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MUHADDİS Skip to content Hadisleri öğrenip rivayet etmekle meşgul olan kimse.
Sözlükte “haber vermek, hadis rivayet etmek” anlamındaki tahdîs masdarından türeyen muhaddis kelimesi terim olarak “rivayet ettiği hadisleri senediyle birlikte nakleden ve bu hadislerin metinlerini ezbere bilen, senedlerindeki râvilerin güvenilirliği konusunda görüşleri bulunan kimse” demektir. Bazıları, hadis âlimlerinden usulüne uygun şekilde hadis öğrenen ve rivayet eden herkese muhaddis demiştir. Hz. Peygamber’e, ashaba ve tâbiîne nisbet edilen rivayetlere “eser” adını verenler muhaddisi eserî (ehl-i eser ) olarak nitelemişlerdir. Hadis usulüne dair ilk kaynaklarda ise muhaddis yerine daha çok ehl-i hadîs ve sâhib-i hadîs terkipleri geçmektedir. Muhaddise “hadisleri her bakımdan iyi bilen âlim” anlamında şeyh ve imam da denilmiştir.
Hadis talebesinin kaç yaşından itibaren hadis dinleyip öğrenmeye ve yazmaya başlayacağı meselesi üzerinde durulmuş, Basralılar on, Kûfeliler on beş veya yirmi, Şamlılar otuz yaşını tamamlamadan hadis tahsiline çıkmayı doğru bulmamışlardır. Bununla beraber mümkün olduğu kadar erken yaşlarda hadis rivayetine başlanabileceği söylenmiş, söylenen sözü anlayıp cevabını verebilecek zihnî olgunluğa eren çocukların dahi hadis öğrenebileceği kabul edilmiştir. Hadis tahsiline karar veren kimsenin bu ilmi önce kendi memleketinde rivayette titiz davranan ve dindarlığı ile tanınan muhaddislerden öğrenmeye başlaması tavsiye edilmiş, onlardan gerekli bilgileri ve âlî rivayetlerini aldıktan sonra diğer yerlerdeki muhaddislerden faydalanmak üzere seyahatlere çıkması uygun görülmüştür. Bir muhaddisin kendi memleketindeki âlimlerle yetinmesi, âlî isnadlı hadislerin rivayetiyle iktifa edip sahalarında otorite olan muhaddislerin nâzil isnadlı sahih rivayetlerini ihmal etmesi doğru bulunmamıştır.
Hadis talebesi olmaya karar veren bir kimsenin öncelikle Ṣaḥîḥayn , ardından Ebû Dâvûd ve Nesâî’nin es-Sünen ’leri ile Tirmizî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’indeki hadisleri okumaya ve anlamaya çalışması, bu arada Beyhakī’nin es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ ’sını, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’i, İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı başta olmak üzere ahkâma dair hadisleri ihtiva eden câmi‘leri, ayrıca Ahmed b. Hanbel’in Kitâbü’l-ʿİlel ’i ile bu konudaki diğer eserleri, Buhârî’nin et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr ’i ve İbn Ebû Hâtim’in el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl ’i gibi ricâl kitaplarını, İbn Mâkûlâ’nın el-İkmâl ’i gibi isim, lakap, künye ve nisbelerin doğru bir şekilde tesbitine yardımcı olan eserleri okuması uygun görülmüş, ayrıca hadis âlimlerinden bin adet hadis cüzü dinlemiş olması gerektiği söylenmiştir.
Usûl-i hadîs kitaplarında “âdâbü’t-tâlib” ve “âdâbü’l-muhaddis” başlığı altında, hadis öğrenmeye yeni başlayanlarla (tâlip) muhaddis olanların uyacağı esaslar söz konusu edilmiştir. Buna göre hadis öğrenmek isteyen kimse bu işi Allah rızâsını kazanma ve Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetini yaygınlaştırarak ona hizmet etme niyetiyle yapmalı, hadisi menfaatlerine alet etmemeli, Allah rızâsı için öğrenilmesi gereken bir ilmi dünyalık elde etmek için öğrenen kimsenin kıyamet gününde cennet kokusu duyamayacağını (Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿİlim”, 12) unutmamalı, Resûl-i Ekrem’in, âhirette faydası görülecek şeyleri elde etmeye çalışıp bu hususta Allah’tan yardım dilenmesi ve acze düşülmemesi yolundaki tavsiyesini (Müslim, “Ḳader”, 34) tutmalıdır. Allah’tan yardım ve başarı istemeli, kendisini doğru yola ulaştırmasını niyaz etmeli, hadis âlimlerinin ahlâkını öğrenerek onlar gibi yaşamaya çalışmalıdır. Derslerde hocasını dikkatle dinlemeli, ilmine saygı duymalı ve onun hoşnutluğunu kazanmaya gayret göstermelidir. Bu arada giyiminde ilim ehline yakışır mütevazi kıyafetleri tercih etmelidir. Anlamadığı konuları hocasına sormaktan çekinmemeli, kendisinden daha küçük olanlardan rivayet etmeyi gurur meselesi yapmamalı, yeteri kadar hadis öğrendiğini düşünerek artık kendisinin de muhaddis olduğu zannına kapılmamalıdır. Ayrıca arkadaşlarını iyi seçmeli, öğrendiği bilgileri onlardan esirgememeli, bir hadisi daha çok hocadan duyup rivayet etmek ve bununla övünmek için gereksiz yere zaman harcamamalı, dinleyip yazdığı hadislerin mânasını anlamaya, rivayetlerin sahih ve zayıf olanlarını öğrenmeye gayret etmeli, hadisleri ezberlemeli, onları arkadaşlarıyla müzakere etmeli ve rivayet konusunda titiz davranmalıdır.
