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MUHARREMÂT Skip to content Evlenilmesi haram olan kadınlar anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Hurmet kökünden türetilmiş olup sözlükte “yasaklananlar” anlamına gelen muharremât fıkıhta biri geniş, diğeri dar olmak üzere iki mânada kullanılır. Geniş anlamıyla muharremât dinen haram kılınan, yasaklanan şeyleri (bk. HARAM ), dar anlamıyla da evlenilmesi haram olan kadınları ifade eder. “Evlenilmesi yasak erkek ve kadın hısım” mânasındaki mahrem terimi kapsamında bulunan kadınlar dâimî evlenme engeli söz konusu olduğu için “el-muharremâtü’l-müebbede”, geçici bir engel sebebiyle evlenilmesi haram olanlar ise “el-muharremâtü’l-muvakkate” diye anılır. Her iki durumda yasaklık hükmü hem erkek hem kadın için söz konusudur.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de evliliğe ilişkin hükümlere ayrıntılı biçimde yer verilirken evlenilmesi haram olan kadınlar da sayılmıştır. Muharremâtın açıklanmasına Câhiliye dönemi nikâh türlerinden olan üvey anneyle evlenme yasağının tebliğiyle başlanmış, babaların evlendiği kadınlarla evlenmek “edepsizlik, iğrenç bir fiil ve kötü bir yol” olarak nitelenmiştir (en-Nisâ 4/22). Müteakip âyette kan (nesep) ve süt (radâ‘) hısımlığıyla sıhrî hısımlıktan dolayı evlenilmesi haram olan kadınlar şöyle sıralanmıştır: “Anneleriniz, kızlarınız, kız kardeşleriniz, halalarınız, teyzeleriniz, erkek kardeş kızları, kız kardeş kızları, sizi emziren sütanneleriniz, sütbacılarınız, eşlerinizin anneleri, kendileriyle birleştiğiniz eşlerinizden olup evlerinizde bulunan üvey kızlarınız size haram kılınmıştır. Eğer -nikâhladığınız eşlerinizle- birleşmemiş olursanız -evliliğiniz son bulduğunda- kızlarıyla evlenmenizde sizin için sakınca yoktur. Kendi sulbünüzden olan oğullarınızın eşleriyle evlenmeniz ve iki kız kardeşi birlikte nikâhınız altında tutmanız da size haram kılınmıştır; ancak geçen geçmiştir, Allah çok bağışlayıcı, çok esirgeyicidir” (en-Nisâ 4/23). Daha sonra evli kadınlarla evlenmenin de haram, sayılanların dışında kalan kadınlarla evlenmenin ise helâl olduğu belirtilmiştir (en-Nisâ 4/24). Ayrıca Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de iddet bekleyen kadınla evlenmenin yasaklandığı (el-Bakara 2/235), bir kimsenin üç defa (üç talâkla) boşadığı eşi bir başkasıyla evlenip bu evlilik sona ermeden onunla tekrar evlenmesinin helâl olmadığı (el-Bakara 2/230), tek kadınla evlilik esas olmakla birlikte şartlarına uyarak birden fazla kadınla evlenmek isteyen erkek için bu sayının dörtle sınırlı olduğu, yani dörtten fazla kadını nikâhı altında tutmasının yasaklandığı (en-Nisâ 4/3) bildirilmiştir. Önceleri müslümanların din ayırımı yapmaksızın istedikleri kimselerle evlenmeleri serbestken (Cessâs, I, 335; Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, IV, 1788; İbn Kesîr, IV, 351) Medine’ye hicretin ardından kadın olsun erkek olsun kâfir ve müşriklerle evlenmeleri yasaklanmış (el-Mümtehine 60/10), Medine döneminin sonlarına doğru müslüman erkeklerin Ehl-i kitap’tan olan iffetli kadınlarla evlenmelerine izin verilmiş, müslüman kadınların gayri müslimlerle evlenme yasağı devam etmiştir (el-Bakara 2/221; el-Mâide 5/5). Öte yandan evlenmenin cinsî arzuları tatminin ötesinde nefsi kötülükten koruma ve neslin insan onuruna uygun biçimde devamını sağlama gibi bir amaçla meşrû kılındığını ifade eden, iffetin önemini vurgulayan, gayri meşrû ilişkileri yasaklayan âyetlerden ve özellikle zina fiilini işleyenlerin iffetli kişilerle evlenmeye lâyık görülmediği izlenimini veren üslûptan (en-Nûr 24/3) hareketle bazı âlimler, zina edenlerin iffetli kimselerle evlenemeyeceği veya belli şartlar altında evlenebileceği sonucuna ulaşmışlardır. Yine, İslâmiyet’te kölelik kurumunun tedrîcî şekilde sona ermesini sağlayacak tedbirler alınması yanında kölelerin daha insanî bir muameleye tâbi tutulması için iyileştirmeler yapılmış olmakla birlikte Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de câriyelerin bu statülerinden kaynaklanan bazı güçlükler sebebiyle hür erkeklerin onlarla evlenmeleri bazı şartlara bağlandığından (en-Nisâ 4/25) fıkıh literatüründe mülkiyet ilişkisi de bir tür evlenme engeli olarak yer almıştır.
