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MÜBHEMÂTÜ’l-KUR’ÂN Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de mahiyeti ve muhtevası kapalı olan lafızların açıklanmasını amaçlayan telif türü.
Sözlükte “gizli ve kapalı olmak; kapalı bırakmak” anlamlarındaki ibhâm masdarından sıfat olan mübhem kelimesi “kapalı bırakılan, mahiyeti bildirilmeyen şey” demektir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “bhm” md.; Kāmus Tercümesi, IV, 195). Râgıb el-İsfahânî, duyu veya akıl alanına girmekle birlikte algılanması ve anlaşılması zor olan her şeye mübhem denildiğini belirtir (el-Müfredât, “bhm” md.). Buna göre Kur’an’da kendi ismiyle veya ne olduğunu ortaya koyan bir kelimeyle belirtilmeyip bunların yerine insan, melek, cin, hayvan, ağaç, yıldız ve şehir için kullanılan zamir, işaret isimleri, zaman ve mekân isimleri, künye, lakap ve vasıf gibi kapalı kelime ve ifadelerle zikredilen hususlara “mübhemâtü’l-Kur’ân” denilmiştir (Ebû Abdullah el-Belensî, neşredenin girişi, I, 35). Erken dönemden itibaren konuyla ilgili çalışmalar yapan dil âlimleri, Kur’an’daki bazı edatların mübhem yanlarının bulunduğunu veya birlikte kullanıldıkları kelimeleri mübhem hale getirdiklerini söylemiş, bunlara dair örnekler vermişlerdir; bu örneklerin bazıları şunlardır: İẕ (el-Bakara 2/50), iẕâ (el-Leyl 92/1), immâ (Meryem 19/75), ennâ (el-Bakara 2/223), eyne (et-Tekvîr 81/26), beyne (el-En‘âm 6/94), ḥays̱ü (el-Bakara 2/35), dûne (el-Cin 72/11), inde (en-Neml 27/40), ġayr (el-Fâtiha 1/7), keeyyin (Âl-i İmrân 3/146), kem (el-Bakara 2/249), keyfe (el-Bakara 2/28), ledâ (Yûsuf 12/25), mâ (en-Nisâ 4/3), metâ (el-Bakara 2/214), men (el-Bakara 2/30; el-Enbiyâ 21/19; ayrıca bk. Yaşar, s. 37-43).
Kur’an’daki mübhemâtın delâlet ve muhtevasını ortaya çıkarabilmek için başvurulacak kaynaklar Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in yanı sıra Hz. Peygamber’in ve ondan esinlendikleri kabul edilen sahâbe veya tâbiînin sözleridir. Süyûtî, rivayet bilgisinin zorunlu olduğu bu alanda görüş ve ictihada imkân bulunmadığını ileri sürmüşse de (el-İtḳān, II, 1091; Müfhimâtü’l-aḳrân, s. 35) bu konuda Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’ten, tarih araştırmalarının ve bilimsel bulguların sonuçlarından da yararlanmak mümkündür (krş. Albayrak, XXXII [1992], s. 162-167). Rivayete dayanan mübhemât bilgisinin Resûl-i Ekrem’e kadar ulaşan sağlam bir isnadla elde edilmiş olması gerekir. Kur’an’da mübhemlerin araştırılması hususunda olumsuz bir beyan bulunmamakla birlikte iki konuda kısıtlama getirilmiştir. Bunlardan biri Ashâb-ı Kehf’in sayısı hakkında ileri sürülen rakamlarla ilgilidir. Kur’an bu türden bir arayışı ve tecessüsü gereksiz görerek bunun için “recmen bi’l-gayb” (karanlığa taş atma) ifadesini kullanmıştır (el-Kehf 18/22). Bundan maksat olayın özünden uzaklaşıp ayrıntılarla ilgilenmenin yanlışlığına dikkat çekmektir. İkinci olarak Kur’an’da bazı mübhem hususlara ait bilginin Allah nezdinde saklandığı belirtilmiştir. Nitekim Allah’a ve müslümanlara karşı düşmanlık besleyenlerin, münafıkların kimlerden ibaret olduğunu -Peygamber dahil- Allah’tan başka kimsenin bilemeyeceği ifade edilmiştir (el-Enfâl 8/60; et-Tevbe 9/101). Zerkeşî’ye göre bu türlü şeylerin araştırılması ve haklarında kanaat bildirilmesi doğru değildir (el-Burhân, I, 244). Süyûtî ise bu hususların tek tek şahıslar tarafından irdelenmesinin menedilmiş olabileceğini, ancak olayın araştırılmasının yasaklanmadığını belirtmiştir (el-İtḳān, II, 1090-1091).
