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MUÂVİYE b. EBÛ SÜFYÂN Skip to content Ebû Abdirrahmân Muâviye b. Ebî Süfyân Sahr b. Harb b. Ümeyye el-Ümevî el-Kureşî (ö. 60/680)
Sahâbî, Emevî hilâfetinin kurucusu (661-680).
602 veya 603 yılında Mekke’de doğdu. Ebû Süfyân ile Hind bint Utbe b. Rebîa’nın oğlu, Ümmü Habîbe bint Ebû Süfyân’dan dolayı Hz. Muhammed’in kayınbiraderidir. Resûlullah’ın peygamberliğini ilân etmesinden sonra Kureyş’in diğer ileri gelenleriyle birlikte İslâm’a cephe alan ve Bedir Savaşı’nın ardından üstlendiği Mekke liderliğini şehrin fethine kadar sürdüren babasının gözetiminde bir şehzade gibi büyüdü ve onunla birlikte fetih sırasında müslüman oldu. Müellefe-i kulûbdan sayıldığı için Huneyn ganimetlerinin dağıtımında payına fazla miktarda para ve mal ayrıldı.
Müslüman olduktan sonra Hz. Peygamber’e kâtiplik ve onun vefatının ardından Suriye üzerine gönderilen dört ordudan birinde kumandan yardımcılığı yapan Muâviye, 17’de (638) Hz. Ömer tarafından önce Ürdün, ertesi yıl Dımaşk valiliğine tayin edildi. 19 (640) yılından sonra halifenin emriyle Filistin’in sahil şehirlerinden Kaysâriye, Askalân ve Trablusşam’ı aldı, sahillere karakollar kurup asker yerleştirdi. Bu arada Bizans’tan kalma tersanelerden yararlanarak İslâm donanmasında ilk deniz birliklerini teşkil etti. Arkasından sahillere yakınlığı dolayısıyla tehlike oluşturan Kıbrıs’a sefer düzenlemek için halifeden izin istediyse de alamadı. Hz. Osman döneminde Filistin, el-Cezîre, Humus ve Kınnesrîn’in de uhdesine verilmesiyle Suriye genel valiliğine getirilen Muâviye yeni halife ile olan akrabalığı sayesinde daha rahat hareket etmeye başladı. İslâm öncesinde Suriye’ye yerleşmiş bulunan Benî Kelb’den bir kadınla evlenip bölgenin en büyük kabilesini arkasına aldı ve birkaç yıl sonra halifenin de aynı kabileden bir kadınla evlenmesini sağlayarak aralarındaki yakınlığı pekiştirdi. Böylece Kelbîler’e ve halifeye dayandırdığı güç ve itibarını gittikçe arttırdı; kendisine çok bağlı disiplinli bir ordu kurmanın yanında başarılı yönetimiyle bölge halkının gönlünü kazandı. 27 (648) yılında Kıbrıs’a bir donanma gönderilmesi hususunda Hz. Osman’ı ikna eden Muâviye, yolladığı 1700 parçalık filo ile adayı kan dökmeden yılda 7200 altın haraca bağladı; beş yıl sonra da ikinci bir sefer düzenleyip buraya 12.000 kişilik bir ordu yerleştirdi.
Muâviye, Hz. Osman’ın ardından Medine’de halife seçilen Hz. Ali’ye, Hz. Osman’ın öldürülmesi konusunda ilgisiz kaldığını ve suç ortağı olduğu isyancıları ordusunda barındırdığını ileri sürerek biat etmedi. Bunun yanında Hz. Osman’ın yakın akrabası sıfatıyla onun kanını dava etme hakkına sahip olduğunu söyledi ve bunu gerçekleştirmek şartıyla Şam halkından biat aldı. Daha sonra Mekke’de Hz. Âişe, Talha b. Ubeydullah ve Zübeyr b. Avvâm üçlüsü etrafında, haksız yere öldürülen halifenin kanını dava etmek için toplanan gruplarla, katillerin cezalandırılması hususunda acele edilmemesi gerektiği görüşünde olan Hz. Ali