Hz. Peygamber’in evlenme yasakları hakkında açıklama ve uygulamaları vardır. Nitekim, “Kadın halası, teyzesi, erkek veya kız kardeşinin kızı üzerine (onlarla birlikte) nikâhlanamaz; eğer bunu yaparsanız akrabalık bağlarını koparmış olursunuz” hadisiyle (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 27; Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 37-38) Nisâ sûresinin 24. âyetinde geçen, “İki kız kardeşi birlikte nikâhınız altında tutmanız size haram kılındı” ifadesine; “Nesep sebebiyle haram olanlar süt emme sebebiyle de haram olur” hadisiyle de (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 20; Müslim, “Raḍâʿ”, 1; İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 34), “Sizi emziren sütanneleriniz, sütbacılarınız haram kılındı” ifadesine hükmün kapsamı genişletilerek açıklık getirilmiştir. Resûl-i Ekrem ayrıca muhtemelen Mecûsîler’de yakın akraba evliliğinin yaygın olmasından dolayı müslümanların onlarla evlenmesini yasaklamış (Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, IX, 192), yeni müslüman olup İslâmiyet’teki evlenme yasaklarına uymayanlara müdahalede bulunmuştur (Tirmizî, “Nikâḥ”, 33, 34; Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, III, 169). Diğer taraftan Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de haram olduğu belirtilenler dışındaki akraba ile evlenmeyi yasaklamamakla birlikte neslin sağlıklı ve güçlü olması için akraba olmayanlarla evlenmeyi tavsiye etmiştir (İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 46; Gazzâlî, II, 53; Abdel Rahim Omran, s. 27, 39).
İslâm’da hayatın çeşitli alanlarına dair pek çok düzenleme Kur’an ve Sünnet’in genel ilkeleri çerçevesinde ictihada ve İslâm toplumunun takdirine bırakılırken evlenme ve aile hakkındaki belli başlı hükümlerin bizzat Kur’an veya Hz. Peygamber tarafından belirlenmiş olması İslâm dininin evlilik ve aile kurumuna verdiği önemin açık bir ifadesidir. Evlilikle ilgili birtakım kayıt ve şartlara yer verilmesinin ve bazı kişiler arasında evlenme yasağı konmasının temel amacı ise insan neslinin insan onuruna yaraşır bir mükemmellikte sürdürülmesine, kadın ve erkeklerin evlilikten doğan haklarının gözetilmesine ve çocukların sağlıklı bir aile eğitimi almasına imkân veren bir ortamın hazırlanması, mahremiyet telakkisinin dinî ve hukukî güvence altına alınmasıdır.
İlk devirlerden itibaren müslüman toplumlarda evlenme engellerine hassasiyetle uyulmuş, klasik fıkıh literatüründe nikâh akdinin unsur ve şartları ele alınırken evlenecek çiftler arasında şer‘î bir evlenme engelinin bulunmaması üzerinde önemle durulmuş ve bazı eserlerde konu müstakil başlıklar altında incelenmiştir. Esasen Kur’an ve Sünnet’le sabit olan evlenme engellerinin pek çoğu hakkında icmâ oluştuğu, fıkıh âlimlerinin bu konudaki görüş farklılığının ise ayrıntılarda bulunduğu görülür.
