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1/2 Müellif: NECATİ FAHRİ TAŞ, NEBİ BOZKURT Bölüme Git
Farsça olan mühür (mühr) kelimesi kıymetli veya yarı kıymetli taşlar gibi sert malzeme üzerine, basıldığında düzgün çıkması için ters olarak kazınmış …
2/2 Müellif: MÜBAHAT S. KÜTÜKOĞLU Bölüme Git
Osmanlılar’da. Farsça mühür kelimesinden Arapça kalıplara uydurularak memhûr (mühürlü) ve temhîr (mühürlemek) gibi kelimeler türetilmiştir. Gerek devl…
Farsça olan mühür (mühr) kelimesi kıymetli veya yarı kıymetli taşlar gibi sert malzeme üzerine, basıldığında düzgün çıkması için ters olarak kazınmış imza yerine geçen yazı, arma, simge veya damgalarla bunların baskısı için kullanılır; Arapça’sı hâtem ve tâbi‘ (tâbe‘) olup Allah’ın inkârcıların kalplerini, kulaklarını ve ağızlarını mühürlemesi Kur’an’da bu kelimelerle ifade edilmiş (el-Bakara 2/7; et-Tevbe 9/93; Yâsîn 36/65; el-Câsiye 45/23; Muhammed 47/16), ayrıca cennetteki mühürlü (mahtûm) şaraplardan söz edilmiştir (el-Mutaffifîn 83/25). Eskiden içinde içki saklanan kapların ağzı kapatıldıktan sonra iple veya sırımla bağlanır ve atılan düğümün üzeri çömlekçi çamuruyla kaplanarak mühürlenirdi. Lebîd b. Rebîa’nın bir şiirinde de ağzındaki mührü kırılmış bir şarap küpünden bahsedilir (Hatîb et-Tebrîzî, s. 192). Hitit ve Mısır geleneğinde açılması istenmeyen kapı, mektup, sandık vb. şeyler de aynı şekilde mühürlenirdi. Arkeoloji terminolojisinde bu tür çamur mühür baskılarına Latince adıyla bulla denilmiştir. Daha sonraları bunların yerini bugün de işlevini sürdüren kurşun mühürler (posta mührü) almıştır. İslâm tarihinde bilinen en eski kurşun mühürler Emevîler dönemine kadar uzanmaktadır (bk. KOZAK). Özellikle saraylarda güvenlik için bulla türü mühürler önem taşıyordu. Türkler mühre tamga diyorlardı (bk. DAMGA). Hakanın sofrası, yemek ve içki kapları başkalarının eline geçmemesi için mühürlenir ve bu tür eşyaya tamgalık denirdi (Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk Tercümesi, I, 424, 527). Günümüzde de yasa zoruyla muhafaza altına alma, kapatma ve iptal etmelerde ısıtılınca eriyen sert mühür mumu üzerine resmî mühür basılmaktadır.
Mühür (hâtem), genelde yazıların altına basılıp sözü bitirdiği ve son sözün söylendiği belgeleri geçerli hale getirerek bahis konusu olayı sonuçlandırdığı için hatm fiil kökü “bir şeyi sona erdirmek” anlamında da kullanılmış ve özellikle Hz. Peygamber’e “hâtemü’l-enbiyâ” (hâtemü’n-nebiyyîn) denilmiştir. Kur’an’da geçen hâtemü’n-nebiyyîn ifadesi (el-Ahzâb 33/40), Hz. Muhammed’in hem nübüvveti nihayete erdiren son peygamber hem de bütün peygamberleri tasdik eden (onların nübüvvetini mühürleyen) ilâhî bir damga olduğu şeklinde açıklanmaktadır (Elmalılı, VI, 3906).