arasındaki mücadelenin neticesini beklemeyi tercih etti. Cemel Vak‘ası’nda galip gelen Hz. Ali’nin kendisini tekrar itaate davet etmesi karşısında ona, Hz. Osman’ın katillerini kendisine teslim etmesini ve halifeliği bırakarak şûra tarafından yeni bir halife seçilmesi işini sağlamasını teklif etti. Onun bu tavrı iki tarafı Sıffîn’de karşı karşıya getirdi (Zilhicce 36 / Haziran 657). Aralıklarla üç ay süren çarpışmaların son gününde Hz. Ali’nin kumandanı Mâlik el-Eşter, Muâviye’nin ordusuna kesin darbeyi vurma noktasına gelmiş, hatta ümidini kaybeden Muâviye kaçmaya karar vermişti (Taberî, I, 3330). Ancak bu sırada maiyetinde savaşan Amr b. Âs ona, mızrak uçlarına Kur’ân-ı Kerîm sayfaları taktırarak karşı tarafı anlaşmazlığı Allah’ın kitabının hakemliğinde çözmeye çağırmasını önerdi. Bu taktik işe yaradı ve Muâviye ağır bir mağlûbiyetten kurtuldu. Neticede savaş durdu ve taraflar hakemlerin Allah’ın kitabı, gerektiğinde de Resûlullah’ın sünnetiyle hüküm vermeleri şartıyla anlaştılar (13 veya 17 Safer 37 [31 Temmuz veya 4 Ağustos 657]). Muâviye, böylece Hz. Ali’nin ordusunun parçalanmasına ve aralarında savaş çıkmasına da zemin hazırlamış oldu. Çünkü kalabalık bir grup (Hâricîler), işin hakemlere bırakılması üzerine isyan ederek Hz. Ali’nin ordusundan ayrılmış ve ona karşı silâhlı mücadeleye girişmişti. Dolayısıyla rakibinin Hâricîler’le uğraştığı bir sırada meselenin daha karmaşık hale gelmesi onun işine yaradı ve hakemi Amr b. Âs’ın, Hz. Ali’nin hakemiyle yaptığı görüşmelerden sonra kendisini halife seçtiklerini açıklamasının ardından Şam’da biat aldı. Böylece önceleri Hz. Ali tarafında olan askerî üstünlüğün Hakem Vak‘ası’nın ardından kendi tarafına geçmesi üzerine fırsatı değerlendiren Muâviye, Hâricîler’le uğraşmak zorunda kalan Hz. Ali’ye bağlı merkezlere saldırı başlattı ve birkaç yıl içerisinde Mısır, Irak, Hicaz ve Yemen’i eline geçirdi. Her ne kadar Hz. Ali buraları geri aldıysa da çok zor bir duruma düşmüştü. Taberî, 40 (660) yılında iki taraf arasında bir saldırmazlık antlaşması yapıldığını kaydetmektedir (a.g.e. , I, 3453).
Hz. Ali’nin aynı yıl bir Hâricî tarafından şehid edilmesi, bir diğer Hâricî’nin aynı zamandaki suikastından yaralı olarak kurtulan Muâviye’yi hedefine biraz daha yaklaştırdı. Bu gelişmenin ardından Kudüs’te “emîrü’l-mü’minîn” unvanıyla biat alan Muâviye, Hz. Ali’nin yerine halife seçilen oğlu Hasan’la savaşmak için Irak üzerine yürüdü. Hz. Hasan’ın kendisini halife seçen ordusuna güvenmemesi ve askerleri arasında karışıklık çıkması onun işini kolaylaştırdı. Karşılıklı yazışmalar neticesinde rakibinin bazı şartlarla halifeliği bırakmayı kabul etmesi üzerine Kûfe’ye giderek ondan ve halktan biat aldı (25 Rebîülevvel 41 / 29 Temmuz 661). Böylece “birlik yılı” (âmü’l-cemâa) adı verilen o yıl ülkenin tamamını hâkimiyeti altında toplamış ve doksan yıl hüküm sürecek Emevî Devleti’ni kurmuş oldu. Sünnîler Muâviye’nin halifeliğinin meşruiyetini Hz. Hasan’ın kendisine biatıyla başlatmaktadır.
