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MUHASSIL Skip to content Devlete ait vergi ve resimleri toplayan görevlilere verilen ad.
Arapça tahsîl masdarından türeyen, “tahsil edici” anlamındaki muhassıl kelimesi Osmanlı Devleti’nden önce Anadolu Selçukluları’nda kullanılmıştır. Muhassıllar Osmanlı Devleti’nde kuruluştan itibaren Anadolu’da ve Rumeli’de cizye, âşâr, âdet-i ağnâm, imdâd-ı seferiyye ve hazariyye, sâlâriyye, mukabele, bedel-i nüzül, avârız, ispençe vb. adlarla anılan vergilerin tarh ve tahsilinde görev yapmışlardır.
Muhassıl unvan ve yetkileri dönemlere göre değişiklik göstermiş, muhassıllar vergi toplamanın yanı sıra idarî vazifeler de üstlenmişlerdir. Genellikle büyük hasların, zeâmetlerin vergi gelirlerini toplayan bu görevliler taşrada mahallinde tesbit edilirdi. Tahrir defterlerinde muhassıl diye kayıtlı birçok şahsa rastlanması has ve vakıf topraklarının yaygınlığıyla ilgili olabilir. Ancak bunların sayısının fazla oluşu söz konusu görevin niteliği hakkında bazı tereddütlere yol açmıştır. Bunların bir kısmının “ilim tahsil eden” anlamında muhassıl olarak kaydedildiği ve aslında talebe durumunda olup vergi toplamakla alâkaları bulunmadığı üzerinde durulmuştur. Bununla birlikte söz konusu durumun her bölge için genelleştirilemeyeceği açıktır.
Klasik dönemde umumiyetle mahallî unsurlardan seçilen muhassıllar giderek kendi bölgelerinde nüfuzlu şahıslar haline geldiler. Böylece mahallî idarede yeni bir sosyal sınıfın ortaya çıkışına zemin hazırlanmış oldu. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren muhassıllık daha farklı bir mahiyete büründü, bunlar idarî yetkilerle donatıldılar. XVII. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren timar ve zeâmetlerde yapılan değişiklikler sonucunda bir kısmının mâlikâne haline konulması üzerine Anadolu’da Saruhan, Hudâvendigâr, Karesi, Canik sancakları ile Halep, Musul eyaletleri sancakları ve Mora, Sakız, Sisam, daha sonra Girit ve Taşoz adaları, ayrıca Rumeli’de bazı sancakların gelirlerini toplamakla görevli memurlar muhassıl unvanıyla adlandırılmış (muhassılü’l-emvâl), aynı zamanda buraların yönetiminden de sorumlu tutulmuştur. 1742’de İran savaşları sırasında eyalet tarzında emaneten yönetilen Kıbrıs adası da sadâret hassı olarak belirlenmiş, ancak muhassıl tayin edilen kimselerin kötü idareleri yüzünden yeniden eski şekline döndürülmüştür. Ayrıca bu yüzyılın başından itibaren mâzul vezir ve sadrazamlar sancaklarda muhassıl sıfatıyla görevlendirilmiştir. Muhassıl tayin edilen kişiler bizzat görev yerine gitmedikleri zaman vekilleri vasıtasıyla idareyi yürütmüşlerdir. XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren muhassıllıklar daha yoğun biçimde yerli ailelerin eline geçmiş, bunlar mütesellimler gibi yolsuzluklara karıştıklarından haklarında şikâyetler olmuştur. Meselâ Canik muhassıllığına getirilen Canikli Hacı Ali Paşa devleti en çok uğraştıran yerli hânedan reislerinden biridir.
XIX. yüzyıl başlarında pek çok sancak muhassıllık şeklinde yönetilmeye başlanmıştır. Bunlardan Teke sancağı 1812’de muhassıllık şeklinde idare edilmesi şartıyla Karaman Valisi Ali Paşa’ya ilhaken verilmiştir. Yine Darphâne-i Âmire tarafından yönetilen ve devletin en büyük mukātaalarından olan Bolu ile Viranşehir sancakları 3 Mart 1825’te voyvodalıktan çıkarılıp muhassıllığa çevrilmiştir.
Gülhane Hatt-ı Hümâyunu ile, öteden beri halkı ve devleti zarara uğratan ve şikâyetlere sebep olan iltizam usulünün kaldırılacağına dair karar alınmış, bu karar çerçevesinde çeşitli isimlerle alınan vergilerin yerine herkesten geliri oranında tek bir verginin tahsil edilmesi esası benimsenmiştir. Böylece devletin gelirlerinin toplanmasında önemli rol oynayan ve halkla devlet arasında aracılık eden mültezimlere işten el çektirilerek vergileri toplamakla vazifeli ve doğrudan merkeze bağlı olan muhassıl-ı emvâl adlı görevliler tayin edilmiştir.
Muhassıllık sisteminin uygulanmasına merkeze yakın eyaletlerden başlanmış, kendilerine yardımcı olmak üzere muhassılların yanına birer mal, emlâk ve nüfus kâtibi verilmiştir. 25 Ocak 1840 tarihinde çıkarılan bir nizamnâme ile muhassılların tayin ve çalışma esasları belirlenmiştir. Buna göre hazinenin bütün gelir kayıtları ve defterler muhassıllara verilecek, kaydı bulunmayanlar belirlenip hazineye bildirilecekti. Nüfus ve mülk sayımının yapılış tarzı ve bu işlerde görev alan kişilerin masraflarının karşılanma şartları da tesbit edilmiştir. Eski gelirlerin lağvedilip yerine yeni bir sistem getirilmeye çalışılırken devletin rutin giderlerini karşılamak üzere halktan geçici olarak peşin bir verginin alınması kararlaştırılmıştır. Daha sonra yeni usule göre vergi yazım işlemleri tamamlanıp halkın ödeyeceği gerçek vergi oranı ortaya çıkınca daha önce ödenen peşin vergi bu meblağdan düşülecekti.