Tarihi Kalkolitik döneme kadar uzanan mührün başlıca iki türünün bulunduğu görülmektedir. Eski Mezopotamya ve Mısır’da kullanılan altın, gümüş ve akik gibi yarı kıymetli taşlar, fildişi ve pişmiş topraktan yapılan mühürler silindir yahut üstü çeşitli şekillerde hazırlanmış damga mühür tarzında idi. Mısır’da ve Anadolu’da genellikle baskı alanı düz damga mühürler, Mezopotamya ve etkisi altında kalan İran’da ise loğ taşı gibi yuvarlandıkça yumuşak kil üzerine kesintisiz baskı bırakan silindir mühürler kullanılıyordu. Hammurabi kanunlarından, adlarına “burgullu” denilen mühür kazıcıların başlıca zanaatkâr sınıflarından biri olduğu (Tosun – Yalvaç, s. 210) ve Herodot’tan Bâbil’de herkesin bir mührünün bulunduğu (Tarih, s. 69) öğrenilmektedir. İran’da silindir mühürlerden başka yüzük mühürlerin de kullanıldığı Eski Ahid’de yer alan Ester’in hikâyesinden anlaşılmaktadır (Ester, 8/2, 8, 10). Yüzük kaşına oturtularak parmakta taşınanlar hariç mühürler ya bir kese içinde muhafaza edilir veya deliğinden geçirilen bir sicim, kaytan yahut zincirle elbisenin düğme iliklerinden birine bağlanırdı (Tekvîn, 38/18, 25). Eski Ahid’de daha çok yüzük mühürlerden söz edilmektedir (Çıkış, 28/11, 21; 39/6, 14, 30). Buradaki bilgilerden mühürlerin genelde yetki verme ve onaylama amacıyla kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Mührü teslim etmek veya kişinin parmağına takmak yetki ya da vekâlet vermek, geri almak ise azletmek anlamına geliyordu. Firavun, Mısır’ın idaresini Hz. Yûsuf’a tevdi ettiğinde mühür-yüzüğünü parmağından çıkarıp Yûsuf’unkine takmıştı (Tekvîn, 41/42). Mısır’da bulunan mezar resimlerinde bu tür görevlendirmeleri gösteren bazı sahnelere rastlanmıştır (DB, V/1, s. 200). Eski Ahid’de ayrıca mühürlü, mühürsüz mektuplardan (I. Krallar, 21/8; Nehemya, 6/5, 9/38), mühürlü satış senetlerinden (Yeremya, 32/10-11, 14, 44) ve mühür kilinden (Eyub, 38/14) söz edilir. Mühür basılmış evrak veya mektup mührü olmayana göre çok daha büyük değer taşımış ve mektubu mühürleme yazılan kişiye saygı gösterme, aksi ise onu hafife alma sayılmıştır (Kalkaşendî, VI, 339). Kur’an’da Hz. Süleyman’ın mektubu için Sebe melikesinin kullandığı “değerli bir mektup” ifadesi (en-Neml 27/29) onun mühürlü olmasıyla yorumlanmıştır.
