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MUAMMA Skip to content Mesaj gizleme ve çözme yöntemleriyle klasik Arap, Fars ve Türk şiirinde içine isim gizlenmiş beyit ve kıtaları ifade eden bir terim.
1/2 Müellif: İSMAİL DURMUŞ Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “(bir şey) gizli, örtülü ve kapalı olmak” anlamındaki amâ kökünden türeyen ve ta‘miye (sözü gizli ve örtülü söylemek, anlaşılmaz hale getirme…
2/2 Müellif: M. A. YEKTA SARAÇ Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Bir edebiyat terimi olarak muamma “şiirde remiz, ima veya işaret yoluyla dolaylı şekilde bir isme delâlet eden söz” diye tanımlanmakta…
Sözlükte “(bir şey) gizli, örtülü ve kapalı olmak” anlamındaki amâ kökünden türeyen ve ta‘miye (sözü gizli ve örtülü söylemek, anlaşılmaz hale getirmek) masdarından ism-i mef‘ûl olan muammâ bu nitelikteki sözler için kullanılır. Daha çok devlete ait gizli bilgilerin bir yere ulaştırılmasını sağlayan ilmî muamma ile şairler ve aydınlar arasında yaygın olan edebî muamma şeklinde iki çeşidi vardır. İlmî muamma, bir metni özel yöntemlerle sadece bilenlerin anlayabileceği bir hale dönüştürmekle gerçekleşir. Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî, İbnü’d-Düneynîr, İbn Adlân ve İbnü’d-Düreyhim terceme kelimesini “ta‘miye”, mütercemi de “muamma” anlamında kullanırken İbn Vehb tercemeyi “tebdil ta‘miyesi”, Kalkaşendî ise “muammayı çözmek” mânasına almıştır. Ta‘miye ve muamma için “ilmü’l-muammâ, ta‘miyetü’l-hurûf, remz-mermûz, ibhâm-mübhem” gibi kelimeleri kullanan müelliflerin yanı sıra çağımızda daha çok “şifre” ve Arapçalaştırılmış bir şekil olan “teşfîr” tercih edilmektedir.
ARAP EDEBİYATI. Eski çağlardan beri herkes tarafından öğrenilmesi istenmeyen bilgilerin gizlenmesini sağlayacak çeşitli yöntemlere başvurulmuştur. Kadim Mısırlılar’ın milâttan önce 1900 yıllarında bilgileri gizli anlatma ve yazmayı bildikleri, harf yerine bazı özel şekiller kullandıkları ve bu hususta diğer uygarlıkları da etkiledikleri kaydedilir (Muhammed Merâyâtî v.dğr., I, 3). Çivi ve hiyeroglif yazılarıyla yazılmış metinlerde kriptografi yöntemlerinin uygulandığı tesbit edilmiştir. İbrânîler, daha Yeremya Peygamber döneminde (m.ö. 600-500) kriptografiyi kullanmışlardır. Câhiliye Arapları mesajlarını sadece zeki kimselerin anlayabileceği tarzda ifade etmek için remz, melâhin, maârîz gibi anlatım üslûplarına başvurmuşlardır. İslâmî devirde bu kavramlar zenginleştirilmiş ve elgāz, ta‘miye, muhâcât, tevriye gibi örtülü ifade yöntemlerine başvurulmuştur (a.g.e., I, 3-4).
