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MUHTÂR es-SEKAFÎ Skip to content Ebû İshâk Muhtâr b. Ebî Ubeyd b. Mes‘ûd es-Sekafî (ö. 67/687)
Hz. Hüseyin’in intikamını almak amacıyla ayaklanan siyasî-dinî lider.
Tâif’in hâkim kabilesi Sakīf’e mensup olup hicretin 1. yılında (622) dünyaya geldi. Babası Ebû Ubeyd es-Sekafî’nin kumanda ettiği Köprü Muharebesi’nde şehid düşmesi üzerine amcası Sa‘d b. Mes‘ûd tarafından büyütüldü. Hz. Ali’yi destekleyen amcasının Cemel Vak‘ası’ndan sonra vali tayin edildiği Medâin’de bulundu ve 37 (657-58) yılında amcası Hâricîler’le savaştığı sırada yerine baktı. Sa‘d’ın yanında büyük ihtimalle Hz. Ali taraftarı olarak yetişmişti. Bununla birlikte amcasını, 41’de (661) Medâin’e uğrayan Hz. Hasan’ı tutuklayıp Muâviye’ye teslim etmesi için yönlendirmeye çalıştığı da söylenmektedir. Emevîler’in kuruluş günlerinde Kûfe’ye yerleşen Muhtâr önceleri siyasetten uzak durdu. 51 (671) yılında Hz. Ali taraftarı Hucr b. Adî aleyhinde şahitlik yapmadığı için hapse atıldı. I. Yezîd zamanında Hz. Hüseyin adına biat almak üzere Kûfe’ye gelen Müslim b. Akīl’in Vali Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd tarafından öldürülmesine (60/680) gösterdiği tepki yüzünden ikinci defa hapse atılan ve ancak eniştesi Abdullah b. Ömer’in aracılığıyla serbest bırakılan Muhtâr, Hz. Hüseyin’in intikamını alacağını söyleyerek Abdullah b. Zübeyr ile görüşmek için Mekke’ye ve onu açıktan biat almaya ikna edemeyince de Tâif’e gitti. Bir yıl sonra Mekke’ye geri geldi ve açıktan biat almaya başlayan Abdullah b. Zübeyr’e katılıp 64’te (683) şehri kuşatan Emevî ordusuna karşı savaştı. I. Yezîd’in ölümünün ardından Abdullah b. Zübeyr’den beklediği ilgiyi göremeyince Hz. Ali taraftarlarının yardımını temin edeceğini söyleyerek Kûfe’ye döndü. Ancak sözünü tutmadığı gibi Hz. Hüseyin’in intikamını almak için başlatılan Tevvâbîn hareketine de katılmadı. Hz. Ali’nin diğer oğullarından Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin kendisini emîr tayin ettiğini ileri sürüp onun adına faaliyete geçti. Davetini, özellikle Ali evlâdına karşı büyük muhabbet besleyen ve Emevî idarecilerince bazı haklarından mahrum bırakıldıkları gibi Abdullah b. Zübeyr tarafından da ihmal edilen gayri Arap unsurlara (mevâlî) yöneltti. Bunun üzerine Abdullah b. Zübeyr’in valisi tarafından tutuklandı ve hapisten yine Abdullah b. Ömer’in araya girmesiyle kurtuldu.
Muhtâr es-Sekafî daha geniş kitleleri etkileyebilmek için, nüfuz sahibi liderlerden Hz. Ali’nin ünlü kumandanı Eşter’in oğlu İbrâhim’e “mehdî” lakabını verdiği Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin ağzından bir mektup yazıp götürerek onu kendi safına çekmeyi başardı. İbrâhim ile birlikte 14 Rebîülevvel 66 (19 Ekim 685) tarihinde Hz. Hüseyin’in intikamını almak üzere isyan başlatmaya karar verdiler. Ancak durumdan haberdar olan valinin müdahalesi yüzünden isyan bir gün önce başlatıldı ve Kûfeliler’in de yardımıyla başarıya ulaşılarak şehir ele geçirildi. Arkasından Muhtâr, Kitap ve Sünnet’e tâbi olma, Ehl-i beyt’in intikamını alma, haksız yere kan akıtanlarla savaşma ve zayıfları müdafaa etme şartıyla biat almaya başladı; bu arada çatışmaların bitmesinden sonra muhaliflerine karşı sert davranılmasını yasakladı.
