçmez; birkaç hadiste “müsâkāt akdi” anlamında muamele kelimesine rastlanır (Buhârî, “Meġāzî”, 40; İbn Mâce, “Rühûn”, 14). Bir rivayette de bazı hukukî işlemleri belirtmek üzere muâmelât kelimesi geçer (Nesâî, “Eymân”, 47).
Başlangıçta Kur’an ve Sünnet kaynaklı dinî bilgilerin ortak adı olan fıkıh, dinin inanç ve ahlâk boyutunu müstakil disiplinlere bırakıp sadece amel boyutunu konu edinen bir ilim halini aldığında biri fürû, diğeri usul olmak üzere iki ana çizgide gelişimini sürdürmüş, fürû ile ilgili birikimin tasnif edilmesi gündeme gelince ibadet hükümlerini öne alan bir sistematik benimsenmiş ve geleneksel hale gelen bu yaklaşım tarzı son dönem fıkıh eserlerine kadar korunmuştur. Ancak ibadet konularının tamamının başa alınıp alınmaması dahil konu sıralamasında fıkıh ekolleri arasında, hatta aynı ekol içinde tam birlik sağlanamamıştır. İbadetlere ilişkin hükümlerin başa alınması genellikle dine olan ihtimam gerekçesiyle açıklanmışsa da diğer konuların sıralanış mantığıyla ilgili izahlar farklılık taşır (meselâ bk. İbn Teymiyye, el-Fetâva’l-kübrâ , IV, 467-468; İbnü’l-Hümâm, VII, 247; Şemseddin er-Remlî, I, 58-59; Buhûtî, Şerḥu Müntehe’l-irâdât , I, 13; Mustafa es-Süyûtî, I, 25; İbn Âbidîn, IV, 500-501).
Fürû kitapları, fıkhı birkaç bölüme ayıran ana başlıklar taşımasa da fıkhî hükümlerle ilgili genel inceleme ve anlatımlarda bunların öncelikle ibâdât-muâmelât (âdât) şeklinde iki kısımda mütalaa edilmesi gerektiği genel kabul gören bir husustur. Kişinin Allah’a karşı vecîbelerini düzenleyen ve özü itibariyle mânevî arınmayı hedefleyen ibadetler alanında ta‘lîl ve ictihad faaliyeti muâmelâta nisbetle daha sınırlı kalmakla birlikte ta‘lîle kapalı olan bu alanın tamamı değil taabbüdî şeklinde nitelenen kısmıdır. İbadet kökünden türeyen taabbüdî kelimesi, yaratıcının sırf kendisine bağlılığı sınama amacının baskın olduğu ve insan aklının, içerdiği yararın mahiyetini ve gerçekleşme biçimini bütünüyle anlamaktan âciz bulunduğu dinî düzenlemeleri ifade eder (Şehâbeddin ez-Zencânî, s. 4). Bu ikili ayırımda “kişinin diğer fertlerle ve toplumla ilişkilerini düzenleyen fıkıh kuralları” anlamına gelen muâmelât alanında ta‘lîl ve ictihad faaliyeti ağırlıklı bir yer tutmakla birlikte bu çerçevede kalan bazı taabbüdî hükümlerin varlığı da kabul edilir. Yine bu ayırımda, ibâdâtın sırf Allah rızâsını veya bunun semeresi olan uhrevî karşılığı elde etmek maksadıyla yapılan fiiller olduğuna, muâmelâtta ise genellikle dünyevî bir karşılık elde etme amacının baskın bulunduğuna bakılarak bunu sadece uhrevî-dünyevî müeyyide ölçüsüne göre yapılmış bir ayırım şeklinde görmek de isabetli olmaz. Zira muâmelât çerçevesinde yer alıp dünyevî yaptırım bağlanan fiillerin ayrıca uhrevî yaptırım boyutu da vardır, yani bu ikinciler çift karakterlidir. Genellikle hukukî sorumluluk muâmelâtın kazâî (dünyevî), mânevî sorumluluk diyânî (uhrevî) boyutunu oluşturur. Duyarlı bir mümin işin sadece kazâî değil diyânî boyutunu da düşünerek hayatını sürdürür (ayrıca bk. İBADET ). Öte yandan Hanefîler, ibadet hükümleriyle kulluğun ne şekilde yerine getirileceğini bildirmenin, hukukî işlemler konusundaki hükümlerle de kulların dünyevî yararlarını göstermenin amaçlanmış olduğu noktasından hareketle, dünyevî nitelikteki bazı müeyyidelerde ibâdât-muâmelât ayırımı yaparak şer‘î gereklilikleri (rükün ve şartlar) taşımayan ibadetleri mutlak biçimde geçersiz sayarken muâmelâtta bu gereklilikleri önem derecesine göre bir ayırıma tâbi tutup eksikliği giderilemeyen işlemleri bâtıl, giderilebilenleri fâsid olarak nitelerler. İbâdât-muâmelât ayırımı ile usûl-i fıkıhta incelenen Allah hakkı – kul hakkı ayırımı arasında ise sınırlı bir ilişki vardır. Şöyle ki, sırf ibadet niteliği taşıyan hükümler münhasıran Allah hakkıdır. Fakat muâmelât alanına giren birçok hükümde de daha çok kamu yararı ve kamu düzeni anlamında olmak üzere Allah hakkı söz konusudur (bk. HAK ).