Mesaj gizleme ilmi olan ta‘miye ile gizlenmiş mesajın çözüm tekniklerini konu edinen istihrâc-ı muammâ disiplinleri, II. (VIII.) yüzyılın yarısından sonra müslüman âlimler tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca resim ve heykel sanatlarının İslâm’ın ilk dönemlerinde yasaklanmış olmasının insanları dil ve edebiyata yönelttiğini, bu arada lugaz, cinas ve muamma gibi dil sanatlarının öne çıktığını söylemek mümkündür (Kahn, s. 93). Bu konuda ilk eseri Kitâbü’l-Muʿammâ adıyla Halîl b. Ahmed’in kaleme aldığı rivayet edilir. Bunun ardından Câbir b. Hayyân Ḥallü’r-rumûz ve mefâtîḥu’l-künûz, Zünnûn el-Mısrî Ḥallü’r-rumûz ve berʾü’l-esḳām fî uṣûli’l-luġāt ve’l-aḳlâm, Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî Kitâbü’l-Muʿammâ, Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî Risâle fi’stiḫrâci’l-muʿammâ (Risâle fi’l-esmâʾi’l-muʿammât), İbn Vahşiyye Şevḳu’l-müstehâm fî maʿrifeti rumûzi’l-aḳlâm, İbn Keysân Risâle fi’l-muʿammâ, Dâvûd b. Heysem et-Tenûhî Risâle fi’stiḫrâci’l-muʿammâ, İbn Tabâtabâ Risâle fi’stiḫrâci’l-muʿammâ ve Muhammed b. Saîd el-Mevsılî Risâle fi’stiḫrâci’l-muʿammâ adlı kitaplarını telif etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmalar ilk üç asırda gerçekleştirilen tercüme faaliyetlerine dayanmaktadır. Çeşitli dillerden yapılan çevirilerin asıllarında mevcut simya, sihir, felsefe ve ilâhiyat gibi konulara ait bazı kitâbeler ve yazılar muamma kabilindendi. Nitekim Zünnûn el-Mısrî ile İbnü’l-Irâkī, Ḥallü’r-rumûz adlı eserlerinin girişinde kadim uygarlıkların yazı ve kitâbelerinin lugaz ve muamma türünden bilgiler ihtiva ettiğini, eserlerini bu tür gizli bilgileri çözmek için kaleme aldıklarını belirtmektedirler. İbn Vahşiyye de Şevḳu’l-müstehâm’ında eski ve yeni uygarlıklara ait doksan üç alfabenin harf, remiz ve sembollerini çözmüştür. Silvestre de Sacy’nin 1810’da bu eser hakkında neşrettiği bir makale, Jean-François Champollion’un Mısır hiyeroglif yazısının remizlerini çözmesinde en önemli yardımcısı olmuştur. Kindî, İstiḫrâcü’l-muʿammâ risâlesinin girişinde filozof ve düşünürlerden birçoğunun nitelikleri meçhul resimlerden meydana gelen çalışmaları ortaya koyduğunu, onları anlayabilmek için bu teknikleri bilmenin gerektiğini belirtmektedir (Muhammed Merâyâtî v.dğr., I, 214). İslâm devletlerinin çeşitli divan ve dairelerinin teşekkülü neticesinde resmî yazışmalarda bazı bilgilerin gizlenme zarureti, şifre dilinin uygulama yöntemleriyle bu dilin çözme tekniklerinin öğrenilmesini zorunlu kılıyordu. Nitekim bu alanlarda eser verenlerden Kindî, İbn Tabâtabâ, İbn Adlân ve İbnü’d-Düneynîr gibi müellifler kitaplarını yöneticilerin talebi üzerine kaleme aldıklarını belirtmektedir.
Mesaj gizleme ve çözme (şifre/deşifre) usullerine dair zamanımıza ulaşan ilk eser filozof Kindî’nin Risâle fi’stiḫrâci’l-muʿammâ’sıdır. 1466’da yirmi beş sayfalık Latince risâlesiyle Leon Battista Alberti, Batı’da bu sahanın babası olarak tanıtılırken Almanya’da bu pâye 1508’de Polygraphia adlı eserini yazan Trithemius’a verilmektedir (Kahn, s. 126-136). Bunları Giovanni Battista Bellaso, Porta, Cardano ve Belaise de Vigenére’in çalışmaları izlemiştir. Amerikalı tarihçi David Kahn’ın The Code Breakers ve On Codes adlı eserleri muammanın tarihine dair önemli çalışmalardır. Batı dünyasında XX. yüzyılın başından itibaren bilgi şifreleme ve çözme ilimleri büyük önem kazanmış ve diplomasi, askerlik, emniyet, ticaret, bilgisayar gibi çeşitli alanlarda yoğun şekilde uygulanmıştır.
