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Sözlükte “seçilmiş” anlamına gelen muhtâr terim olarak “mahalle veya köyün işlerini yönetmek için atanmış/seçilmiş idareci” demektir. Kelime, muhtarlık teşkilâtı kurulmadan önce mahalle, köy ve kasabanın önde gelen güvenilir kişileriyle (BA, HH, nr. 17923-A, 28377) esnafın ileri gelenlerini de nitelerdi (BA, HH, nr. 29886). Bunun yanında Avrupa ülkeleri, İran ve Hindistan’la ticaret yapan beratlı hayriye tüccarının İstanbul’da kendilerini temsil etmek üzere aralarından seçtikleri kişiler için de kullanılır. Tüccar muhtarlarının sayısı iki olup suçları sabit olmadıkça azledilemezlerdi. Görevleri hayriye tüccarı arasına katılmak isteyenlerin namuslu, dürüst ve dindar kişiler olup olmadığını araştırmaktı. Tüccar şehbenderiyle birlikte yaptıkları bu araştırmanın neticesi müsbet olursa ilgili tüccar için bir şehâdetnâme hazırlayıp hayriye tüccarı nâzırına gönderirlerdi. Nâzır şehâdetnâmeyi hükümete arzeder ve hükümet konuyu uygun görürse tüccarın beratı hazırlanırdı (İstanbul Müftülüğü Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi, İstanbul Kadılığı Mahkemesi, nr. 188, vr. 1a -7b ). Bunun dışında muhtar kelimesi, Osmanlılar’ın sosyal yapısında bazı zümrelerin seçilmiş temsilcileri için de kullanılmıştır. Yine belirli bir zümrenin veya yabancı devlet hükümdarı ve idarecisinin durumuna işaret etmek üzere bunların elkābı içerisinde resmî bir hitap olarak da yer almıştır. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in teşkilât kanunnâmesinde defterdarlar için yazılan elkābda bu kelime “muhtârü’l-küberâ” şeklinde görülür. Eflak-Boğdan voyvodaları elkābı esnasında da “muhtârü’l-ümerâi’l-milleti’l-Mesîhiyye” ibaresi yer alır. Benzer bir ifade diğer hıristiyan hükümdar ve devlet ricâli, hatta İngiltere kraliçesi elkābı içinde de kullanılmıştır.
Muhtarlık teşkilâtı ilk defa 1829’da İstanbul’da ve bilâd-ı selâsede (Üsküdar, Galata ve Eyüp) uygulamaya konuldu. Bunda amaç İstanbul’a göçü kontrol etmek, mahallelere giriş çıkışı denetim altına alarak güvenliği sağlamak ve yönetim aleyhinde yapılan dedikoduları önlemekti. İlk muhtarlar tayin yoluyla iş başına getirildi (Lutfî, II, 173). Teşkilât İstanbul dışında 1833’ten itibaren önce Kastamonu’da oluşturuldu. Kastamonu sancağına bağlı Taşköprü’de âyan Hacı Ömer’in halka kötü davranması ve fazla vergi toplaması üzerine ortadan kaldırılmasının ardından mütesellim Mustafa Ağa, onun yerine yeni âyan seçtirmeyerek İstanbul’da uygulanmakta olan muhtarlık usulünü getirdi. Her mahallede halk nezdinde saygınlığı olan, tecrübeli, namuslu ve becerikli kimselerden seçtiği iki kişiyi “muhtâr-ı evvel” ve “muhtâr-ı sânî” adıyla tayin etti. Ayrıca mahalle imamlarını muhtarlara, muhtarları mahalle sâkinlerine ve mahalle ileri gelenlerini de birbirine kefil yaparak durumu İstanbul’a bildirdi (BA, HH, nr. A-C, 24029). Bu sistem bir bakıma II. Mahmud’un nüfuzunu yok etmek istediği âyanlığın yerine ikame edilmişti.