Rivayet yönteminin kullanıldığı esbâb-ı nüzûl, fezâilü’l-Kur’ân, nâsih-mensuh, İsrâiliyat gibi konularda görülen sakıncalar mübhemât için de geçerlidir. Esbâb-ı nüzûle dair zayıf rivayetler zaman zaman âyetlerin yanlış anlaşılmasına yol açmakta, hiçbir asla dayanmayan ve bilinmesinde fayda bulunmayan İsrâiliyat türünün nakli de ciddi problemler ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Özellikle Kur’an’ın nâzil olduğu zamanla ilgili mübhemlerin çözümünde esbâb-ı nüzûl rivayetlerine fazlaca başvurulmaktadır (Serinsu, s. 156-158). Önceki peygamberlerden ve milletlerden bahseden âyetlerde yer alan mübhemâtta ise İsrâiliyat’tan ve Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’ten yararlanılmaktadır. Ancak bilinip bilinmemesi önemli olmayan konularda İsrâiliyat’a başvurmak ciddi sakıncaları da beraberinde getirmektedir. İlk dirâyet müfessirlerinin başında yer alan Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî, bu tür âyetlerin tefsirinde âyetten alınacak ibrete etkisi bulunmadığından mübhemâtın yorumundan kaçınmanın gerekliliğini ısrarla vurgulamıştır (Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân, vr. 156b , 191b , 237a , 360b ; Âyât ve Süver, s. 49-50, 57, 74, 76-77). İbn Teymiyye de Ashâb-ı Kehf’in köpeğinin rengi, Nûh’un gemisinin büyüklüğü ve yapıldığı ağacın cinsi, Hızır-Mûsâ kıssasında Hızır’ın öldürdüğü çocuğun ismi gibi konularla ilgilenmeyi faydasız bir uğraş olarak nitelendirir. Öte yandan meselâ Mûsâ peygambere arkadaşlık yapan kişinin Hızır olduğu sahih rivayetle nakledildiği için bunu benimsemekte bir sakınca görülmemiştir (Muḳaddime, s. 85-86; bk. İSRÂİLİYAT). Kur’an’da geçen mübhemlerin medlûlü vahyin nâzil olduğu dönemde ashap tarafından bir dereceye kadar bilinmekteydi. Meselâ Mücâdile sûresinin ilk âyetlerinde sözü edilen kadının Havle bint Sa‘lebe olduğu pek çok kimsenin bilgisi dahilindeydi (bu konudaki örnekler için bk. İbn Beşküvâl, neşredenlerin girişi, I, 9-10).
Kur’an’da mübhemâtın yer almasıyla onun evrenselliği arasında sıkı bir münasebetin bulunduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm sadece bir bölgeye veya bir kavme indirilmiş olsaydı onun muhatapları ve içinde geçen yer adları gibi hususlar daha belirgin bir nitelik taşıyabilirdi. Nitekim Kur’an’da anlatılan Yûsuf kıssasındaki şahıslar, mekânlar ve zaman dilimi belli belirsiz tanıtılırken Tevrat’ta bu unsurlara ayrıntılı biçimde yer verilmiştir (Tekvîn, 37-50). Aynı durum Kur’an’ın nâzil olduğu dönem için de geçerlidir. Kur’an’da Mekke, Medine ve Arabistan’daki diğer yerler ve özel isimlerden çok az söz edilmiştir. Bunun hikmeti Kur’an’ın bütün zaman, mekân ve şahıslara hitap etmesidir. Tefsir usulünde yer alan “sebeb-i nüzûlün hususiliğinin hükmün umumiliğine engel olmayacağı” prensibi, Kur’an’ın doğrudan Arap toplumuyla ilişkilendirilmesini neredeyse tamamen ortadan kaldırmıştır.