Harflere dayalı kriptografinin iki temel şifreleme yöntemi olan “yerine koyma” (ibdâl) ve “yer değiştirme” (kalb) sistemlerini ilk defa açık bir şekilde ayıran ve bu ikisinin birlikte kullanıldığı karma şifreleme sistemiyle neyin kastedildiğini açıklayan Kindî’dir. Şifrelerin çözüm teknikleriyle ilgili olarak Arap dilinde harflerin kullanılma sıklığına dayalı derecelerinin analizi ve istatistiği, kelimelerde bir araya gelen (i’tilâf) ve gelmeyen (iftirâk) harflerin analizi, hitabe ve mektupların başlangıç kısımlarında yer alan muhtemel klişe kelimeler yöntemi ve uygulanması gibi kriptografinin temel esasları yine Kindî tarafından ortaya konulmuştur. Her iki sistemin kullanılmasıyla ilgili eski ve yeni uygulamalarda birçok teknik geliştirilmiş, şifreleri çözmek için gerekli işlemlerin nasıl yapılacağına dair çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmıştır.
Genellikle şiirde görülen, şairlerin lafız temelinde bazı ipuçları vererek isimleri gizledikleri edebî muamma türünün Arap edebiyatında ilk örnekleri Kādî el-Fâzıl, İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî, Selâhaddin es-Safedî gibi şair ve ediplerde görülür. Bunlardan önce de bir şeyin nitelikleri zikredilerek kendisinin sorulması esasına dayanan uygulamalara (lugaz) dair metinlere rastlanmaktadır. Bunlarda sorulan isimde nokta değişikliğinin yapılması (tashîf) ve tersten okunması (kalb) durumlarında kelimenin ne anlama geldiği, harflerinin sayısı ile tekil veya çoğulu ve benzeri şeylere dair lafzî ipuçları verilmektedir. İbn Uneyn’in “mişmiş” ve “simsim” (Dîvân, s. 149, 178), Endülüslü şair İbnü’l-Ceyyâb’ın “doğan, karınca, balık” (Makkarî, V, 451-454) lugazları, tabip İmâdüddin ed-Düneysirî’nin “Osman” ismi hakkındaki lugazı (İbn Ebû Usaybia, II, 271) bu türdendir. İlk örnekleri lugaz kapsamında görülen muamma sonraki asırlarda müstakil bir edebî tür haline gelmiştir.
Arap edebiyatında edebî muammanın teorisine dair X. (XVI.) yüzyıldan itibaren yazılmaya başlanan eserler arasında şu çalışmaları zikretmek mümkündür: Radıyyüddin İbnü’l-Hanbelî, Kenzü men ḥâcâ ve ʿammâ fi’l-eḥâcî ve’l-muʿammâ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2746); Kutbüddin el-Mekkî en-Nehrevâlî, Kenzü’l-esmâʾ fî keşfi’l-muʿammâ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hafîd Efendi, nr. 296); İbnü’l-Bekkâ el-Belhî, eṭ-Ṭırâzü’l-esmâ ʿalâ Kenzi’l-esmâʾ (Zâhiriyye Ktp., nr. 7677) ve Risâle fi’l-muʿammâ (Zâhiriyye Ktp., nr. 6257); Bahâeddin el-Âmilî, Risâle fî ʿameli’l-muʿammeyât ve’l-elġāz (Bağdat Evkaf Ktp., nr. 5486/3); Selâhaddin b. Muhammed el-Kûrânî, Nûru mıṣbâḥi’d-deyâcî fi’l-muʿammâ ve’l-eḥâcî (Zâhiriyye Ktp., nr. 6257); Muhammed Murtazâ ez-Zebîdî, Risâle fî uṣûli’l-muʿammâ; Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hanefî es-Semerkandî, Îżâḥu’l-ḳavâʿid fî ʿilmi’l-muʿammâ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 2077, vr. 172-178; Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1991, vr. 66-72); İbrâhim b. Îsâ el-Havrânî, Cilâʾü’d-deyâcî fi’l-muʿammeyât ve’l-elġāz ve’l-eḥâcî (Dımaşk 1882). Muammanın gerek tertibinde gerekse çözümünde tahsîl, tekmîl, teshîl ve tezyîl olarak anılan dört işlemle bunların kısımlarına dair teorik bilgiler, bu eserlerin yanı sıra Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında da genellikle benzer şekillerde ele alınmıştır.