Gayri müslimlerin yaşadığı yerlere ise muhtarların gördüğü vazifeleri yerine getirmek için kâhyalar atandı. Gayri müslim köy ve mahallelerinin eskiden olduğu gibi kocabaşılar tarafından yönetildiği şeklinde iddialar varsa da (Çadırcı, XXXIV/135 [1970], s. 411) belgeler buralara kâhyaların kısa bir dönem için dahi olsa tayin edilmiş olduğunu gösterir (BA, HH, nr. 24235, A, 29521, A). Nitekim kâhyaların bazı yolsuzluklara karışmaları sonucunda hükümetin, kendi cemaatleri arasında meydana gelen bu gibi olumsuzlukları önlemeleri için hahambaşını ve patrikleri uyardığına dair kayıtlara rastlanır (BA, HH, nr. 19258, C). Bu problemler sebebiyle gayri müslim mahalle/köylerin eskiden olduğu gibi kocabaşılarca yönetilmesi sürdürüldü ve ancak 1860’ta Rumeli’de bulunan muhbir ve kocabaşılıklar muhtarlığa dönüştürüldü (BA, A.MKT.NZD, nr. 328/98).
Halkın muhtarlık uygulamasından memnun olduğunun anlaşılmasından sonra teşkilâtın yaygınlaştırılması için ülkenin her tarafına emirler gönderildi. 1833 yılından itibaren Ankara (BA, HH, nr. 19281, C), Sivas (BA, HH, nr. 19281, B, 22313, H), Aydın (BA, HH, nr. 19281, A) gibi Anadolu şehirlerinde muhtarlık oluşturuldu ve ülkenin diğer yöreleriyle Rumeli’ye (BA, HH, nr. 24235, A) doğru yaygınlaştırıldı. Seçilen muhtarların isimleri kadı tarafından deftere kaydedilip defterler defter nâzırına ve oradan da cerîde nezâretine gönderiliyor, isimler padişahın onayından geçtikten sonra darphânede adlarına mühürler kazdırılarak muhtarlara yollanıyordu.
Mahalle/köyde güvenliği sağlamak, verginin tevziine ve toplanmasına yardımcı olmak muhtarların başlıca görevleriydi. Bu sebeple muhtarlar gelenlerin seyahat belgelerini (mürur tezkiresi) kontrol eder, tezkiresizleri geri gönderir, kurallara uygun biçimde yerleşmek isteyenlere yer gösterir, yeni gelenlere kefil bulur veya kendisi kefil olur, ismini deftere kaydedip defter nâzırına bildirirdi. Başka yere gitmek isteyenlere defter nâzırının onayı ile mahkemenin vereceği mürur tezkiresine temel teşkil etmek üzere şahsın eşkâli ile anne ve baba adı, gitmek istediği yer ve orada kalacağı süreyi belirtir bir mühürlü pusula verirdi. Doğum ve ölümlerin, başka yere göç eden veya gelenlerin kayıtlarını tutar, günü gününe defter nâzırına bildirirdi. Muhtarlar, 1830-1831 nüfus sayımının ardından sancaklarda teşkil edilen defter nâzırlıklarına ve nâzırlıklar da İstanbul’da kurulan Cerîde Nezâreti’ne bağlandı. Ancak idarî bakımdan denetimleri nezârete değil sancak mütesellimlerine aitti.
27 Eylül 1841 tarihli bir belgeden Tanzimat’ın ilânının hemen sonrasına kadar muhtar ve kocabaşıların vergiden muaf tutulduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Muhassıllık sisteminin kurulmasıyla birlikte bu muafiyetler kaldırıldı. Buna karşılık köylerinin büyüklüğüne göre muhassıllık malından kendilerine yıllık 30 ile 1000 kuruş arasında değişen oranlarda maaş bağlanması kararlaştırıldı (BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 12783) ve bu karar bazı yörelerde kısa süreli de olsa uygulandı (Efe, s. 91, 131). Fakat bir kısım muhassılların muhtarlara yüksek maaşlar tahsis etmesinin bütçeye getirdiği büyük yük göz önünde bulundurularak fazla sürdürülmedi.
1864 Vilâyet Nizamnâmesi’yle köy yönetimi yeniden düzenlenince müslümanların ve gayri müslimlerin beraberce yaşadığı köylerde her cemaatin kendi muhtarını ve ihtiyar heyetini seçmesi kararlaştırıldı. İhtiyar meclisi köy/mahalle idaresindeki yerini ilk defa bu nizamnâmeyle aldı. İmamların ve gayri müslimlerin ruhanî liderlerinin de üye olduğu, üye sayısı üç ile on iki arasında değişen bu meclisin görevi cemaat üyeleri arasındaki anlaşmazlıkları çözmek, cemaatlere düşen vergiyi kişilere paylaştırıp toplanması işini denetlemek, korucu ve bekçileri seçmek, gerekirse muhtarı kaymakama şikâyet edip azlini istemekti. Muhtarın görevleri vergi toplanması, belediye hizmetleri, çeşme, okul ve mâbedlerin bakım ve onarımı, bekçi ve korucuların idaresi, devletin resmî tebliğlerinin halka duyurulması, nüfus kayıtlarının tutulması, veraset davalarında mahkemelere yardımcı olunması şeklinde giderek genişledi. Bir yolsuzluk sebebiyle tahkikat geçirip suçu sabit görülen muhtarlar doğrudan veya ihtiyar meclisinin isteği üzerine görevden alınabilirdi.