Mübhemât konusuna Zerkeşî ve Süyûtî gibi âlimlerin bazı yaklaşımları şöyledir: 1. Kur’an’ın bir yerinde açıklanan kelime veya ibarenin başka bir yerde kapalı bırakılması. Meselâ Nisâ sûresinde (4/69) Allah’ın nimet verdiği kimselerin nebîler, sıddîklar, şehidler ve sâlihler olduğu ifade edildiği halde bu husus Fâtiha sûresinde (1/7) açıklanmamıştır. 2. Meşhurluk sebebiyle adın belirtilmemesi. Bakara sûresinde (2/35), “Ey Âdem! Sen ve eşin cennete yerleşin” cümlesinde eşinin adının zikredilmemesi bu hususun herkesçe bilinmiş olmasındandır. 3. Bildirilmesinde ciddi bir faydanın bulunmaması. Bakara (2/259), A‘râf (7/163), Yûnus (10/98) ve Kehf (18/77) sûrelerinde geçen “karye”lerin isimlerinin verilmemesi bu türdendir. 4. Bir kişi veya bir olayla ilgili bulunduğu halde kavramın genelleştirilmesi. Mallarını gece gündüz, gizli açık Allah yolunda harcayanlardan bahseden Bakara sûresinin 274. âyeti aslında Hz. Ali hakkında nâzil olmuşken kullanılan ism-i mevsûl (ellezîne) genellemeye imkân vermektedir. 5. İsim yerine şahsın erdemli bir niteliğinden bahsedilmek suretiyle mübhem kelimeye ait mâna ve muhtevanın saygın hale getirilmesi. Nûr sûresinde “içinizden faziletli olanlar” (24/22), Zümer sûresinde “doğruyu tasdik edenler” (39/33) ifadeleriyle Ebû Bekir es-Sıddîk kastedildiği halde onun adı yerine vasfı kullanılmıştır. 6. Muhatabın veya hakkında konuşulanın küçümseyici bir sıfatla aşağılanması. Kevser sûresinde (108/3) Hz. Peygamber’i ayıplayanın her türlü iyilik ve güzellikten yoksun (ebter) olduğu söylenmiş fakat ismi verilmemiştir; ancak bu kişinin aslında Âs b. Vâil olduğu bilinmektedir (el-Burhân, I, 244-249; el-İtḳān, II, 1089-1090; ayrıca bk. Ebû Abdullah el-Belensî, neşredenin girişi, I, 37-39).
Kur’an’da özel isimlere az yer verilmiş olması mübhemât açısından dikkat çekici sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in nâzil olduğu dönemde yaşayan şahıslardan sadece Hz. Peygamber’in Muhammed ve Ahmed, evlâtlığının Zeyd adı yer almış, “Ebû Leheb” ise bir künye olarak kullanılmıştır. Hz. Ebû Bekir, Ömer ve Ali gibi önde gelen sahâbîlerden, Resûl-i Ekrem’in eşlerinden, müşriklerin elebaşılarından ve diğer bazı insanlardan mübhem kelimelerle defalarca söz edilmiş olmasına rağmen bunların isimleri zikredilmemiştir. Kadın adı olarak Kur’an’da sadece Meryem’in geçmiş olması ayrıca dikkat çekici bir husustur. Meryem adının çok kullanılması, Hz. Îsâ’nın farklı bir şekilde dünyaya gelmesi ve bu münasebetle yahudilerle hıristiyanların Meryem ve Îsâ hakkında birbirine zıt kanaatler taşımasıyla ilgili olduğu âyetlerin içeriğinden anlaşılmaktadır (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem, “Meryem” md.).
Kur’an’da mübhemâtın bulunması ona bir üstünlük ve evrensellik boyutu kazandırırken bazıları mübhem kelimeleri kendi mezhep, meşrep ve telakkilerine göre yorumlamaya çalışmışlardır. Meselâ İsnâaşeriyye Şîası’nın ileri gelen âlimlerinden İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî, Hz. Ali’nin imâmetinin nasla belirlenmiş olduğu şeklindeki iddiasını kanıtlamak için kırk kadar âyetin te’viline başvurmuştur (Minhâcü’l-kerâme, s. 145-192; krş. Topaloğlu, s. 209). Kur’an’da Hz. Peygamber’in geçmiş ümmetlere gönderilenler gibi bir uyarıcı olduğu ifade edildikten sonra, “Her toplumun mânevî bir rehberi olmuştur” mânasındaki âyette geçen “hâdî” kelimesi (er-Ra‘d 13/7) Şiîler’ce Hz. Ali diye yorumlanmıştır. Geçmişte peygamberlerine karşı çıkan kavimlerin cezalandırıldığına ve Nûh tûfanında müminlerin gemiyle taşınıp kurtarıldığına temas eden âyetlerin ardından, “Bütün bunları, sizin için geçmişten uzanıp gelen bir uyarı olması ve duyarlı her kulağın duyması için yaptık” (el-Hâkka 69/12) meâlindeki âyette yer alan “üẕün” kelimesiyle Hz. Ali’nin kulağına işaret edildiği yine Şiîler’ce ileri sürülmüştür (Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, s. 99). Daha çok bâtınî yorum türüne giren bu açıklamalara Tabersî ve Tûsî gibi mutedil Şiî müfessirlerinin de yer vermesi problemin önemini göstermektedir (örnekler için bk. Albayrak, XXXII [1992], s. 175-176; Öztürk, sy. 12-13 [2001], s. 445-452). Bâtınî gruplarının yaptığı te’viller ise Allah kelâmının açıkça istismarı niteliğindedir (Topaloğlu, s. 243-244).