Muhaddis, Resûl-i Ekrem’in hadisleri duymayanlara ve bilmeyenlere öğretme yolundaki tavsiyesini dikkate almalı, ilim öğrenmek isteyenlere tevazu göstermeli ve öğrencilerine değer vermelidir. Bir muhaddis iyice yetiştikten sonra da tasnif, telif ve tahrîc çalışmaları yapmalı, eserlerini ortaya çıkarma hususunda acele etmemelidir.
Hadis âliminin makam ve menfaat elde etmek amacıyla devlet adamlarına ilgi göstermesi fitne sebebi sayılmıştır. Ebû Kılâbe el-Cermî, Eyyûb es-Sahtiyânî, A‘meş, Ahmed b. Hanbel, İmam Buhârî gibi muhaddisler, ihtiyaç içinde olmalarına rağmen devlet adamlarının ayağına gitmek suretiyle hadis rivayet etme teklifini kabul etmemiş ve onların gönderdiği paralara el sürmemiştir. Muhaddisin ücret karşılığında hadis rivayet etmesi önceleri doğru bulunmamış ve ücret alan kimsenin rivayetinin kabul edilmeyeceği ileri sürülmüştür. Fakat sonraları bunun hadis ilmine ilgiyi azaltacağı düşüncesiyle hadis öğretme karşılığında ücret alınabileceği görüşü benimsenmiştir.
Ebû Bekir b. Ebû Şeybe muhaddis olacak kişinin imlâ yoluyla 20.000 hadis yazması gerektiğini söylemiştir (Râmhürmüzî, s. 377 [Bâbü’l-küttâb]; Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Câmiʿ , I, 77; Tecrid Tercemesi ’nde bu bilgi, “İmlâ tarikiyle 20.000 hadis yazdıramayan kimse sâhib-i hadîs değildir” şeklinde yanlış kaydedilmiştir [Mukaddime, I, 9]). Ahmed b. Hanbel ise 100.000-200.000 hadis bilene muhaddis denemeyeceğini, 300.000 hadis bilenin ise vasat bir muhaddis sayılacağını ileri sürmüştür (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Câmiʿ , I, 77). Ancak hadis ilmiyle meşgul olanları ezberledikleri hadislerin sayısına göre değişik lakaplarla anma âdeti ilk devirlerde bilinmediğinden hadis âlimleri böyle bir sıralamayı uygun bulmamış, muhaddisler hadis ilimlerindeki bilgilerine ve ilmî kudretlerine göre itibar sahibi olmuştur (bk. HÂFIZ ).