Nizamnâme, muhtar ve ihtiyar meclisi seçimlerinin yılda bir defa yapılmasını öngörmekle birlikte bunun gerçekleştirilebildiğini söylemek güçtür. Bu sebeple bir kere seçilen muhtar bazan senelerce görevini sürdürebiliyordu. Öte yandan muhtarların vergi kâtipleri vasıtasıyla altı ayda bir görülmesi gereken hesapları çok defa yıllarca incelenmediğinden halktan tahsil edilen vergi gelirleri uzun süre zimmetlerinde kalıyor, bu da devleti zarara uğratıyordu (BA, DH.TMIK, nr. 27/71 S). Muhtarlık ve ihtiyar meclisi seçimlerinde oy kullanabilmek için yıllık asgari 50 kuruş vergi vermek, Osmanlı uyruklu ve erkek olmak, on sekiz yaşını doldurmak; seçilebilmek için de otuz yaşını doldurmak ve yılda en az 100 kuruş vergi vermek gerekiyordu. Bu son şart uygulamada sıkıntıya yol açtı; zira bazı yerleşim yerlerinde 100 kuruş vergi veren kimse bulunamadı. Bunun üzerine muhtarların en çok vergi verenler arasından seçilmesi şeklinde bir çözüm bulundu (BA, DH.MUİ, nr. 101/12). Muhtar ve ihtiyar heyeti seçimleri yapıldıktan sonra seçim sonuçları, altında köyün ileri gelenlerinin mühürlerinin yer aldığı bir mazbatayla arzedilirdi. Burada göze çarpan en önemli husus, mazbatada imzası bulunan şahısların seçilenlere kefil olmaları ve bunlardan birinin hazineye ait gelirlerden zimmetine para geçirmesi veya herhangi bir yolsuzluğa karışması durumunda devletin zararını ödeyeceklerini taahhüt etmeleriydi (BA, Y.PRK.UM, 57/113).
9 Kânunusâni 1286 (21 Ocak 1871) tarihli İdâre-i Umûmiyye-i Vilâyât Nizamnâmesi’yle ihtiyar meclisleri ve muhtarın üzerinde kontrol yetkisi olan nahiye müdürlüğü oluşturulunca muhtarlar artık devletle iletişimini köy ile kaza arasında bir idarî birim olarak yerini alan nahiye müdürü vasıtasıyla gerçekleştirmeye başladı. 13 Mart 1329 (26 Mart 1913) tarihli İdâre-i Umûmiyye-i Vilâyât Kānûn-ı Muvakkati ile 1864 ve 1871 tarihli nizamnâmeler yürürlükten kaldırıldı. Yeni kanunda köy ve mahalle idaresiyle ilgili herhangi bir hüküm yoktu. Bu durum, muhtarlık ve ihtiyar heyetlerinin söz konusu geçici kanunla lağvedildiği anlamına gelmekle beraber bunlar fiilî olarak görevlerini sürdürdüler. Dahiliye Nezâreti, bu hukukî boşluğu doldurmak için bir ara İstanbul’da muhtar ve ihtiyar heyeti seçimlerinde kullanılmak amacıyla hazırlanmış olan tâlimatı bütün vilâyetlere göndererek muhtar ve ihtiyar heyeti seçimlerinin bu tâlimata göre yapılmasını istedi. Tâlimata göre seçilen muhtar ve ihtiyar heyeti üyeleri o mahallin en yüksek mülkiye memurunun onayı ile tayin edilmekteydi. Görevleri de önceki nizamnâmelerde belirlenenlerden farklı olup mebus seçimi, askerlik, tapu ve nüfus gibi çeşitli konulardaki muamelelere esas olacak ilmühaberleri düzenlemekti.