Irak, Hz. Ali zamanında gelişen olayların ardından Şîa ve Hâricîler’in yurdu haline gelmişti. Muâviye, Şîa’nın merkezi durumundaki Kûfe valiliğine Mugīre b. Şu‘be’yi getirdi (41/661). Başarılı bir devlet adamı olan Mugīre, bu karışık şehirde müsamahakâr bir politika takip etmekle birlikte gerektiğinde güç kullanmaktan da kaçınmadı. Suriyeli birliklerin Hâricîler karşısında yenilmesi üzerine onlarla mücadeleyi çeşitli baskılar uygulamak suretiyle, Hakem Vak‘ası’na kadar beraber savaştıkları Hz. Ali taraftarlarının omuzlarına yükledi; neticede Hâricîler ağır bir hezimete uğradı (43/663). Mugīre halifeye en büyük iyiliği, kendisi gibi Sakīf kabilesine mensup olan Ziyâd b. Ebîh’in Muâviye’ye katılmasını sağlamakla yaptı. Hz. Ali tarafından vali tayin edildiği Fars’ta direnerek tehditlere ve para vaadlerine boyun eğmeyen Ziyâd, Mugīre’nin araya girmesiyle Ebû Süfyân’ın nesebine katılıp Muâviye’nin kardeşi ilân edildi ve ardından Basra valiliğine getirildi (45/665). Muâviye, Mugīre’nin ölümünün ardından Kûfe valiliğini de Ziyâd’ın uhdesine verdi (50/670). Doğu vilâyetlerini sekiz yıl başarıyla yöneten Ziyâd, Hâricîler’e göz açtırmayacak derecede sert bir politika izledi; aynı şekilde Hz. Ali propagandasına da izin vermedi. Bu arada idarecilerin Hz. Ali aleyhindeki faaliyetlerine açıkça karşı çıkarak bir muhalefet cephesi kuran Hucr b. Adî ve arkadaşlarını fitne çıkarıp itaatten ayrılmakla suçlayarak Muâviye’ye gönderdi ve neticede idam edilmelerini sağladı (51/671). 53 (673) yılında ölen Ziyâd’ın yerine tayin edilen oğlu Ubeydullah da babası gibi Hâricî isyanlarını kanlı bir şekilde bastırdı. Muâviye, Hâricîler’le mücadelede kendilerinden yararlandığı Hz. Ali taraftarlarına karşı önceleri müsamahakâr davrandı ve liderlerine yakınlık gösterdi. Ancak Hâricîler’in bertaraf edilmesinden sonra ekonomik ve siyasî baskı uygulayıp onları tesirsiz hale getirdi. Hz. Ali aleyhindeki propagandalarla Hucr ve arkadaşlarının idamı gibi bazı sıkıntılı olaylara yol açmakla birlikte onları kendi döneminde isyancı bir unsur olmaktan çıkarmayı başardı.
Muâviye, iç karışıklıklar dolayısıyla yaklaşık on yıldan beri durmuş olan fetih hareketlerini üç ayrı cephede yeniden başlattı. Hz. Ali ile mücadelesi sırasında vergi vermek zorunda kaldığı Bizans üzerine 42 (662) yılından itibaren yeniden seferler düzenledi. 49’da (669) karadan ve denizden İslâmî dönemdeki ilk İstanbul kuşatması gerçekleştirildi. 50 (670) yılında Kyzikos (Kapıdağ) yarımadası ele geçirildi ve buradan başlatılan akınlarla İstanbul dört yıl süreyle muhasara edildi (54-58/674-678). İkinci cephe olan Basra’ya bağlı Horasan ve Sind bölgelerinde de hâkimiyetten çıkan bazı merkezlerin itaat altına alınmasından sonra yeni fetihler gerçekleştirildi. Sicistan’daki merkezlerin ardından Kâbil (44/664), Tohâristan, Kuhistan, Buhara (54/674) ve Semerkant (56/676) alınarak bazı Doğu hükümdarları vergiye bağlandı. Üçüncü cephe olan İfrîkıye’de Muâviye b. Hudeyc bölgeyi yeniden zaptetti (45/665); onun halefi Ukbe b. Nâfi‘ de Mağrib fetihleri için üs olarak kullanmak amacıyla Kayrevan karargâh şehrini kurdu (50/670) ve harekâtını Atlas Okyanusu’na doğru genişletirken başarılı politikasıyla bölge halkı Berberîler’in İslâm’a girmesini hızlandırdı.
Halifeliği kabile asabiyeti temeline dayanan bir mücadeleyle ele geçiren Muâviye’nin en kalıcı icraatı oğlu Yezîd’i veliaht tayin etmesi, böylece devleti veraset kuralını esas alan bir hânedana dönüştürmesidir. Meşhur rivayete göre bunu, Kûfe Valisi Mugīre’nin tavsiyesiyle ve müslümanların hilâfet meselesi yüzünden yeni bir anlaşmazlığa düşmelerini engellemek amacıyla yaptığını söyleyen Muâviye, Medine dışında önemli bir muhalefetle karşılaşmadı. Medine’de Hz. Hüseyin ve Abdullah b. Zübeyr’in başını çektiği bir grup sahâbî kendisine şiddetle karşı çıktı. Bunun üzerine biatlarını bizzat almak için Hicaz’a giden Muâviye tehditle problemi halletti. Onun özellikle bu tasarrufu sebebiyle ilk İslâm tarihçilerinin çoğu tarafından yoğun biçimde eleştirildiği görülür. Ancak İbn Haldûn, içinde bulunulan şartlar düşünüldüğünde bu işin müslümanların hayrına olduğunu söyler. İbn Haldûn’un bu görüşü özellikle çağdaş Sünnî yazarlar tarafından da benimsenmiştir (DİA , XI, 90). Sonuç olarak hilâfeti verasete dayalı mutlak bir saltanata dönüştüren Muâviye 60 yılının Receb (Nisan 680) ayında Dımaşk’ta vefat etti ve Bâbüssagīr Mezarlığı’na defnedildi; aynı gün yerine oğlu Yezîd geçti.