Beyan ilminde maksadın açıklıkla dile getirilmesi, muammada ise kapalı biçimde anlatılması amaçlanır. Muamma bir beyan mahareti niteliği taşıdığı için beyan ilmine tâbi bir disiplin olarak kabul edilmiştir. Muammalar, usulünü bilenlerle zekâ ve seri intikal sahipleri tarafından çözülmek üzere yazılır. Bu bakımdan toplumun ortak zekâsına ve örfüne uygun biçimde düzenlenir. Hiçbir şekilde çözülemeyen muammaların edebî değeri yoktur. Muammanın bedî‘ ilmiyle ilgili tarafı şiirde edebî bir sanat olarak icra edilmesidir. Arap edebiyatı tarihinde lugaz ve muamma yazarları daha çok ikinci sınıf şairlerle edipler ve entelektüel kesim arasından çıkmıştır. Lugazda Arap şairleri üstün olmakla birlikte en güzel muamma örnekleri Fars şairleri tarafından verilmiştir (Sıddîk Hasan Han, II, 513).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “ʿamy” md.; Tehânevî, Keşşâf, II, 1082-1084; Muhammed Merâyâtî v.dğr., ʿİlmü’t-taʿmiye ve istiḫrâcü’l-muʿammâ ʿinde’l-ʿArab, Dımaşk 1407-17/1987-97, I, 3-89, 94-104, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; II, 11-62, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî, Risâle fi’stiḫrâci’l-muʿammâ (a.e. içinde), I, 94-97, 105-138, 201-210, 213-259 (metin); İbn Adlân, el-Müʾellef li’l-Meliki’l-Eşref (a.e. içinde), I, 98-99, 139-155, 261-264, 267-307; İbnü’d-Düreyhim, Miftâḥu’l-künûz fî îżâḥi’l-mermûz (a.e. içinde), I, 100-104, 157-197, 309-317, 321-365; el-Maḳāletü’l-ûlâ et-terâcimü’s-sehle (a.e. içinde), II, 68-78; İbn Vehb, Risâle fi’t-taʿmiye (a.e. içinde), II, 84-119; İbn Düneynîr, Maḳāṣıdü’l-fuṣûli’l-mütercime ʿan ḥalli’t-terceme (a.e. içinde), II, 123-232, 234-290; İbn Tabâtabâ, Risâle fi’stiḫrâci’l-muʿammâ (a.e. içinde), II, 293-321; Muhammed b. Hasan el-Cürhümî, Min Kitâbi’l-Cürhümî fi’stiḫrâci’l-muʿammâ mine’ş-şiʿr (a.e. içinde), II, 357-361, 381-383; a.mlf., Risâle fî taʿmiyeti’n-nes̱r (a.e. içinde), II, 361-380, 383-390; İbn Düreyd, Kitâbü’l-Melâḥin (nşr. İbrâhim Ettafeyyiş el-Cezâirî), Küveyt 1400/1980, s. 3 vd.; Sûlî, Edebü’l-küttâb, s. 186-187; Ebû Ali el-Kālî, el-Emâlî, Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-hikme), I, 6-7; Hamza el-İsfahânî, et-Tenbîh ʿalâ ḥudûs̱i’t-taṣḥîf (nşr. M. Es‘ad Tales), Beyrut 1412/1992, s. 188-203; Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Dîvânü’l-meʿânî, Kahire 1352, II, 208-214; İbn Sînâ, Esbâbü ḥudûs̱i’l-ḥurûf (nşr. M. Hasan et-Tayyân – Yahyâ Mîr Alem), Dımaşk 1403/1983, s. 83-85, 126; İbn Uneyn, Dîvân (nşr. Halîl Merdem Bek), Dımaşk 1356/1937, s. 149, 178; İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , Kahire 1300, II, 271; İbn Nübâte, Serḥu’l-ʿuyûn, Kahire 1305, s. 147-150; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ, IX, 229-248; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb, V, 451-454; Sıddîk Hasan Han, Ebcedü’l-ʿulûm, Dımaşk 1978, II, 513; D. Kahn, The Code Breakers, New York 1979, s. 71-93, 126-150, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; Abdülhâdî et-Tâzî, er-Rumûzü’s-sırriyye fi’l-mürâselâti’l-Maġribiyye ʿabre’t-târîḫ, Rabat 1403/1983, s. 34, 51, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; M. Faruk Toprak, “Klasik Arap Şiirinde Luğaz”, Nüsha, sy. 3, Ankara 2001, s. 97-110.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 320-322 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Bir edebiyat terimi olarak muamma “şiirde remiz, ima veya işaret yoluyla dolaylı şekilde bir isme delâlet eden söz” diye tanımlanmaktadır. Şiirde bir ismi lafzını örtülü biçimde tarif ederek gizlemeye ta‘miye, gizlenen isme muammâ, muammayı söyleyene muammâ-gûy, çözene de muammâ-küşâ denir.