Muhaddisin hadis âlimlerini iyi tanıması, râvilerin tabakalarını, âlî, nâzil ve nisbî ulüv (bedel, muvâfakat, musâfaha ve müsâvat) yoluyla rivayet ettikleri hadisleri bilmesi ve bunlardan seçmeler yapabilecek yeteneğe sahip bulunması, isimlerde tashif yapmamak için râvilerin adlarını, özellikle müştebih, mü’telif ve muhtelif, müttefik ve müfterik olanlara vâkıf olması gerekmektedir. Bir muhaddisin hadislerin metinlerini ezberlemesi, hadislerdeki garîb kelimeleri anlaması ve hadiste ifade edilen şeyi kavraması birinci derecede önemli olduğu gibi hadislerin senedlerini ezbere bilmesi, sahihlerini uydurmalarından ayırması ve râvilerini özellikleriyle tanıması da önemli görülmüştür. Bu vasıfları taşıyan kimse hem muhaddis hem fakih kabul edilmiştir. Muhaddisin rivayet ettiği hadislerden hüküm çıkarabilmesi ve usûl-i hadîs yanında usûl-i fıkhı da bilmesi arzu edilmekle beraber bu niteliğe sahip kimselerin az sayıda bulunduğu, muhaddislerin çoğunun rivayet tekniğini iyi bilmekten öteye geçemediği görülmektedir. Hadiste yeterli olmayan kimselerin çok sayıda hadis kitabını anlamadan okuması, çok hadisi ezbere bilmesi fazla önemli sayılmamış, rivayet kurallarından haberi bulunmayan ve öğrendiğini yaşamayan kimseler muhaddis kabul edilmemiştir. Bir muhaddiste hadisi dinleme, ezberleme, anlama, onunla amel etme ve başkalarına öğretme şeklinde beş özelliğin bulunması gerekli sayılmıştır. Bazı âlimler muhaddisin rivayetlerin isnadlarını, illetlerini, âlî ve nâzil olanlarını, râvilerin isimlerini bilmesini, birçok hadis ezberlemesini ve birçok hadis kitabını okumasını şart koşarken bir kısmı devrinin şartlarına göre daha müsamahakâr davranarak doğru sözlülükle tanınmayı, bid‘atlardan ve büyük günahlardan uzak durmayı yeterli görmüştür. Bazı dönemlerde konuyu bilmeyenler, Sâgānî’nin Meşâriḳu’l-envâri’n-nebeviyye ’si ile Hüseyin b. Mes‘ûd el-Begavî’nin Meṣâbîḥu’s-sünne ’sini okuyanlara muhaddis demişler, bunun yanında İbnü’s-Salâh’ın Muḳaddime ’sini veya bunun muhtasarı olan Nevevî’nin et-Taḳrîb ’ini okuyanları da büyük muhaddis sayarak onlara devrin Buhârî’si gözüyle bakmışlardır (Sübkî, s. 66-67).
Hadis rivayet etme yaşı hususunda çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüş, muhaddisin bu işe elli yaşından itibaren başlamasının daha uygun olacağını söyleyenlerin kendi memleketlerinin şartlarını dikkate aldıkları kabul edilmiştir. Rivayet ehliyetinin yaşla değil ilim ve akılla ilgili olduğunu belirten âlimler, hadis rivayet edenlerin bulunmadığı bir bölgede yaşayan muhaddisin bildiği hadisleri nakletmesini gerekli görmüşlerdir. Nitekim Saîd b. Cübeyr, Nehaî ve Ömer b. Abdülazîz gibi muhaddislerin elli yaşına varmadan vefat etmeleri onların erken devirlerden itibaren hadis rivayet ettiklerini göstermektedir. Buhârî’nin ergenlik çağında iken rivayete başlayıp bazı hocalarının hatasını düzelttiği, Mâlik b. Enes’in on yedi yaşında, İmam Şâfiî’nin yine gençlik çağlarında hadis naklettiği bilinmektedir. Öte yandan muhaddisin hâfızasının zayıfladığı ve kendisinde bunama alâmetleri belirdiği zaman rivayeti bırakması uygun görülmüş, sağlam hâfızalarıyla 100 yaşından sonra da rivayette bulunan Hakîm b. Hizâm gibi sahâbîlere, Hasan b. Arefe, Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Begavî ve Ebü’t-Tayyib et-Taberî gibi muhaddislere bakarak bazılarının ileri sürdüğü gibi seksen yaş rivayet sınırının sonu olarak kabul edilmemiştir. Bir kısım âlimler muhaddisin hocaları, ayrıca kendinden daha bilgili ve yaşlı hadis âlimleri hayatta iken rivayete başlamasını uygun görmemiş, bunun aksini savunan âlimler ise Resûl-i Ekrem henüz hayatta iken Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn, Abdurrahman b. Avf, Muâz b. Cebel ve Zeyd b. Sâbit gibi sahâbîlerin fetva vermelerini delil olarak zikretmişlerdir.
İyi yetişmiş bir muhaddisin hadis rivayet ederken, özellikle rivayet yollarının en değerlisi kabul edilen imlâ yoluyla hadis okuturken önce abdest alması, kendine çekidüzen verip mecliste başköşeye oturması, Kur’an okunduktan sonra besmele, hamdele, salâtüselâm ve dua ile rivayete başlaması, yine dua ve hamdele ile dersini bitirmesi, hadisleri anlaşılır bir telaffuzla okuması gerektiği belirtilmiş, rivayete son verirken zühd, edep ve güzel ahlâkla ilgili bazı ibretli hikâyeleri ve şiirleri yine senedleriyle birlikte nakletmesi uygun görülmüştür (ayrıca bk. İMLÂ ).