Muhtar ve ihtiyar heyetleri böylece herhangi bir kanunî dayanağı olmaksızın 1934 yılına kadar görevlerine devam ettiler. 10 Haziran 1933 tarihinde kabul edilen ve 1 Ocak 1934’ten itibaren yürürlüğe giren, belediye teşkilâtı olan yerlerde muhtar ve ihtiyar heyetlerinin lağvını öngören 2295 numaralı kanunla görevlerinin önemli bir kısmı belediyelere devredildi. Ancak uygulamada bazı problemlerin ortaya çıkması üzerine 10 Nisan 1944 tarihli ve 4541 sayılı Şehir ve Kasabalarda Mahalle Muhtar ve İhtiyar Heyetleri Teşkiline Dair Kanun’la muhtarlık ve muhtarın başkanlığı altında olan ihtiyar heyetleri tekrar oluşturuldu. Muhtarların görevleri kanunda ayrıntılı biçimde tesbit edilmişti. Kanuna göre muhtar veya ihtiyar heyetleri, yaptıkları hizmet karşılığında iş sahiplerinden vilâyet idare heyetinin belirleyeceği bir miktar harç alacak ve bunu düzenledikleri belgenin üzerine not edeceklerdi. Tahsil edilen harç muhtarlara aitti. 29 Ağustos 1977 tarihli ve 2108 sayılı Muhtar Ödenek ve Sosyal Güvenlik Yasası ile il özel idareleri vasıtasıyla verilmek kaydıyla muhtarlara aylık ödenek tahsis edildi; ayrıca herhangi bir sosyal güvenlik kurumuna bağlı olmayan muhtarlar Bağ-Kur kapsamına alındı. Öte yandan hizmetlerden almakta oldukları harçları yine tahsile devam ettiler. Muhtarlık ve ihtiyar heyetlerinden oluşan köy/mahalle teşkilâtı, Osmanlı Devleti’nin dağılmasından sonra özellikle Suriye, Ürdün ve Filistin gibi bölgelerde uzunca bir müddet daha varlığını sürdürdü.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, HH, nr. 17923-A, 19258, C, 19281, A-D, H, 22313, A-C, 24029, H, 24234, A, 24235, A, 25064, C, 27865-A, 28377, 29521, A, 29886; BA, A.MKT.NZD, nr. 328/98; BA, A.MKT.UM, 527/94; 530/67; BA, Cevdet-Dahiliye, nr. 5396, 12783; BA, DH.MUİ, nr. 101/12; BA, DH.TMIK, nr. 27/71 S; BA, Y.PRK.UM, nr. 26/58, lef 11; nr. 57/113; BA, ZB, nr. 59/10; İstanbul Müftülüğü Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi, İstanbul Kadılığı Mahkemesi, nr. 188, vr. 1a -7b ; Düstur, Birinci tertip, İstanbul 1289, I, 618-620, 636-639, 647-648; İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1332, V, 186-216; Üçüncü tertip, XXV, 227-234; Beşinci tertip, XVI/2, s. 2456-2457; Lutfî, Târih, II, 173; V, 35; Sıddık Tümerkan, Türkiye’de Belediyeler (Tarihi Gelişimi ve Bugünkü Durumu), İstanbul 1946, s. 368-376; İlber Ortaylı, Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Yerel Yönetim Geleneği, İstanbul 1985, s. 100-108; Özcan Mert, “XVIII. ve XIX. Yüzyıllarda Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Kocabaşılık Deyimi, Seçimleri ve Kocabaşılık İddiaları”, Prof. Dr. Hakkı Dursun Yıldız Armağanı, Ankara 1995, s. 401-407; Ayla Efe, Muhassıllık Teşkilâtı (doktora tezi, 2002), Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 29, 91, 131; Takvîm-i Vekā-yi‘, nr. 73, İstanbul 7 Şâban 1249, s. 2-3; nr. 81, 5 Zilhicce 1249, s. 2-3; Musa Çadırcı, “Türkiye’de Muhtarlık Teşkilâtının Kurulması Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, TTK Belleten, XXXIV/135 (1970), s. 409-420; Galip Eken, “Sivas Eyaletinde Muhtarlığın Tesisi ve Muhtarların Kimliğine Dair”, TY, XX/148-149 (2000), s. 518-525; C. V. Findley, “Muk̲h̲tār”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 519-521.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 51-53 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.