Muamma Arap edebiyatında ortaya çıkmış, Fars kültürüne geçtikten sonra müstakil bir ilim şeklinde ele alınıp kaideleri tesbit edilmiştir. Bir kısım İran kaynaklarında ilk defa muamma söyleyenin Hz. Ali olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Bu konuda ilk çalışmayı Şerefeddin Ali Yezdî’nin (ö. 858/1454) yaptığı belirtilmektedir. Onun koyduğu kuralları geliştiren Abdurrahman-ı Câmî’den sonra muamma çok rağbet edilen bir edebî tür haline gelmiş, Mîr Hüseyin b. Muhammed Şîrâzî-i Nîsâbûrî ile en ileri seviyeye ulaşmıştır (geniş bilgi için bk. Dihhudâ, XIII, 18704-18705).
Genellikle muamma bir beyitle yazılır ve gizlenen isim daha çok ikinci mısrada bulunur. Bir beyitte çoğunlukla bir isim gizlenmekle birlikte birden fazla kelimenin gizlendiği de görülmüştür. Ayrıca muamma tek bir kelimede olabileceği gibi birden fazla kelimede uygulanarak tek bir isim de elde edilebilir. Birden fazla beyitle, kıta ve rubâî şekliyle yazılan muammalar da vardır. Muamma yazmak veya çözmek için Arapça ve Farsça bilmenin yanı sıra ebced hesabı, İslâm kültürü, çeşitli inançlar, dil bilgisi, klasik edebiyat alanında da bilgi sahibi olmak gerekir. Ayrıca bir ismin kelimeler arasına gizlenmesinin edebî zevke ters düşmemesi ve gizlenen ismi güçlükle de olsa bulmanın mümkün olması lâzımdır. Emrî’nin, “Gül yüzünde koma hatt-ı anberîn / Giymesin mâtem libâsın yâsemîn” beyti çözümü en kolay muamma örneklerindendir. Beyitteki “mâtem” yasa tekabül eder, “yâsemin” lafzından yas elbisesi yani “y-s” harfleri çıkarılırsa “Emin” ismi kalır.
Muammanın ne şekilde düzenleneceği ve çözüleceği “amel” adı verilen dört usulle bilinir. Gizlenen ismin harflerini veren usule “amel-i tahsîlî”, gizlenen isme delâlet etmek üzere bulunan harf ve hecelerin nasıl yan yana getirileceğiyle bunların kaldırılması veya yer değiştirmesini gösteren usule “amel-i tekmîlî”, muammanın hallini kolaylaştıracak usule “amel-i teshîlî”, gizlenen isme hareke, sükûn, şedde verme yollarına da “amel-i tezyîlî” denir. Muammada kelime ve cümlelerin gösterdiği anlamlarla bunlardan asıl kastedilenler arasındaki ilgi bilinen mecaz ve benzerlik ilgilerinden farklıdır. Bu sebeple muamma ancak başka vasıta ve bilgilerle çözülüp anlaşılabilir. Bu durum zihnin gizlenen mânaya intikalini zorlaştırır. Bu açıdan muammanın fesahate aykırı bir ifade tarzı olduğu söylenebilir.
