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MÜBÂŞERET Skip to content Haksız fiil ile zarar arasındaki doğrudan ilişki anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “bir işi üstlenip bizzat yapmak; bir şeyi diğerine bitiştirmek, iki insan teni birbirine temas etmek” gibi anlamlara gelen mübâşeret kelimesi, fıkıh terimi olarak haksız fiille zarar arasındaki doğrudan ilişkiyi ifade eder. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de aynı âyette (el-Bakara 2/187), biri ramazan gecelerinde kişinin eşiyle cinsel birleşmede bulunabileceğini, diğeri itikâf esnasında bu eylemin yasak olduğunu bildiren iki cümlede mübâşeret masdarından türeyen fiiller kullanılmıştır. Buna karşılık bazı hadislerde (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “Ṣavm”, 23) ve fıkıh kitaplarında mübâşeret kelimesine cimâ dışındaki cinsel amaçlı öpme ve sarılma gibi fiilleri belirtmek için yer verildiği görülür. Fıkıh literatüründe, özellikle tam ehliyetli olmayan kişinin kendi başına, yani kanunî temsilcisinin iznine gerek olmaksızın bazı hukukî işlemleri yapabilmesini belirtmek için de bu kelime sıkça kullanılır.
Haksız fiil sorumluluğundan söz edilebilmesi için bir zararın, bunu doğuran haksız bir fiilin ve bu fiille zarar arasında uygun bir sebep-sonuç ilişkisinin bulunması gerekir. Bu ilişkiye günümüz hukuk dilinde “uygun illiyyet bağı” denilmektedir. Uygun illiyyet bağı İslâm hukuk doktrininde mübâşeret ve tesebbüb durumları ayırt edilerek ele alınır. Zarar insan fiilinin doğrudan etkisiyle meydana gelirse buna mübâşeret, dolaylı etkisiyle meydana gelirse tesebbüb adı verilir. Mübâşerette zarar verenin fiiliyle zarar arasında başka ihtiyarî bir fiil yoktur, bu durumda fâil mübâşir adını alır; tesebbübde ise zararlı sonuç, birincisi bulununca normal olarak diğerinin de meydana geleceği iki âmilin etkisiyle oluşmaktadır, bu sebeple ilk âmilin fâiline mütesebbib denir. Mübâşeret ve tesebbüb kelimelerinin fıkıh literatüründe bu anlamda kullanılması V. (XI.) yüzyılda başlamış, VII. (XIII.) yüzyıldan itibaren yaygın birer terim haline gelmiştir (Yıldız, s. 51-54).
Fıkıh kitaplarında mübâşeret örneklerinin tesebbüb örneklerine göre az olması, mübâşeretin özel incelemeyi gerektirmeyecek ve fazla görüş ayrılığına yol açmayacak nitelikte olmasına bağlanabilir. Bu noktaya dikkat çeken Subhî Mahmesânî, Émile Tyan’ın Le système de responsabilité délictuelle en droit musulman adlı doktora tezinde (Beyrouth 1926, s. 212) yer alan, mübâşeret durumunda tesebbübdekine göre sorumluluğun istisnaî olduğu iddiasını eleştirir; gerek cana ve can bütünlüğüne gerekse mala yönelik haksız fiillerle ilgili vâkıanın böyle bir tesbiti doğrulamadığı gibi fakihlerin de bu yönde bir ifadelerinin bulunmadığını belirtir (en-Naẓariyyetü’l-ʿamme, I, 182).
İslâm hukukunda benimsenen temel kural, mübâşeret durumunda sorumluluğun teşekkülü için kusur şartının aranmamasıdır. Mecelle’de bu kaide, “Mübâşir müteammid olmasa da dâmin olur” şeklinde ifade edilmiştir (md. 92). Buna göre silâhını çekip karşısındaki kimseyi öldüren, başkasına ait malı gasbeden, eksilten, ayıplı hale getiren veya yok eden kimse kusurlu olup olmadığına bakılmaksızın sorumlu sayılır. Yine uyuyan kimsenin ve temyiz kudretine sahip olmayanların mübâşereten vermiş oldukları zararlardan dolayı tazmin sorumluluğu doğar (Serahsî, XXVI, 185; Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, IX, 358). Buna karşılık Mecelle’de, “Mütesebbib müteammid olmadıkça dâmin olmaz” denerek (md. 93) tesebbüb hallerinde tazmîn sorumluluğu için kusurlu olmanın şart olduğu ifade edilmiştir. Meselâ hukuka aykırı olarak yolda açılan kuyuya bunun varlığından haberi olmayan bir kimse düşüp zarar görse kuyuyu açan şahıs sorumlu olur. Bu olayda zararın illeti yani ona en yakın sebep düşme fiili olmakla birlikte sorumluluk bu illeti meydana getiren ve kusurlu bulunan kuyu kazma fiilinin fâiline aittir (Tesebbüb hallerinde sorumluluk için kusurlu olmanın mutlak bir şart sayılmaması gerektiği ve fıkıh eserlerinde yer alan konuya ilişkin ifadelerin tahlili hakkında bk. Yıldız, s. 160-167). Aynı şekilde yalancı şahitlerin tanıklığına binaen mahkûm olanın zarara uğramasında hâkim mübâşeret yoluyla etkili olduğu halde buna yol açan (mütesebbib) ve kusurlu olan şahitler sorumlu tutulur. Böyle bir olayda hükmü infaz eden görevliler de hâkimden farksızdır. İkrah, sihir veya hipnoz sonucu ihtiyarını kaybeden kişilerin fiiliyle meydana gelen zararlarda da mübâşir değil mütesebbib olan kişi sorumlu tutulur. Mübâşir ile mütesebbibin birleştiği olaylarda sorumluluk, sorumlu tutulmasına hükmedilebilecek bir kişi olması halinde kural olarak mübâşire yüklenir (Mecelle, md. 90; kuralın istisnaları için bk. Subhî Mahmesânî, I, 189-193).