Muhaddis, imlâ meclislerinde rivayet etmek üzere hadis seçerken talebenin ve dinleyenlerin seviyesini dikkate almalı, halkın bulunacağı derste anlaşılması güç hadisler yerine İslâm’ı yaşamayı öğreten hadisler okutmalıdır. Gazzâlî muhaddisin edebinden söz ederken onun hedefinin doğruyu aramak, yalandan uzak durmak, sika râvilerden meşhur olan hadisleri ve müslümanlara gerekli olan farz, sünnet ve edeple ilgili hususları rivayet etmek, genel kabul görmeyen rivayetlerden uzak durmak, önceki âlimler arasında geçen tartışmalardan söz etmemek, şaka yapmamak, anlaşmazlık ve çekişme konularını en aza indirmek, ilmini idarecilerin ayağına götürmemek, kendi kitabında bulunmayan hadisleri rivayet etmemek, bir hadisi başka bir hadisle birleştirmemek, hadis öğrenimi sırasında faziletli davranışları ve önemli görevleri ihmal etmemek olduğunu söylemiştir (el-Edeb fi’d-dîn , s. 137-138).
Güçlü hâfızalarıyla tanınan muhaddislere her dönemde itibar gösterilmiş, uğradıkları şehirlerde kendilerinden rivayette bulunmak isteyen binlerce hadis talebesinin ve halkın toplandığı meydanlarda hadis rivayet etmeleri sağlanmıştır. Yezîd b. Hârûn için Bağdat’ta kurulan böyle bir meclisi gören devrin halifesi yanındakilere, “İşte asıl mülk ve saltanat budur” demiş (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, Şerefü aṣḥâbi’l-ḥadîs ̱, s. 100), Hârûnürreşîd, Kadı Yahyâ b. Eksem’e rütbesi halifeden daha yüksek birini tanıyıp tanımadığını sorduğu zaman onun hadis rivayet etmekte olan bir muhaddisi göstermesi üzerine halife bunun çok doğru bir tesbit olduğunu kabul etmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 99-100). Muhtemelen bu olaylardan hareketle veya Resûl-i Ekrem’in daha sonraki devirlerde gelip hadislerini rivayet edecek olanlara “halifelerim” dediğine dair bir rivayete dayanarak (Heysemî, I, 126) derin hadis bilgisi ve güçlü hâfızasıyla ünlü muhaddisler “emîrü’l-mü’minîn fi’l-hadîs” diye anılmıştır.
Hadis öğrenmek ve öğretmek isteyenlerin uyması gereken kurallara dair çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Bunlardan Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin Muḫtaṣaru Naṣîḥati ehli’l-ḥadîs̱ ve el-Câmiʿ li-aḫlâḳı’r-râvî ve âdâbi’s-sâmiʿ , Bedreddin İbn Cemâa’nın Teẕkiretü’s-sâmiʿ ve’l-mütekellim fî edebi’l-ʿâlim ve’l-müteʿallim adlı eserleriyle İbrahim Hatiboğlu’nun Hadis Usûlü Kaynaklarına Göre Hadis Öğrenim ve Öğretim Âdâbı adlı yüksek lisans çalışması (bk. bibl.) anılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿİlim”, 12.
Râmhürmüzî, el-Muḥaddis̱ü’l-fâṣıl (nşr. M. Acâc el-Hatîb), Beyrut 1391/1971, s. 377.
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a.mlf., Şerefü aṣḥâbi’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. M. Said Hatiboğlu), Ankara 1991, s. 98-105.
a.mlf., Muḫtaṣaru Naṣîḥati ehli’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Nasr Ebû Atâyâ, Mecmûʿatü resâʾil fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ içinde), Riyad 1415/1994, s. 109-126.
Gazzâlî, el-Edeb fi’d-dîn (a.mlf., el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl içinde), Beyrut 1408/1987, s. 137-138.
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Süyûtî, Tedrîbü’r-râvî (nşr. Abdülvehhâb Abdüllatîf), Kahire 1385/1966, II, 125-158.
Sıddîk Hasan Han, el-Ḫıṭṭa fî ẕikri’ṣ-ṣıḥâḥi’s-sitte , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 135-145.
a.mlf., Ebcedü’l-ʿulûm (nşr. Abdülcebbâr Zekkâr), Dımaşk 1978, I, 124-134.
Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî, Ḳavâʿidü’t-taḥdîs̱ (nşr. M. Behcet el-Baytâr), Beyrut 1414/1993, s. 241-246.
Tecrid Tercemesi , Mukaddime, I, 8-12.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Fihrisü’l-fehâris , I, 71-76.
Hüseyin b. Muhammed Şevât, Medresetü’l-ḥadîs̱ fi’l-Ḳayrevân , Riyad 1411, I, 310-317.
İbrahim Hatiboğlu, Hadis Usûlü Kaynaklarına Göre Hadis Öğrenim ve Öğretim Âdâbı (yüksek lisans tezi, 1991), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
Sıddîk Beşîr Nasr, Ḍavâbiṭü’r-rivâye ʿinde’l-muḥaddis̱în , Trablus 1992, s. 186-191.
Mücteba Uğur, Ansiklopedik Hadis Terimleri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1992, s. 2-6.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 392-394 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.