Muammada harflerin sembolik değerlerinden, onların ebced hesabındaki sayısal karşılıklarından ve buna bağlı olarak harflerle günler arasında mevcut ilişkiden (meselâ 1 rakam değerine sahip elif harfinin haftanın ilk [yekşenbih/pazar], bâ harfinin ikinci [düşenbih/pazartesi] gününü göstermesi gibi), on iki burcun her birinin belli harflere ve sayılara işaret etmesinden (meselâ Hamel-sıfır, Sevr-elif/1, Cevzâ-bâ/2 vb.), yedi gezegenin belli harfleri göstermesinden (meselâ kelimenin son harfine göre bunların her birinin son harfi itibariyle Kamer-rı, Utârid-dâl, Zühre-he ile karşılanır), organlarla aralarındaki şeklî benzerlikten (meselâ boy, kad-elif, dehân-mîm, zülf-dâl vb.) yararlanılabilir. Kelimeden harf düşürülecekse “atmak, bırakmak, eksiltmek, bağışlamak”; harflerin yerleri değiştirilecekse “tecnîs, tashîf, numûne, nişan, mânend”; harflerin noktaları kaldırılacak veya yerleri değiştirilecekse “hal, ben, dâğ, dâne, gevher”; yazımda birbirine benzeyen harflerden biri diğerinin yerine geçecekse “tavır, resim, nüsha” gibi kelimeler kullanılarak ipuçları verilir. Kelimenin düşürülecek, değiştirilecek harflerinin hangisi olduğunu göstermek üzere ilk harf için “âgāz, alın, başlangıç”; ortadaki harfe işaret için “kalb, orta, miyan, vasat, merkez”; son harfe işaret için “âhir, âkıbet, dâmen”; hem ilk hem son harfe işaret için “cânib, taraf, yan”; ilk ve son harflere birlikte işaret için “câme, hil‘at, libas” gibi kelimelere yer verilir. Dört harfli kelimelerin harflerini dört unsura benzetmek için de ilk harfe ateş, ikincisine hava, üçüncüsüne su, dördüncü harfe de toprak mizacı atfedilmiştir. Noktalı harflere “güherdâr, hâce”; noktasızlara “müflis, fakir” adları verilir. Fars ve Türk edebiyatlarında muammaları esmâ-i hüsnâ, esmâ-i nebî ve şahıs isimleri üzerine kurulu olanlar şeklinde üç grupta toplamak mümkündür.
Türk edebiyatında ilk muamma söyleyenler Ahmedî (ö. 815/1412) ve Muînî’dir. Anadolu sahasında ilgi görüp yaygınlık kazanmasında İran ve Azerbaycan’dan gelen şairler önemli rol oynamıştır. Kınalızâde Hasan Çelebi, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in İran seferinden sonra bu ülkeden Anadolu’ya gelen ilim ve sanat erbabı arasında muammada mahir pek çok kişinin bulunduğunu söyler (Tezkire, II, 914). Bu hükümdarın muammaya önem vermesinin türün benimsenmesinde etkili olduğu söylenebilir. Nitekim Yavuz Sultan Selim, Nihânî’nin kendisine her beytinde muamma bulunan bir kaside sunmasından ve Muammâyî mahlaslı bir şairin kendi adına bir muamma risâlesi yazmasından hoşnut kalmış, ona 300 flori ihsanda bulunmuştur (a.g.e., a.y.). Fakat bu şair 700’e yakın muamma söyleyen Emrullah Emrî’nin yetişmesiyle unutulmuştur.
Muamma yazma geleneği XVI. yüzyıldan sonra önemini kaybetmişse de Tanzimat dönemine kadar bir edebî maharet kabul edilmiştir. Cem Sultan, Lâmiî Çelebi, Bâkî, Fuzûlî, Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Nâbî, Nahîfî, Fıtnat Hanım, Sünbülzâde Vehbî muamma söyleyen şairlerden bazılarıdır. Türk edebiyatında muamma söyleyen şairlerin yanı sıra bu sahada yazılan Farsça eserleri tercüme ve şerheden şairler de çıkmıştır. Lâmiî, Mîr Hüseyin Nîsâbûrî’nin Esmâʾü’l-ḥüsnâ’sını, Sürûrî Mustafa Efendi, Bihiştî Ramazan Efendi’nin, Nev‘î de Molla Câmî’nin muammalarını şerhetmiş, Fuzûlî yazdığı muammalardan başka bu konuda bir de risâle kaleme almıştır.