Devamlı Evlenme Engelleri. a) Kan (nesep) hısımlığı. Semavî dinlerde ve hemen bütün hukuk ve ahlâk sistemlerinde belirli derecedeki hısımlar arasında evlilik yasaklanmıştır. Yasaklama sınırlarının dar veya geniş tutulması bu sistemin oturduğu temel inanç ve felsefe, toplumun gelenekleri, ahlâkî telakkileri ve aileye verdiği önemle yakından ilgilidir. İslâm’da evlenme engeli olarak kan hısımlığının derecesi konusunda orta bir yol tutulmuş olup bu yasağın kapsamındaki kadınlar dört grupta toplanır: 1. Usul (üst soy hısımları). Anne ile anne ve baba tarafından bütün nineler. 2. Fürû (alt soy hısımları). Kızlarla kız ve oğul tarafından bütün kız torunlar. 3. Anne ve babanın fürûu. Kız kardeşlerle kız ve erkek kardeşlerin kızları ve kız torunları. 4. Dede ve ninelerin sadece birinci derece fürûu. Halalar ve teyzeler. Anne, baba, dede, nine, hala ve teyzelerin hala ve teyzeleri de bu grubun hükümlerine tâbidir. Önceki gruplarda batından batına sürüp giden haramlık bu grupta yalnız birinci dereceyle sınırlı olduğundan amca, teyze, hala ve dayı kızlarıyla evlenilebilir (el-Ahzâb 33/50). b) Süt (radâ‘) hısımlığı. Bu, çocukla öz annesi dışında kendisine sütünü veren kadın ve onun belli derecedeki akrabaları arasında meydana gelen hısımlığı ifade eder. Süt veren kadın sütünü emen veya içen çocuğun sütannesi, kadının sütünün gelmesine sebep olan kocası sütbabası olur. Dolayısıyla sütanne ve sütbabanın nesep, süt ve sıhrî hısımları bu çocuğun da akrabası sayılır. Ancak süt emen çocuğun bütün akrabası değil kendisiyle birlikte sadece eşi, çocukları ve torunları sütanne ve sütbabanın akrabası olur. Buna göre süt hısımlığı sebebiyle evlenilmesi ebediyen haram olan kadınlar şunlardır: 1. Sütanne ile sütanne ve sütbaba tarafından bütün sütnineler. 2. Sütkızlar ve sütkız torunlar. 3. Sütanne ve sütbabanın nesep ve süt yönünden alt soyu, yani bir kimsenin sütkızkardeşleriyle süt cihetinden erkek veya kız kardeşlerinin nesep ve süt cihetinden kızları ve kız torunları. 4. Süthala ve sütteyzeler. 5. Eşin sütanne ve sütnineleri. 6. Eşin süt yönünden alt soyu, yani başka bir erkekle evli iken süt verdiği kızları ile bunlar vasıtasıyla kız torunları. 7. Süt yönünden üst soyun eşleri, yani kişinin süt üvey anneleri ve süt üvey nineleri. 8. Süt cihetinden oğul ve erkek torunların eşleri (ayrıca bk. RAD‘ ). c) Kayın hısımlığı (sıhrî hısımlık, musâhere). Evlenmeden doğan hısımlık sebebiyle evlenilmesi ebediyen haram olan kadınlar dört grupta toplanır: 1. Babanın ve dedelerin eşleri, yani kişinin üvey anneleri ve üvey nineleri. 2. Oğul ve erkek torunların eşleri. 3. Kayınvâlide ile eşin baba ve anne tarafından nineleri. 4. Eşin başka kocadan olan kızları ile kız torunları. Ancak son gruptakilerin muharremât kapsamına girmesi için nikâh akdi yeterli olmayıp zifafın da gerçekleşmesi gerekir. Öte yandan zina yoluyla vuku bulan cinsel ilişki de Hanefîler’e göre evlenme engeli oluşturur, yani kişi zina ettiği kişinin usul ve fürûu ile evlenemez. Şâfiîler’de ise bu yolla evlenme engeli meydana gelmez (ayrıca bk. SIHRİYET ).
