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MUHAMMED ALİ LÂHÛRÎ Skip to content (1874-1951)
Kādiyânîliğin Lahor kolunun kurucusu, müellif.
Hindistan’ın Pencap bölgesinde Kapurthala eyaletinin Murar köyünde doğdu. Hindu olan büyük dedesi Hari Chand, Bâbürlüler döneminde İslâmiyet’i kabul etmiştir. Muhammed Ali, Batı tarzındaki okullarda öğrenim gördü ve 1894’te Lahor’daki Government College’dan mezun oldu. S. Muhammed Tufeyl, onun İslâm hakkında düzenli bir eğitim almadığını ve Kur’an’ı kendi kendine öğrendiğini yazar (Maulana Muhammad Ali, tercüme edenin girişi, s. ii). 1894’te Lahor Islamia College’a matematik hocası tayin edildi. İngiliz dili ve hukuk alanındaki yüksek lisansını tamamladı. 1897-1899 yıllarında Lahor Oriental College’a öğretim üyesi oldu. Bir süre avukatlık yaptı; ardından Kādiyânîliğin lideri Gulâm Ahmed’le yakınlık kurdu. Kādiyân’a yerleşerek Gulâm Ahmed’in teşvikiyle ilmî çalışmalara başladı. Bir süre onun konuşma ve yazılarını İngilizce’ye çevirdi, bazı telif denemeleri yaptı. Kādiyânîler’in ilk sayısı Ocak 1902’de çıkan yayın organı The Review of Religions dergisinin editörlüğünü üstlendi. Gulâm Ahmed, 1905’te açıkladığı vasiyetinde kendisinden sonra cemaatini yönetmek üzere teşkil ettiği Sadr-ı Encümen-i Ahmediyye’ye Muhammed Ali’yi de aldı.
Gulâm Ahmed’in halifesi Hakîm Nûreddin’in 1914’te ölümü üzerine ikinci halife seçilen Mirza Beşîrüddin, Gulâm Ahmed’in peygamberliğine inanmayanları kâfir ilân edince Muhammed Ali bazı arkadaşlarıyla birlikte Kādiyân’ı terkedip Lahor’a yerleşti. Burada Ahmediyye Encümen-i İşâât-ı İslâm adıyla cemaatin bir şubesini açtı ve ölümüne kadar başkanlığını yaptı. Cemaat faaliyetlerinin büyük bir kısmı Lahor merkezli olarak yürütüldüğü için bu yeni hareketin mensuplarına Lahorî Ahmedîleri denildi. Muhammed Ali, cemaat faaliyetleri için şube açmak ve tebliğde bulunmak amacıyla yakın bölgelere seyahatler düzenledi, dünyanın çeşitli bölgelerine davetçiler gönderdi. 13 Ekim 1951 tarihinde Karaçi’de öldü ve Lahor’da defnedildi.
Kendilerinden ayrıldığı Kādiyânîler kadar iyi teşkilâtlanmış olan Muhammed Ali, Kādiyânîliğin Kādiyân/Rabve koluna sert eleştiriler yöneltmiş, Ahmedîliğin asıl amacının İslâmiyet’i yaymak olduğunu söylemiş; peygamberliğin Hz. Muhammed’le sona erdiğini, Gulâm Ahmed’in peygamber değil müceddid ve beklenen mesîh olduğunu ileri sürmüş (a.g.e., tercüme edenin girişi, s. vi); Gulâm Ahmed’in kitaplarındaki vahiy ve nübüvvet gibi ifadelerin sembolik anlatımlar şeklinde ve tasavvufî çerçevede anlaşılması gerektiğini belirtmiştir.