Muamma ile lugazın birleştirildiği manzumelere de rastlanır. Meselâ Nâbî’nin kendi adı için yazmış olduğu, “Bende yok sabr u sükûn sende vefâdan zerre / İki yokdan ne çıkar fikr edelim bir kerre” beyti gizli de olsa bir soru bulundurduğu için lugaza, bir varlığın kendisi değil de adı kastedildiği için muammaya yakındır. Bu tarz beyitlere “muamma ber-tarîk-ı lugaz” ismi verilir. Ayrıca tarih düşürmede harflerin ebced karşılığı hadisenin yılı için eksik veya fazla gelince ilâve ve çıkarma yapılmasının yanında muammada görülen diğer usullerin uygulandığı ta‘miyeli örnekler de vardır.
Zekâ ve maharet gerektiren muammalar teşbih ve mecaz unsurları açısından zengin malzeme taşıdığı için sanat bakımından ihmal edilemeyecek değerlere sahiptir. Bu sebeple divanların sonunda bu tür manzumelere “muammeyât” başlığı altında yer verilmiş, beğenilenleri mecmualar şeklinde derlenerek bir telif türü oluşturulmuştur. Arapzâde Mehmed Efendi’nin Mecmûa-i Muammeyât’ı bunlardandır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Giresun Yazmaları [Tüyatok], nr. 3647). Âşık edebiyatında da muamma türü şiirler bulunmaktadır. Bunlar klasik edebiyattakinden farklı olarak “içinde bir kimsenin veya varlığın isminin gizlendiği ve çözüldüğü şiirler” diye tarif edilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1353/1934, I, 278; Reşîdüddin Vatvât, Ḥadâʾiḳu’s-siḥr fî deḳāʾiḳi’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Saîd-i Nefîsî), Tahran 1339, s. 690; Bedr-i Dilşad’ın Murâd-nâmesi (haz. Âdem Ceyhan), İstanbul 1997, II, 699; Taşköprizâde, Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm, I, 298; Kınalızâde, Tezkire, II, 914; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, II, 1740; Süleyman Paşa, Mebâni’l-inşâ, İstanbul 1289, II, 91; Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Belâgat-i Osmâniyye, İstanbul 1299, s. 181; Manastırlı Mehmed Rifat, Mecâmiu’l-edeb, İstanbul 1308, s. 391; Ali Nihad Tarlan, Divan Edebiyatında Muamma, İstanbul 1936, tür.yer.; Feyzi Halıcı, “Halk Edebiyatında Muamma”, I. Uluslararası Türk Folklor Kongresi Bildirileri, Ankara 1976, II, 119-132; Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri, İstanbul 1989, s. 272; İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1989, s. 355; Amil Çelebioğlu – Yusuf Ziya Öksüz, Türk Bilmeceler Hazînesi, İstanbul 1995, s. 33-46; Mehmet Arslan, Osmanlı Edebiyat, Tarih, Kültür Makaleleri, İstanbul 2000, s. 251; M. A. Yekta Saraç, Klâsik Edebiyat Bilgisi Belâgat, İstanbul 2000, s. 261; a.mlf., “Muamma ve Divan Edebiyatındaki Seyri”, TDED, XXVII (1997), s. 297; Nurettin Albayrak, “Muamma”, Ansiklopedik Halk Edebiyatı Terimleri Sözlüğü, İstanbul 2004, s. 394-395; Kemal Yavuz, “Nihânî’nin Sultan I. Selim Adına Yazdığı Muammalı Kasidesi ve Çözümü”, TDED, XXVIII (1998), s. 547; Ali Fuat Bilkan, Türk Edebiyatında Muamma, Ankara 2000; K. Edip Kürkçüoğlu, “Fuzûlî’nin Mu‘ammâ Risâlesi”, DTCFD, VII/1 (1949), s. 61 vd.; Pakalın, II, 551-552; Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme (Muîn), XIII, 18704-18705; “Muamma”, TDEA, VI, 407-408.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 322-323 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.