Mübhemâtü’l-Kur’ân’la ilgili olarak yazılan eserler geç tarihli olmakla birlikte bu konuya hadis mecmualarında, müşkilü’l-Kur’ân, mecâzü’l-Kur’ân, müteşâbihü’l-Kur’ân gibi lugavî tefsirlerde, esbâb-ı nüzûl kitaplarında ve Kur’an tefsirlerinde temas edilmiş, Kur’an ilimlerine dair eserlerde de mübhemât genişçe ele alınmıştır. Mübhemâtü’l-Kur’ân’a dair eserlerin başlıcaları şunlardır: 1. Abdurrahman b. Abdullah es-Süheylî (ö. 581/1185), et-Taʿrîf ve’l-iʿlâm fîmâ (bimâ) übhime mine’l-esmâʾ ve’l-aʿlâm fi’l-Ḳurʾân. Mushaf tertibinin esas alındığı kitapta mübhem kelimelerin delâletleri gösterilmiş, yer yer hadislerden de faydalanılmıştır. Çok sayıda yazma nüshası bulunan eserin (Brockelmann, GAL, I, 525-526; Suppl., I, 733-734) farklı adlarla neşirleri gerçekleştirilmiştir (Kahire 1356; nşr. Abdullah Ali Mühennâ, Beyrut 1987; Ġavâmiżü’l-esmâʾi’l-mübheme ve’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-müsnede fi’l-Ḳurʾân, nşr. Heysem Ayyâş, Beyrut 1988). Süheylî’nin bu eseri temel alınarak çok sayıda çalışma yapılmıştır (bk. SÜHEYLÎ, Abdurrahman b. Abdullah). 2. Bedreddin İbn Cemâa, et-Tibyân fî (li-) mübhemâti’l-Ḳurʾân. Müellif, bu eserini ihtisar ederek Ġurerü’t-Tibyân li-mübhemâti’l-Ḳurʾân’ı telif etmiştir (eserin neşri ve üzerine yapılan ilmî çalışmalar için bk. İBN CEMÂA, Bedreddin). 3. Celâleddin es-Süyûtî, Müfhimâtü’l-aḳrân fî mübhemâti’l-Ḳurʾân. Konuyla ilgili en yaygın kitap özelliğini korumakta olup birçok baskısı yapılmıştır (Leiden 1839; Bulak 1284; Kahire 1309; Beyrut 1976; nşr. İyâd Hâlid et-Tabbâ‘, Beyrut 1986; nşr. Muhammed İbrâhim Selîm, Kahire 1987; nşr. Tâhâ Abdürraûf Sa‘d, Kahire 1992). 4. Seyyid Yûsuf b. Abdülkādir el-Hüseynî es-Saydâvî el-Esîr, Hediyyetü’l-iḫvân fî tefsîri mâ übhime ʿale’l-ʿâmme min elfâẓi’l-Ḳurʾân (Kahire, ts.). 5. Vildân Fâik b. İslâm Ağa, Tavżîḥu’l-mübhemât fîmâ verede fi’l-Ḳurʾân mine’l-kelimât (Hacı Selim Ağa Ktp., Aziz Mahmud Hüdâyî, nr. 125). 6. Hamed Muhammed b. Sarâyî – Yûsuf Muhammed Şâmisî, el-Muʿcemü’l-câmiʿ limâ ṣurriḥa bihî ve übhime fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm mine’l-bilâd ve’l-mevâżiʿ (Ayn-Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, 1421/2000). 7. Abdülcevâd Halef, el-Yâḳūt ve’l-mercân fî tefsîri mübhemâti’l-Ḳurʾân (Pakistan 1404/1984; bk. Ali Şevvâh İshak, IV, 190). 8. Hüseyin Yaşar, Kur’an’da Anlamı Kapalı Âyetler: Mübhemâtü’l-Kur’ân (İstanbul 1997). 9. Mevlüt Erten, Mübhemâtü’l-Kur’an (yüksek lisans tezi, 1992, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü). 10. Mevlüt Erten, “Mübhematü’l-Kur’an” (İnönü Üniversitesi Darende İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, I/1 [1995], s. 121-136). 11. Halis Albayrak, “Mübhematu’l-Kur’an İlmi ve Kur’an Tefsirindeki Yeri” (AÜİFD, XXXII [1992], s. 155-182). 12. Mustafa Öztürk, “Mübhemâtü’l-Kur’ân ve İmâmiyye Şîası” (Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, sy. 12-13 [2001], s. 437-455). 