Muhammed Ali hıristiyan misyonerlerinin İslâm’a yönelik eleştirilerine cevap vermiş, Osmanlılar’a kayıtsız kalan Gulâm Ahmed’in ve sonraki Kādiyânîler’in aksine Osmanlı hilâfetini desteklemiş, bu amaçla iki risâle kaleme almıştır. Geleneksel İslâm anlayışını devam ettirmesine rağmen Gulâm Ahmed’in hayatına ve eserlerine aşırı vurgu yapması, onu beklenen mesîh olarak anması, modernist görüşlerinde Seyyid Ahmed Han ile Batıcılar’ı takip etmesi, modern bilimin verilerine çok güvenmesi (Ali Nadwi, s. 139-140) yüzünden birçok kişi ona tereddütle yaklaşmıştır. Ebü’l-Hasan Nedvî, 1959’da yazdığı kitabında Muhammed Ali’nin görüşlerine olumsuz bakışını ilmî seviyede sürdürürken (a.g.e., s. 137-138) eserlerinde aşırı bir çizgi takip eden İhsan İlâhî Zahîr onu müslümanları aldatmakla suçlamıştır. Pakistan’da ulemânın girişimiyle Kādiyânîler’in hem Kādiyân kolu hem Muhammed Ali’ye bağlı Lahor grubu İslâm dışı azınlık ilân edilmiş, bu hüküm anayasaya ve ceza kanununa da konulmuştur. Neticede Lahor Ahmedîleri Pakistan’da pasif hale gelmişlerse de başka ülkelerdeki faaliyetlerini yaygınlaştırmışlardır.
Muhammed Ali Lâhûrî, Hindistan Hilâfet Hareketi liderlerinden Aligarh Koleji mezunu Muhammed Ali Cevher ile zaman zaman karıştırılmıştır. Bunun en dikkat çekici örneği The Muslim World’da yayımlanan bir makaledir (Montgomery, LI [1966], s. 111-122). Farklı kaynaklarda bu iki şahsa ait bilgilerin aynı kişiye aitmiş gibi gösterilmesi sonucunda ciddi bir karışıklık meydana gelmiştir.
Eserleri. A) Kur’an ve Tefsir. 1. The Holy Quran: Translation with Commentary (Lahor 1917, 1920, 1935, 1951, 1963; London 1917, 1921). Bir müslüman tarafından yapılan ilk tam İngilizce Kur’an meâli olarak tanıtılmakla birlikte bu hususta öncelik, Muhammed Abdülhakîm Han’ın aynı adla yayımlanan (Karnal 1905; Patiala 1905) meâline aittir (World Bibliography, s. 87-88). Eser Gulâm Ahmed’in tavsiyesi üzerine hazırlanmıştır. Muhammed Ali, meâldeki açıklamaları özetleyip Kur’an metnini çıkarmak suretiyle Translation of the Holy Quran adıyla eserin yeni bir versiyonunu neşretmiştir (London 1928, 1930; Lahor 1934, 1948, 1951). Meâl diğer birçok Batı diline de çevrilmiştir. 2. Beyânü’l-Ḳurʾân. Kur’an’ın Urduca tercümesidir. Nükâtü’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla yayımlanan (I-II, Lahor 1915; III-IV, Lahor 1916) bir çalışmaya dayanan meâl sonradan düzenlenerek bu adla basılmıştır (I-III, Lahor, 1920-1923). Lahorî, Urduca tercümeyi de ihtisar etmiş ve Ḥamâʾil-i Şerîf ismiyle neşretmiştir (Lahor 1929). 3. Cemʿu’l-Ḳurʾân (Lahor 1917). Kur’an tarihine ve şarkiyatçıların bu konudaki eleştirilerine dair olan eser, Collection and Arrangement of the Holy Quran adıyla İngilizce olarak da yayımlanmıştır (Lahor 1934). 4. Back to the Quran (Lahor 1923). 5. Selections from the Holy Quran (Lahor 1933). Kur’an’dan seçilen âyetlerin 125 konu başlığı altında tercümelerini ihtiva eden eseri Ömer Rıza Doğrul Kur’andan İktibaslar adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (İstanbul 1934). 6. Introduction to the Study of the Holy Quran (Lahore 1936). Bir önceki eserin yeniden düzenlenmiş ve kısmen genişletilmiş şekli olup Kur’an’ın tedvini ve temel mesajıyla ilgilidir; eserde ayrıca şarkiyatçıların tenkitlerine de cevap verilmiştir. 7. Prayers of the Holy Quran (Lahor 1948). Edʿiyetü’l-Ḳurʾân adıyla Urduca’ya tercüme edilmiştir.