İlliyyet bağının uygunluğu hakkında fıkıh literatüründe yer alan tartışmalar, bu konudaki düşüncelerin uzunca bir tarihî süreçten geçtiğini ve değişik bakış açılarıyla ince tahliller yapıldığını göstermektedir. Bu çerçevede en belirgin görüş ayrılıklarından biri hayvanların hareketinin illiyyet bağına etkisi meselesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Şöyle ki: Ebû Hanîfe, Ebû Yûsuf ve bir kısım Şâfiî hukukçusu, kafes veya ahır kapısının açılması örneğinde kuşun uçması ya da hayvanların kaçması sonucu zayi olmaları durumunda canlı varlıkların “ihtiyar” sahibi olduğu, dolayısıyla bunların fiilinin mütesebbibin fiiliyle zarar arasındaki illiyyet bağını keseceği tezinden hareketle kapıyı açanın sorumlu tutulamayacağını ileri sürerken Mâlik b. Enes, Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî, Ahmed b. Hanbel ve onlara katılan hukukçular, belirtilen örneklerde canlı varlıkların serbest kaldıklarında tabiatları icabı uçtuğu veya kaçtığı gerekçesiyle mütesebbibin tazminle yükümlü olacağını savunmuşlardır. Onlara göre içinde sıvı yağ bulunan tulumu delme örneğiyle bu olay arasında fark yoktur; tulumu delenin tulumla birlikte yağı da tazmin etmesi gerektiği gibi ahır kapısını veya kafesi açan kusurlu kişinin de tazminle sorumlu tutulması gerekir. İlliyyet bağının uygun bir şekilde oluşması konusunda birinci görüştekilerin tereddütlerini yaşadığı anlaşılan bazı Şâfiîler ise bu meselede hayvanların hemen çıkıp zayi olmasıyla bir müddet bekledikten sonra çıkıp zayi olması durumlarını ayırt etmek ve kapıyı açanı ancak ikinci durumda sorumlu tutmak gerektiği kanaatindedir (Süleyman Muhammed Ahmed, s. 358-361). İlk görüş, zararın müsebbibi belli ve sorumlu tutulabilecek nitelikte bir kimse olduğu halde mağduru zararıyla baş başa bıraktığı ve bunun hakkaniyet ilkesiyle bağdaşmadığı gerekçesiyle eleştirilmiştir.
Gerek mübâşeret gerekse tesebbüb hallerinde fâilin zarardan sorumlu tutulabilmesi için illiyyet bağını kesen sebeplerin bulunmaması gerekir. Bunlardan mücbir sebep ister kasırga, zelzele, sel gibi tabii olsun ister eşkıya baskını gibi beşerî olsun illiyet bağı uygunluğunu ortadan kaldırabilir (Serahsî, XI, 50; XV, 80, 81). Zarar görenin fiili de illiyyet bağını kesebilir. Meselâ girilmesi yasak inşaat alanına giren ve yukarıdan atılan malzemenin üzerine düşmesi neticesinde zarar gören kimse, o nesneyi atanın mübâşeret halindeki fiiliyle zarar arasındaki illiyyet bağını kendi fiiliyle kesmiş sayılır. Yaya kaldırımında yürüyen kişinin başkası tarafından araç yoluna itilmesi üzerine bir araç tarafından çarpılması durumunda ise sürücünün mübâşeret halindeki fiiliyle zarar arasındaki illiyyet bağı üçüncü şahsın fiiliyle kesilmiş olur (ayrıca bk. DAMÂN; İŞTİRAK; İTLÂF).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 429-430 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.