Bu isyanda önemli rol oynayan mevâlîye büyük yakınlık gösteren Muhtâr kendilerini Arap asıllı müslümanlarla eşit tutmuş ve askerlerinin çoğunu (Dîneverî’ye göre 40.000 kişi; bk. el-Aḫbârü’ṭ-ṭıvâl, s. 300), özellikle muhafız birliğini onlardan seçmişti. Bu yüzden Araplar’dan 10.000 kişi, Muhtâr’ın Allah’ın kendilerine ganimet olarak verdiği insanları ganimetlerine ortak ettiğini söyleyip Basra’ya gitti (a.g.e., s. 304). Kûfe’nin ele geçirilmesinden sonra Muhtâr, İbrâhim b. Eşter’i Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd’ın üzerine gönderdi. Mevâlînin kendileriyle eşit tutulmasına tepki gösteren Arap eşrafı bunu fırsat bilerek ayaklandıysa da İbn Eşter’in âniden geri dönmesiyle isyan bastırıldı. Muhtâr, bu olayların ardından önceki politikasını değiştirip Kerbelâ Vak‘ası’na karışan Kûfeliler’in tamamını öldürterek evlerini yıktırdı (Zilhicce 66 / Temmuz 686). O sırada Abdullah b. Zübeyr de hacca gelen Muhammed b. Hanefiyye ve yakınlarını kendisine biata çağırmış ve reddetmeleri üzerine onları Zemzem Kuyusu civarındaki bir binada tutuklatıp çevrelerine odun yığdırarak verdiği süre dolunca yakmakla tehdit etmişti. Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin yazdığı bir mektupla gelişmelerden haberdar olan Muhtâr, Ebû Abdullah el-Cedelî kumandasında 150 kişilik bir süvari birliği göndererek onları kurtardı. Ardından tekrar Ubeydullah’ın üzerine giden İbrâhim b. Eşter, Hâzir nehri kıyısında onu ağır bir hezimete uğrattı (9 Muharrem 67 / 5 Ağustos 686); kendisi dahil askerlerinin büyük kısmı kılıçtan geçirildi. Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin kurtarılması ve bu zafer Muhtâr’ın şöhretini daha da arttırdı. Bunun üzerine İbnü’z-Zübeyr, kendisi için gittikçe daha büyük bir tehlike halini alan Muhtâr’ı durdurmak amacıyla kardeşi Mus‘ab’ı Basra valiliğine tayin etti. Kûfe’den gelen Araplar sayesinde güç kazanan ordusuyla Kûfe’ye yürüyen Mus‘ab dört aylık bir kuşatmadan sonra şehri ele geçirdi. Yaptığı son huruç hareketi sırasında öldürülen Muhtâr’ın cesedi parçalanarak sağ eli Kûfe Camii’nin cümle kapısına asıldı (14 Ramazan 67 / 3 Nisan 687).
İslâm tarihinin önemli şahsiyetlerinden ve ünlü hatiplerinden olan Muhtâr es-Sekafî, mevâlî ile Kûfe’deki Hz. Ali taraftarlarını birleştirerek Araplar dışındaki müslümanları da olayların içine sokmuş ve sadece Kerbelâ Vak‘ası’nın intikamını almakla kalmayıp asıl hedefini teşkil eden Emevîler’in yıkılışını da etkilemiştir. Ali evlâdı taraftarlığının siyasî hareketten dinî bir inanca dönüşmesine zemin hazırlayan fikirleri kısa zamanda Abbâsî daveti halini alarak Kûfe’den Horasan’a sıçramış ve sonuçta Emevîler’in ortadan kaldırılmasına yol açmıştır. Bu bakımdan Muhtâr geleceği şekillendiren büyük simalardan biri sayılmıştır (Wellhausen, Arap Devleti ve Sukutu, s. 240).