B) Hadis. 1. Cemʿ-i Ḥadîs̱ (Lahor 1920). 2. Fażlü’l-Bârî (Lahor 1937). Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî’nin Urduca tercümesi olan eserde hadislerin kısa açıklamasında yer yer Gulâm Ahmed’in bakış açısı da yansıtılmıştır. 3. Maḳām-ı Ḥadîs̱ (Lahor 1926, 1932). Fażlü’l-Bârî’nin mukaddimesinin müstakil neşri olup eserde hadisin değeri ve tedvini konularındaki tartışmalara yer verilmiş ve eleştiriler cevaplandırılmıştır. 4. A Manual of Hadith (Lahor 1945). Kitapta günlük hayatla ilgili 690 hadis Arapça metinleri ve İngilizce tercümeleriyle birlikte kaydedilmiştir. Eser Eḥâdîs̱ü’l-ʿamel adıyla Urduca’ya çevrilmiştir (Lahor 1948).
C) Siyer ve İslâm Tarihi. 1. Aḥmed-i Müctebâ (Lahor 1917). Kur’an’da, Hz. Îsâ tarafından Ahmed ismiyle müjdelendiği bildirilen kişinin (es-Saf 61/6) Hz. Muhammed olduğunu kanıtlamak amacıyla yazılmış olup kaynakları arasında Gulâm Ahmed’in eserleri de vardır. 2. Sîret-i Ḫayrü’l-beşer (Lahor 1919). Müellifin en meşhur eseri olan kitapta Batılılar’ın Hz. Peygamber’e yönelttiği eleştirilere de cevap verilmiştir. Muḥammed Muṣṭafâ adıyla bir muhtasarı bulunan eserin (Lahor 1929) İngilizce çevirisi Mevlânâ Muhammed Ya‘kūb Han tarafından yapılmış (Muhammad the Prophet, Lahor 1924), bu tercüme The Prophet of Islam adıyla ihtisar edilmiştir (Lahor 1928). Müellif, kitabın İngilizce tercümesinin ikinci edisyonuna (Lahor 1932) “Islamic Wars” ve The Alleged Atrocities of the Prophet (Lahor 1930) adıyla iki risâle eklemiştir. Bu baskının otuzu aşkın yabancı dile çevrildiği bildirilmektedir. Ömer Rıza Doğrul, eseri -ilk İngilizce tercümesini esas alarak- Peygamberimiz Aleyhisselâm (İstanbul 1341-1342), Ali Genceli Peygamberimizin Hayatı: Sîretü’n-nebî adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme etmiştir (Ankara, ts.). 3. Ḫilâfet-i İslâmiye be-Rû-ı Ḳurʾân u Ḥadîs̱ (Lahor 1920). I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Osmanlı hilâfetini sona erdirme çabalarına karşı yazılmıştır. 4. Muhammad and Christ (Lahor 1921). Misyonerlerin Hz. Îsâ’nın Hz. Muhammed’den daha üstün olduğu iddiası üzerine telif edilen eser çeşitli dillere çevrilmiştir. 5. Târîḫ-i Ḫilâfet-i Râşide (Lahor 1924, 1932). Mevlânâ Ya‘kūb Han tarafından İngilizce’ye tercüme edilmiştir (The Early Caliphate, Lahor 1932). 6. Cihâd-ı Salṭanat-ı Afġānistân aôr Aḥmedî Müselmân (Lahor 1925). 7. Abu Bakr (Lahor 1929). 8. Umar (Lahor 1929). 9. Uthman (Lahor 1929). 10. Ali (Lahor 1929). 11. Ḫâtemü’n-nebiyyîn (Lahor 1937). Urduca bir siyer kitabıdır. 12. Living Thoughts of the Prophet Muhammad (London 1947). Eserin müellifi tarafından yapılan Urduca çevirisi de yayımlanmıştır (Zinde Taʿlîm, Lahor 1948).