Muhassıllara yardımcı olmak, vergilerin tesbit ve tevzii ve bu konularla ilgili görüşmeler yapmak üzere sancak merkezlerinde birer muhassıllık meclisi (büyük meclis) teşkil edilecekti. Meclis muhassıl, hâkim, müftü, asker zâbiti, mahallin ileri gelenlerinden dirayetli ve iyi halli dört temsilci ve iki kâtipten oluşmaktaydı. Bölgede gayri müslimler de yaşıyorsa bunlar metropolit ve kocabaşılarından belirlenen iki kişiyle temsil edilecekti. Ancak uygulamada ikiden fazla gayri müslim unsur ve cemaatin bulunduğu yerlerde temsilcilerin nasıl seçileceği meselesi ortaya çıkmış ve bu durum Meclis-i Vâlâ’da ele alınarak böyle yerlerde her cemaatin bir kişiyle temsil edilmesi kararlaştırılmıştır. Meclis haftada iki üç gün toplanacaktı.
Eyalet merkezlerinde ise müşirin başkanlığında daha geniş yetkilerle görev yapan aynı nitelikte meclisler oluşturulacaktı. Muhassıl bulunmayan küçük kazalar birleşerek muhassılın tayin edeceği bir vekilin başkanlığında küçük meclisler kurabilecekti. Bu meclisin üyeleri müftü, nâib ve yörenin ileri gelenlerinden seçilecek kişilerdi. Köylerde ise imam ve muhtarlar köyü ilgilendiren konuları karara bağlayacaktı. Gayri müslimlerin köylerinde bu görev kocabaşılar tarafından gerçekleştirilecekti. İmam, muhtar veya kocabaşıların aldığı kararlar büyük meclisin onayından sonra geçerli olabilecekti. Büyük meclislerin vergi suçları ve suistimalleri konusunda kesin yargılama hakkı mevcuttu. Bu haklarını nizamî mahkemelerin kurulmasına kadar kullanmıştır. Meclisin yargı kararının kesinleşmesi davanın önemine göre Meclis-i Vâlâ’nın tasdikiyle mümkündü. Vergi toplama işlerinde askerler de muhassıllara yardım edecekti. Toplanacak hazine gelirlerinin muhafaza edilmesi görevi sancak ileri gelenlerinden meclisçe seçilecek olan sandık eminine verilmişti.
Devlet bu sistemle, diğer alanlarda olduğu gibi malî sahada da merkezî bir yapıya gitmek ve mahallî yöneticilerin hazine gelirlerini kendi çıkarlarına göre kullanmalarının önüne geçmek istemişti. Ancak menfaatleri zedelenen vali, sancak beyi, mütesellim gibi taşra yöneticilerinin yanında mahallî eşraf da bu karardan memnun olmamıştı. Bu yüzden yeni düzenlemeleri başarısızlığa uğratmak için halkı çeşitli söylentilerle kışkırttılar. Kışkırtmalar bazı yerlerde sonuç verdi; nitekim böyle bir tahrik neticesinde ortaya çıkan olayda Tokat’ta bir muhassıl öldürüldü. Bunların yanında bazı yerlerde muhassıllar mahallî eşrafın baskısıyla gerekli vergiyi toplayamazken bazı yerlerde merkezin gözüne girmek isteyen bir kısım görevlilerin fazla vergi koyduğu görülmüştür. Bu gibi uygulamalar ve bazı muhassılların kanunlara aykırı şekilde halktan topladığı paralar ve yapmış olduğu yolsuzluklar da huzursuzluğa yol açmıştır.
Diğer bir önemli husus da meclislere tayin edilmesi gereken mahallî temsilcilerin birçok yerde merkez tarafından işten el çektirilmek istenen âyan ve eşraf arasından seçilmesiydi. Öte yandan bunlar, kendi aralarında mevcut anlaşmazlıkları meclislere taşıyarak meclislerin istenen doğrultuda çalışmasını sekteye uğratmışlardır. Böylece meclisler, müslüman ve gayri müslim halkın temsilcilerinin yönetime katılmasına değil taşradaki nüfuzlu şahsiyetlerin eski durumlarını muhafaza etmesine yardımcı olmuştur.
Kısa süre uygulanan muhassıllık sisteminden beklenen fayda sağlanamamış, 1840 ve 1841 yıllarına ait devlet gelirlerinde büyük azalmalar meydana gelmiştir. Öte yandan maliyede gelirler aleyhinde ortaya çıkan bu farkın bir şekilde giderilmesi gerekiyordu. Devlet bu açığı kâğıt para emisyonuyla kapatmak istemiş ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde ilk defa kâğıt para çıkarılmıştır. Paraya olan ihtiyaç o derece âcildi ki ilk kâğıt paralar yıllık % 12,5 faizle piyasaya sürülmüştü. Bu faiz oranı o dönemde piyasada olan eshamdan birkaç puan daha yüksekti. Bu olumsuz neticeler üzerine muhassıllık sistemi 1842 yılının başında kaldırılarak eski iltizam usulüne dönülmüştür. Bu tarihten itibaren muhassıllıklar birleştirilip eyaletlere defterdar adıyla daha geniş yetkilerle donatılmış maliye memurları gönderilmiştir. Muhassıllık meclisleri ise memleket meclisi adı altında faaliyetlerini 1849 düzenlemesine kadar sürdürmüş, bu tarihte de eyalet meclisleri ismini almıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 18-20 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.