Aynı zamanda bir mezhep lideri hüviyetiyle kendini gösteren Muhtâr es-Sekafî hakkında hemen bütün kaynaklarda sırasıyla Hâricî, Zübeyrî ve Şiî olduğu, daha sonra Hz. Hüseyin’in intikamını almak için ortaya çıktığında anlaşılmaz ifadelerle çeşitli gizli ilimlerden bahsederek farklı düşüncelerin doğmasına sebebiyet verdiği şeklinde değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Bazı kaynaklarda ise kâhinler gibi gayba dair birtakım sözler söylediği, peygamberler gibi meleklerin getirdiği vahiyle yahut imamın bildirmesiyle meydana gelecek hadiseleri önceden bildiği ve haber verdikleri gerçekleşmediği takdirde Allah’ın bilgi ve iradesinin değiştiğini ileri sürdüğü (bk. BEDÂ) nakledilmektedir (Bağdâdî, s. 47-48; Şehristânî, I, 147-150). Öte yandan güvenilir hadis kitaplarında yer alan ve gelecekte ortaya çıkacağına işaret edilen yalancının (Müsned, II, 87, 91-92; Müslim, “Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 229; Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 44, “Menâḳıb”, 73) Muhtâr olduğunu düşünenler görülmüş (İbn Kesîr, XII, 71) ve onun peygamberlik iddiasına dair H. D. van Gelder tarafından Mohtár de valsche Propheet adıyla bir kitap yazılmıştır (Leiden 1888). Kaynaklarda Muhtâr hakkında verilen ilginç bir bilgi de onun Hz. Ali’den kaldığını söylediği, İsrâiloğulları’nın tabutuna benzer bir kürsü ihdas ederek uğur getirmesi için yanında savaşlara götürdüğü şeklindedir. Ancak bu bilgiler günümüzde Muhtâr’ın muhaliflerinin uydurduğu asılsız haberler olarak da değerlendirilmektedir (Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, II, 47). Muhtâr’ın, adına hareket ettiği Muhammed b. Hanefiyye ile ilişkisine dair rivayetler de açık değildir. Kaynaklarda, Muhammed b. Hanefiyye’nin onunla herhangi bir bağlantısının bulunmadığını belirtmesine rağmen faaliyetlerine engel olmadığı veya olamadığı şeklindeki bilgiler yanında daha kuvvetli bir ihtimalle onun hareketini destekler mahiyette sözler söylediği, hatta Kûfe’deki taraftarlarına bu hususta emir verdiği ve ağabeyi Hüseyin’in intikamını almasından dolayı memnun kaldığı şeklinde rivayetler de yer almaktadır; nitekim Ehl-i beyt imamları da onu övgüyle anmışlardır (bk. a.g.e., II, 50). Ebû Mihnef, Ḫaberü’l-Muḫtâr ve İbn Ziyâd adıyla bir eser yazmıştır (Sezgin, I, 309). İslâm tarihinde ilk defa mehdîlik fikrini ortaya atanlardan biri olan Muhtâr’ın aşırı düşünce ve inanışları daha çok ölümünden sonra çeşitli isimler altında (bunlardan Muhtâriyye doğrudan kendi adını taşımaktadır) geliştirilerek mezhep haline getirilmiştir (bk. HAŞEBİYYE; KEYSÂNİYYE). Gāliyye ismi de ilk defa ona bağlı Kûfeli bir grup Şiî için kullanılmıştır (bk. GĀLİYYE).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 54-55 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.