D) Kelâm ve Mezhepler Tarihi. 1. en-Nübüvve fi’l-İslâm (Lahor 1915). Mirza Beşîrüddin’in, Gulâm Ahmed’in nübüvvetine inanmayanları tekfir eden fetvasına cevaptır. Kitabı S. Muhammed Tufeyl Prophethood in Islam adıyla İngilizce’ye tercüme etmiştir (Vooking 1992). 2. ʿİṣmet-i Enbiyâʾ (Lahor 1915). 3. Mesîḥ Mevʿûd (Lahor 1918). 4. Şinâhat-ı Meʾmûrîn (Lahor 1919). Peygamber olarak gönderildiğini iddia eden kimselerde bulunması gereken özellikler hakkındadır. 5. Îseviyyet ka Âḫırî Sehârâ (Lahor 1920). 6. Hestî Bârî Teʿâlâ (Lahor 1930). 7. The Prophet’s Message (Lahor 1930). 8. el-Mesîḥu’d-Deccâl ve Yeʾcûc ve Meʾcûc (Lahor 1931, 1932). 9. History and Doctrines of the Babi Movement (Lahor 1932, 1933). 10. History of the Prophets (Lahor 1946).
E) Kādiyânîlik ve Gulâm Ahmed Kādiyânî. 1. el-Muṣliḥu’l-Mevʿûd (Lahor 1914). Gulâm Ahmed’in hayatı ve düşüncelerinin anlatıldığı bir çalışmadır. 2. Âyetullāh (Lahor 1915). Senâullah Amritsarî’nin Gulâm Ahmed’e yaptığı yeminleşme/lânetleşme (mübâhele) teklifiyle ilgilidir. 3. The Split in the Ahmadiyya Movement (Lahor 1918). 4. Mirʾâtü’l-ḥaḳīḳat (Lahor 1919). Mirza Beşîrüddin’in Ḥaḳīḳatü’l-emr adlı kitabındaki iddialara cevaptır. 5. Żarûret-i Müceddidiyye (Lahor 1920). 6. Ḥaḳīḳat-i İḫtilâf (Lahor 1922). Kādiyânîlik hareketinin bölünme sebebinin ele alındığı kitap, aslında Mirza Beşîrüddin’in müellifin kendisini ve Hoca Kemâleddin’i münafık ilân etmesiyle ilgili Âʾîne-i Ṣadâḳat adlı eserine cevaptır. 7. Redd-i Tekfîr-i Ehl-i Ḳıble (Lahor 1922). Eserde Mirza Beşîrüddin’in, Gulâm Ahmed’in nübüvvetini tasdik etmeyenleri kâfir saymasının yanlışlığı anlatılmaktadır. 8. Taḥrîk-i Aḥmediyyet (Lahor 1931). Kādiyânîlik tarihinin anlatıldığı kitap, müellifinin sağlığında S. Muhammed Tufeyl tarafından The Ahmadiyyah Movement: Tahrik-i Ahmadiyyat adıyla İngilizce’ye çevrilmiştir (Lahor 1973 [yeni baskı]). 9. World-Wide Religions Revolution (Lahor 1932). Kādiyânîliğin dünyada gördüğü itibara dair bir risâledir. 10. The Founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement (Lahor 1937).