Geçici Evlenme Engelleri. a) Başkasının eşi olma. Evli kadınla evlenmek haram olduğu gibi ölüm veya boşanma iddeti bekleyen kadınla evlenmek de yasaklanmıştır. b) İki mahrem kadınla birlikte evlenme. İki kadından birinin erkek olduğu farzedildiğinde bunların birbiriyle evlenmesi ebediyen haramsa kişinin bunları aynı anda nikâhı altında tutması câiz değildir. Buna göre bir kimsenin, eşi henüz nikâhı altındayken onun meselâ kız kardeşiyle veya halasıyla evlenemez. c) Üç defa boşama. Bir erkeğin eşini üç defa boşaması onunla yeniden evlenmesi için geçici bir engel teşkil eder. Bu engel, kadının bir başkasıyla geçerli bir evlilik yaptıktan sonra ikinci kocasının ölümü veya boşamasıyla ortadan kalkar. Bu durumda ilk koca boşamış olduğu eşiyle tekrar evlenebilir (el-Bakara 2/230). d) Beşinci kadın. Aynı zamanda dörtten fazla kadınla evlilik yasaklanmıştır (bk. ÇOK EVLİLİK ). Dört kadınla evli olan kimse beşinci bir kadınla evlenemeyeceği gibi bunlardan birini boşadığında onun iddet süresi bitmeden bir başka kadınla evlenemez. e) Liân. Karısının zina ettiğini veya çocuğunun zina mahsulü olduğunu iddia edip bunu dört şahitle ispat edemeyen koca hâkim huzurunda karısıyla hususi bir şekilde yeminleşir (en-Nûr 24/6-9). Liân adı verilen bu yeminleşme tamam olunca hâkim eşlerin ayrılmasına karar verir. Bu yolla ayrılan çift, Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre koca yalan söylediğini itiraf ederse tekrar evliliğe dönebilir; Ebû Yûsuf’a ve diğer mezhep imamlarına göre ise dönemez. f) Din farkı. Birçok dinde başka din mensuplarıyla evlenme yasaklanmış, hatta bazılarında farklı mezheplere bağlı kimseler arasında evlilik yapılmasına da olumsuz bakılmıştır. İslâm dininde bu konuda kadın ve erkek bakımından ortak olan yasaklık sebebi diğer tarafın inanç esaslarında şirk bulunan bir dine mensup olmasıdır. Bu husus Bakara sûresinin 221. âyetinde açıkça belirtildiği gibi Mümtehine sûresinin 10. âyetiyle ve buna dayalı olarak yapılan tatbikatla teyit edilmiştir. Bazı âlimler, bu âyetlerde geçen “müşrik” ve “kâfir” kelimelerinin “müslüman olmayan” anlamında kullanıldığını düşündüğü için müslümanların hangi dinden olursa olsun gayri müslimlerle evlenmelerinin yasak olduğu, fakat Mâide sûresinin 5. âyetiyle getirilen istisna sebebiyle müslüman erkeklerin Ehl-i kitap kadınlarıyla evlenebilecekleri kanaatindedir. Bazı âlimler ise Kur’an dilinde müşrik kelimesinin başta Arabistan putperestleri olmak üzere ilâhî bir kitabı benimsemeyen ve şirk inancına sahip inkârcılar için kullanıldığını, Allah’ın birliğine, aslı bozulmuş olsa da ilâhî bir kitaba ve peygamberlere iman eden Ehl-i kitabın bu kapsamda sayılmasının kesin olmadığını, dolayısıyla sadece Bakara sûresinin 221. âyetine dayanılarak müslüman erkeklerin Ehl-i kitap kadınlarla ve müslüman kadınların Ehl-i kitap erkeklerle evlenmelerinin câiz olup olmadığı hükmüne varılamayacağını, ancak Mâide sûresinin 5. âyetinden müslüman erkeklerin Ehl-i kitap kadınlarla evlenmesinin câiz olduğu hükmünün anlaşıldığını ifade etmişlerdir. Bu görüşte olanlar da Mümtehine sûresinin 10. âyeti yanında Allah’ın müminler aleyhine kâfirlere asla bir yol vermeyeceğini ifade eden Nisâ sûresinin 141 ve insanları müminkâfir olarak iki ana gruba ayıran Tegābün sûresinin 2. âyetleri başta olmak üzere başka delilleri dikkate alarak müslüman kadınların Ehl-i kitap erkeklerle evlenmesinin câiz olmadığı noktasında ilk gruptakilerle birleştiklerinden sonuç itibariyle bu hususta bir icmâ meydana gelmiş, İslâm toplumlarında ilk devirlerden itibaren görülen uygulama da bu istikamette olmuştur. Öte yandan bazı kaynaklarda Mümtehine sûresinin, “Kâfir kadınları nikâhınızda tutmayın” meâlindeki âyeti nâzil olduğu zaman bu âyetin gereğini yerine getirerek müşrik hanımlarını boşayanlar arasında bulunan Hz. Ömer’in (Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, IV, 1788; İbn Kesîr, IV, 351) müslüman erkeklerin Ehl-i kitap kadınlarla evlenmesini -haram saymamakla birlikte- hoş karşılamadığı ve Ehl-i kitap bir kadınla evlenen Medâin Valisi Huzeyfe b. Yemân’dan hanımını boşamasını istediği nakledilir (Cessâs, I, 332-333; II, 324). Bu delillere dayanan bazı fakihler, zorunlu olmadıkça müslüman erkeklerin Ehl-i kitap kadınlarla evlenmesini mekruh diye nitelemiştir. Ehl-i kitap olsa da İslâm’dan dönen (mürted) kadınla evlenmenin câiz olmadığı hususunda görüş birliği vardır. g) Mülkiyet ilişkisi. Fıkıh literatüründe kölelik statüsüyle bağlantılı geçici evlenme engellerine de temas edilir. Buna göre hür olan müslüman erkek ve kadın başkasının mülkiyeti altındaki câriye ve köle ile belli şartlar dahilinde evlenebilirse de kendi mülkünde bulunan câriye ve köle ile evlenemez. Yine hür bir kadınla evli kişinin ayrıca bir câriye ile evlenmesi câiz değildir. Diğer taraftan fıkıh eserlerinde akıl hastalığı, cinsel iktidarsızlık gibi durumlar evlenme engeli değil evlenme akdinin fesih sebepleri arasında mütalaa edilmiştir.