Fıkhın ibâdât-muâmelât şeklindeki ikili ayırımında en geniş anlamına sahip olan muâmelât kavramı çoklu tasniflerde daha dar alanları belirtir. Meselâ ibâdât, münâkehât ve mufârekāt, ukūbât, muâmelât şeklindeki ayırımda aile hukuku ve ceza hukuku alanı dışında kalan hukukî ilişkileri ve hükümlerini; ibâdât, ukūbât, muâmelât şeklindeki tasnifte ceza hukuku alanı dışında kalan hukukî ilişkileri ve hükümlerini ifade eder. Bu çoklu ayırımların tamamında muâmelât için çizilen asgari çerçeve mâmelek hukukudur. Buna göre borçlar hukuku ve ticaret hukuku doğrudan, eşya ve miras hukuku ise dolaylı biçimde muâmelâtın içinde yer alır. Aile hukuku ilişkilerinin muâmelâta dahil edilip edilmemesi hususunda dört Sünnî mezhep iki gruba ayrılır. Bunlardan Şâfiîler ve Hanbelîler’e göre aile hukuku muâmelât kapsamında değildir. Hanefîler ve Mâlikîler ise aile hukukunu da muâmelâta dahil ederek bu kavramı medenî hukuk, hatta özel hukuka denk bir çerçevede kullanırlar. Bununla birlikte Hanefîler ve Mâlikîler’in de muâmelât terimini yer yer sadece “mâmelek hukuku” anlamında kullandıkları görülür. Muâmelâtın, bu kapsamdaki hukukî ilişkilerin sadece kaynaklarından biri mesabesindeki muamele (hukukî işlem) teriminin çoğulu olmanın ötesinde bir anlam ve çerçeveye sahip olduğuna, yani bu hukukî ilişkilerin sadece doğumu aşamasıyla değil doğumundan son buluşuna kadarki bütün aşamalarıyla ilgili bulunduğuna dikkat edilmelidir. Bu sebeple bazı müellifler hukukî işlemler için “ukūdü’l-muâmelât”, muâmelât alanı için “ahkâmü’l-muâmelât” tamlamalarını kullanırlar.
Klasik doktrinde İslâm ülkesi vatandaşı gayri müslimlerin (zimmî) ve onlara kıyasen müste’menlerin tâbi oldukları hukuku tesbit açısından da muâmelât kavramı belirleyici rol üstlenir. Nitekim müslümanların muâmelât alanında tâbi oldukları ahkâmın zimmîlere de uygulanacağını belirten ifadeler Hanefî literatüründe sıkça geçer ve yer yer bu kuralı gerekçelendirme sadedinde yapılan, “Çünkü bu konuda kadın-erkek, müslim-gayri müslim, hür-köle eşit konumdadır” şeklindeki açıklamalardan muâmelât ile din farkının kural olarak etkili olmadığı, insan olma ortak paydasına göre belirlenmiş bir alanın, bir başka anlatımla iç hukukun kastedildiği anlaşılır (Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , IV, 194; İbnü’l-Hümâm, V, 269). Hanefîler’in muâmelâtın meşruiyet sebebine ilişkin izahlarında da insan eksenli bu yaklaşımın örneklerine rastlanır (meselâ bk. Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, II, 358-359).
Hukukun yargılama boyutu için akdıye, muhâsemât veya mürâfaât gibi ayırımlar yapılmamışsa da muâmelât kavramı ilgi alanına giren konuların hem maddî hukuk hem usul hukuku boyutunu kapsar. Mâmelek hukuku çerçevesinde muâmelâtı yargılama usulü boyutuyla birlikte bir bütünlük içinde işleyen Mecelle bunun en tipik örneğini teşkil eder. Mecelle ’nin yargılama hukuku kapsamına giren bölümleri incelendiğinde bunların bütün bir yargılama usulü değil yine sadece muâmelâta ilişkin usul hukukundan ibaret olduğu görülür. Rehin, şüf‘a gibi eşya hukuku, hacr ve ikrah gibi şahıslar hukuku konularının burada yer alması yine mâmelek eksenlidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 318-319 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.