F) Diğer Eserleri. 1. Ġulâmî (Lahor 1915). 2. Cihâd-ı Kebîr (Lahor 1916). İslâm tebliğinin gerekliliğiyle ilgili bir risâledir. 3. Meẕheb ki Ġaraż (Lahor 1923). Dinlerin hikmeti hakkındadır. 4. The Call of Islam (Lahor 1924). İslâm’ın tanıtılması, tebliği ve bunun Kādiyânîlik yoluyla nasıl yapılacağına dair olan kitap 30.000’den fazla basılıp dağıtılmış ve Daʿvet-i ʿAmel adıyla Urduca’ya çevrilmiştir. 5. Islam the Religion of Humanity (Lahore 1928). Ömer Rıza Doğrul bu risâlenin tercümesini Peygamberimiz Aleyhisselâm adlı kitabının sonuna eklemiştir (s. 275-298). 6. The Islamic Institution of Prayer (Lahor 1929). 7. Maġrib meyn Teblîġ-i İslâm ya İslâm ka Devr-i Cedîd (Lahor 1934). 8. The Religion of Islam: Discussion of the Sources, Principles and Practices of Islam (Lahor 1935, 1936). 1928 yılında yazılmaya başlanan kitap müellifin en önemli eseri olup F. A. Klein’in aynı başlıkla yayımlanan kitabına (London 1906) cevap mahiyetindedir. Kitap, sünnet ve icmâ, inanç, ibadet, muâmelât ve ukūbât konularının ele alındığı eserde birçok kaynak kullanılmıştır. Başka dillere çevrilen bu çalışma Türkçe’ye de tercüme edilmiştir (İslâm Dini, trc. Naciye Hamdi Akseki, birinci kısım: İstanbul 1361/1942; ikinci kısım: İstanbul 1365/1946). 9. The Muslim Prayer Book (Lahor 1939). 10. Islam and the Present War (Lahor 1940). II. Dünya Savaşı’yla ilgili olup Urduca ve İngilizce hazırlanmıştır. 11. Neyâ Niẓâm-ı ʿÂlem (Lahor 1942). Eserde gerçek barışın İslâm sayesinde sağlanabileceği anlatılmaktadır. Müellif bu Urduca kitabını genişleterek İngilizce’ye çevirmiştir (The New World Order, Lahor 1944).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Maulana Muhammad Ali, The Ahmadiyyah Movement: Tahrik-i Ahmadiyyat (trc. S. Muhammad Tufail), Lahore 1973, s. 25-27; ayrıca bk. tercüme edenin girişi, s. ii-iii, vi, x, xiii-xiv; Mümtâz Ahmed Fârûkī – Muhammed Ahmed, Mücâhid-i Kebîr yaʿnî Sevâniḥ-i ʿÖmrî Ḥażret-i Emîr-i Merḥûm Mevlânâ Muḥammed ʿAlî, Lahor 1962; a.mlf.ler, A Mighty Striving: Life Story of Maulana Muhammad Ali (trc. Akhtar Jabeen Aziz – Zahid Aziz), [baskı yeri yok] 2004 (Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam Lahore Inc. U.S.A.); S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi, Qadianism: A Critical Study (trc. Zafar Ishaq Ansari), Lucknow 1980, s. 137-140; İhsan İlâhî Zahîr, İslâm Dünyasında İngiliz Emperyalizmi Kadıyanîlik (trc. Arif Aytekin), İstanbul 1985, s. 238-248; Ḳādiyâniyân key Bârey mê Vifâḳī Şerʿî ʿAdâlet ka Fayṣala, İslâmâbâd 1985, s. 8-10; World Bibliography of Translations of the Meanings of the Holy Quran (haz. İsmet Binark – Halit Eren), İstanbul 1406/1986, s. 87-88; Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı, Kādiyânîlik: Ahmediyye Mezhebi, İzmir 1986, s. 93-95, 106-113; a.mlf., “Kādiyânîlik”, DİA, XXIV, 137-139; Tâhâ ed-Desûkī Hubeyşî, el-Ḳādiyâniyye ve maṣîruhâ fi’t-târîḫ, Kahire 1409/1989, s. 97-110; Ch. H. Kennedy, “Towards the Definition of a Muslim in an Islamic State: The Case of the Ahmadiyya in Pakistan”, Religious and Ethnic Minority Politics in South Asia (ed. D. Vajpeyi), New Delhi 1989, s. 91; M. P. [Mohammed Marmaduke William Pickthall], “The Perfect Polity”, IC, X/4 (1936), s. 659-662; The Star, Lahore 20 October 1951; The Dawn, Karachi 16 October 1951; J. W. Montgomery, “The Apologetic Approach of Muhammad Ali and Its Implications for Christian Apologetics”, MW, LI (1966), s. 111-122; Sajida S. A. Alvi, “Lāhorī, Muḥammad ʿAlī”, ER, VIII, 423.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2005 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 30. cildinde, 500-502 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.