1917 tarihli Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi’nde fıkıh âlimlerinin üzerinde ittifak ettiği evlenme engelleri ayrı ayrı sayılmış (md. 13-19) ve müslüman bir kadının gayri müslim erkekle akdettiği nikâh bâtıl olarak nitelendirilmiştir (md. 58). Kölelik-câriyelik statüsüyle ilgili engeller ve liân ise evlenme engeli olarak zikredilmemiştir. Kararnâmenin 20-32. maddeleri arasında bulunan iki fasılda hıristiyan ve yahudilerin kendi aralarındaki evlenme engellerine yer verilmiştir.
Evlenme engelinin bulunmaması bazı fakihlerce nikâh akdinin in‘ikad şartları ve bazılarınca sıhhat şartları arasında sayılırken bir kısım fakihler tarafından evlenme engelleri ittifak edilenler ve ittifak edilmeyenler şeklinde iki kısma ayrılarak birinci gruptakiler in‘ikad, ikinci gruba girenler sıhhat şartı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Hanefîler, ibadetler dışında kalan meşrû amellerin eksikliklerini incelerken genellikle bâtıl ve fâsid şeklinde iki dereceli bir geçersizlik müeyyidesinden söz ederse de nikâh akdinde bu ayırımın yapılıp yapılmayacağı hususu tartışmalıdır. Yine bu mezhebe göre in‘ikad şartlarından biri eksik olan nikâh akdinin bâtıl olacağında ve hukukî sonuç doğurmayacağında görüş birliği bulunmakla birlikte muharremât ile evlenmenin hangi tür şartın ihlâli sayılacağı ve hukukî sonuçları konusunda farklı değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır (bk. FESAD ). Esbâb-ı mûcibe lâyihasından anlaşıldığına göre Hukūk-ı Âile Kararnâmesi’nde, akid yapılırken evlenme engellerine riayetsizlik halinde uygulanacak hukukî müeyyideler Ebû Hanîfe’nin görüşleri esas alınarak düzenlenmiş, dolayısıyla müslüman bir kadının gayri müslim bir erkekle evlenmesi bâtıl, diğer evlenme engellerinin bulunduğu hallerde yapılan evlilikler ise fâsid olarak nitelendirilmiştir (md. 53, 54, 58). Buna göre evlenme engeli bulunması halinde yapılan evlenme akdi -ister bâtıl ister fâsid olarak nitelendirilsin- geçersizdir; taraflar kendiliklerinden ayrılmazlarsa mahkemece ayrılmaları sağlanır. Ayrıca kararnâmede (md. 75, 76) zifaf meydana gelsin veya gelmesin bâtıl nikâha hiçbir sonuç bağlanmayacağı, zifaf meydana gelmesi halinde fâsid nikâha sadece mehir, iddet, nesep ve hürmet-i musâhere hükümlerinin bağlanacağı ifade edilmiştir. Hanefîler’in dışındaki mezhep fakihleri ise ibadetlerde olduğu gibi muâmelâtta da fesad ve butlânı eş anlamlı olarak kullandıklarından bu tür bir ihlâlin sonucu mutlak anlamda geçersizliktir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 20, 27.
Müslim, “Nikâḥ”, 37-38, “Raḍâʿ”, 1.
İbn Mâce, “Nikâḥ”, 34, 46.
Tirmizî, “Nikâḥ”, 33, 34.
Şâfiî, el-Üm , V, 168-170, 180-191.
Cessâs, Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân , I, 332-336; II, 112-139, 324-328; III, 438.
Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ , Haydarâbâd 1356, IX,192.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ , IX, 5-9.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , IV, 194-212.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , Kahire 1387/1967, II, 47-53.
Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân , Beyrut 1392/1972, I, 156-157; IV, 1788.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , II, 256-272; III, 1-5.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 6-8 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.