13. Süleyman Gezer, “Kur’an’daki Belirsiz Anlatımlar: Mübhemata Sözlü Dil Bağlamında Bir Yaklaşım” (Gazi Üniversitesi Çorum İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, I/2 [2002], s. 253-264).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât, “bhm” md.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “bhm” md.; Kāmus Tercümesi, IV, 195; M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem, “Meryem” md.; Buhârî, “Tefsîr”, 66/3-4; Mâtürîdî, Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân, Süleymaniye Ktp., Mihrişah Sultan, nr. 176, vr. 156b , 191b , 237a , 360b ; a.mlf., Âyât ve süver min Teʾvîlâti’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Ahmet Vanlıoğlu – Bekir Topaloğlu), İstanbul 2003, s. 49-50, 57, 74, 76-77; İbn Beşküvâl, Ġavâmiżü’l-esmâʾi’l-mübheme (nşr. İzzeddin Ali es-Seyyid – M. Kemâleddin İzzeddin), Beyrut 1407/1987, neşredenlerin girişi, I, 9-10, 22; Abdurrahman b. Abdullah es-Süheylî, Ġavâmiżü’l-esmâʾi’l-mübheme (nşr. Heysem Ayyâş), Beyrut 1988, s. 13; İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî, Minhâcü’l-kerâme (Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne [nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim], I içinde), Kahire 1382, s. 145-192; Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, Muḳaddime fî uṣûli’t-tefsîr, Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 85-86, 99; Ebû Abdullah el-Belensî, Tefsîru mübhemâti’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Hanîf b. Hasan el-Kāsımî), Beyrut 1411/1991, neşredenin girişi, I, 35, 37-39, 49-51; Zerkeşî, el-Burhân fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Yûsuf Abdurrahman el-Mar‘aşlî v.dğr.), Beyrut 1415/1994, I, 244-249, neşredenin dipnotu, I, 243; Süyûtî, el-İtḳān (Bugā), II, 1089-1093; a.mlf., Müfhimâtü’l-aḳrân fî mübhemâti’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. İyâd Hâlid et-Tabbâ‘), Beyrut 1986, neşredenin girişi, s. 19-20, 24, 35, 76, 199; Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde, II, 553-554; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 21, 263, 421-422; II, 1583; Brockelmann, GAL, I, 525-526; Suppl., I, 733-734; Ali Şevvâh İshak, Muʿcemü muṣannefâti’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm, Riyad 1403/1983, IV, 189-190; Ahmet Nedim Serinsu, Kur’ân’ın Anlaşılmasında Esbâb-ı Nüzul’un Rolü, İstanbul 1994, s. 156-158; Hüseyin Yaşar, Kur’an’da Anlamı Kapalı Âyetler: Mübhemâtü’l-Kur’ân, İstanbul 1997, s. 37-43; Bekir Topaloğlu, Kelâm İlmi: Giriş, İstanbul 2000, s. 209, 243-244; Halis Albayrak, “Mübhematu’l-Kur’an İlmi ve Kur’an Tefsirindeki Yeri”, AÜİFD , XXXII (1992), s. 155-182; Mustafa Öztürk, “Mübhemâtü’l-Kur’ân ve İmâmiyye Şiası”, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, sy. 12-13, Samsun 2001, s. 437-455.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 437-439 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.