Kendisiyle birlikte “Araplar’ın dâhileri” denilen Amr b. Âs, Mugīre b. Şu‘be ve Ziyâd b. Ebîh’e büyük yetkiler vererek kurduğu devletin temellerini onların yardımıyla sağlamlaştıran Muâviye muhaliflerine anlayacakları dilden konuşarak yaklaşmaya çalışırdı. Nâdir yetişen bir diplomat, çevresini iyi tanıyan ve ileriyi gören bir idareci olarak hilim ve teennîyi ilke edinmişti; mecbur kalmadıkça kuvvete başvurmazdı. Düşmanlarının en ağır hakaretleri karşısında dahi kendini tutar ve soğuk kanlılığını korurdu. İhsanlarının fazlalığı dolayısıyla hayrete düşenlere bir savaşın bundan çok daha fazlasına mal olacağını, paranın iş gördüğü yerde konuşmaya, konuşmanın iş gördüğü yerde kırbaca, kırbacın iş gördüğü yerde kılıca ihtiyaç duymadığını söylerdi (Ya‘kūbî, II, 238). “Dilimle, Ziyâd’ın kılıcıyla kazandığı başarıdan daha fazlasını elde ettim” derdi. Ancak valilerinin sert davranışlarına göz yummayı tercih ederdi; hatta Hâricîler’e ve Şiîler’e karşı ılımlı tutumu yüzünden şikâyetlere mâruz kalan Mugīre’yi valilikten almayı bile düşünmüştü. İnsanlarla bağlarını koparmamak için âzami gayret gösterir ve özellikle kabile reislerine büyük önem verirdi. Onların üzerinde kurduğu nüfuz sayesinde oğlu için biat almakta zorlanmadı. Fakat kendi kabilesinin etkisi altında kalmamaya dikkat etmiş, bunun için eyaletlere başka kabilelerden, bilhassa Sakīf kabilesinden valiler göndermiştir. Tâif, Mekke ve Medine valilikleriyle hac emirliğinde ise akrabalarını görevlendirirdi.
Muâviye, valiliğinin ilk yıllarından itibaren Bizans idarecileri gibi giyinmeye ve onlar gibi yaşamaya başlamıştı. Şam’a gelen Hz. Ömer kıyafetini yadırgayıp kendisini hükümdarlara benzetince cihad ruhunu kaybetmediğini, ancak düşmana yakın oldukları için heybetli görünmek gerektiğini söyleyerek halifeyi ikna etmeyi başarmıştı. Devletini Bizans müesseselerinden faydalanarak kurmaya çalışan Muâviye zamanında hâciblik, Dîvânü’r-resâil, Dîvânü’l-hâtem ve Dîvânü’l-berîd oluşturuldu. Ayrıca o saldırılardan korunmak için özel muhafızlar görevlendiren ilk halife idi. Gayri müslimlere karşı iyi davranan Muâviye, müşavirlerinden Sercûn b. Mansûr ve özel doktoru İbn Üsâl gibi bazı hıristiyanları sarayında görevlendirmişti.
Âlimler, edipler ve şairlerle sohbeti sever, onlardan yararlanmaya çalışırdı. Tarihe de büyük ilgi duyardı. Yemenli tarihçi Ubeyd b. Şeriyye’yi Dımaşk’a çağırarak kendisinden Arap ve Acem meliklerinin hayatlarını anlatan bir kitap yazmasını istemişti. Hz. Peygamber’den 163 hadis rivayet etmiş, bunlardan dördü Buhârî ve Müslim’de, beşi yalnız Buhârî’de, dördü de sadece Müslim’de yer almıştır.
Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân hakkında yazılan eserler arasında İbn Ebü’d-Dünyâ’nın Ḥilmü Muʿâviye , İbn Ebû Âsım’ın Feżâʾilü Muʿâviye , Gulâmu Sa‘leb’in Feżâʾilü Muʿâviye , Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ’nın Tebriʾetü (Tenzîhü) Muʿâviye , Ubeydullah b. Muhammed es-Sakatî’nin Feżâʾilü Muʿâviye , Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye’nin Risâle fî Muʿâviye b. Ebî Süfyân ve İbn Hacer el-Heytemî’nin Taṭhîrü’l-cenân ve’l-lisân ʿani’l-ḫuṭur ve’t-tefevvüh bi-s̱elbi Muʿâviye b. Ebî Süfyân adlı kitapları zikredilebilir.
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İrfan Aycan, Saltanata Giden Yolda Muaviye bin Ebî Süfyân , Ankara 1990.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 332-334 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.