Kur’an’daki mühürlemeyle ilgili teşbihlerin ve günümüze Güney Arabistan’daki Himyerîler’den ulaşan örneklerin açıkça gösterdiği gibi Eski Mezopotamya ve Mısır’la yakın ilişkisi olan Araplar da mühür kullanıyordu. Süyûtî, Kureyş ve Hicaz halkından ilk mektup mühürleyen kişinin Hz. Peygamber olduğunu söyler (el-Vesâʾil fî Müsâmereti’l-evâʾil, s. 114). Resûl-i Ekrem Kisrâ, Kayser ve Necâşî gibi yabancı devlet başkanlarına mektup yazmak istediğinde kendisine onların mühürsüz mektupları okumadıkları hatırlatılmış, o da yuvarlak siyah akik taşlı gümüş bir mühür (yüzük) edinmiştir (Buhârî, “Libâs”, 52; Müslim, “Libâs”, 56, 58). Gerek kaynaklardaki bilgilere gerekse mektuplardaki baskılarına göre bu mühürde altta “Muhammed” adı, ortada “resûl” ve üstte lafza-i celâl bulunacak şekilde istif edilmiş “Muhammed resûlullah” ibaresi yer alıyordu (Buhârî, “Libâs”, 55, “Ḫumus”, 5; Tirmizî, eş-Şemâʾil, s. 46; Öz, rs. 12-13). Resûlullah’ın vefatından sonra bu mührü Hz. Ebû Bekir, Hz. Ömer ve Hz. Osman kullanmış, ancak Hz. Osman onu Medine’deki Eris Kuyusu’na düşürerek kaybetmiş ve yerine aynı ibareyi taşıyan bir yenisini yaptırmıştır. Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn, Hz. Peygamber’in mührünü kullanmakla beraber kendileri de şahsî mühür yaptırmıştı. Mes‘ûdî, bunlardan Hz. Ebû Bekir’in mühründe “ni‘me’l-kādiru Allah”, Hz. Ömer’inkinde “kefâ bi’l-mevti vâizen”, Hz. Osman’ınkinde “âmentü billâhi’l-azîm” (âmentü billâhi muhlisan) ve Hz. Ali’ninkinde “el-mülkü lillâhi” ibarelerinin yazılı olduğunu bildirmektedir (bk. bibl.). Yine Mes‘ûdî’nin eserinde Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in mühründe “li-külli amelin sevâb” veya “Ömer yü’minü billâhi muhlisan” ibaresinin bulunduğu kayıtlıdır. Bazı mühürlerde iki turna arasına yerleştirilmiş hamdele, aslan ve kılıç kuşanmış insan gibi değişik motif ve figürler de yer alıyordu (İbn Ebû Şeybe, V, 190 vd.).
Sahâbeden Muaykīb b. Ebû Fâtıma ve Hanzale b. Rebî‘, Resûl-i Ekrem’in mühürdarı idiler ve onun mührü bazan Muaykīb’ın (Buhârî, et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr, VII, 52-53; İbn Abdürabbih, V, 8), bazan da Hanzale b. Rebî‘in (İbn Abdürabbih, IV, 244) yanında bulunuyordu. Hz. Peygamber, sadece yabancı devlet adamlarına yazdığı mektupları değil kendi âmillerine ve seriyye kumandanlarına gönderdiği mektupları ve yine iktâ yoluyla birine bir şey tahsis ettiğinde hazırlattığı belgeleri de mühürletirdi (Abdülhay el-Kettânî, I, 204, 254). Bu gelenek daha sonra Emevîler, Abbâsîler ve diğer İslâm devletlerinde de devam etmiştir. Rivayete göre ilk defa Dîvânü’l-hâtem Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân zamanında kurulmuştur. Bu divanda Resûl-i Ekrem’in yaptığı gibi her mektubun bir sûreti saklanır, aslı mühürlenir ve mahalline gönderilirdi. Bu işlem sadece merkezî idareye mahsus değildi ve valiler de aynı yolu takip ediyorlardı. Abdülvâhid el-Merrâküşî, Ebû Ya‘kūb döneminde Merakeş’te beytülmâlde gördüğü mühürlü haritalardan söz eder (el-Muʿcib, s. 144).
Türk devletlerinde resmî hüküm ve yazılara kırmızı mürekkepli mühür vurulur ve buna “al tamga” denilirdi. Bugün de resmî koruma, kapatma ve iptallerde kullanılan mühür mumu kırmızıdır. Mühür, halk masallarındaki “yüzük vermek / göndermek” ve “sihirli yüzük” motifleriyle, “Mühür kimdeyse Süleyman odur” sözünün de gösterdiği gibi hâkimiyet sembolüdür. Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı Melikşah öldüğünde karısı Terken Hatun onun yüzüğünü Kürboğa’ya vererek başşehir İsfahan’a göndermiş, kale muhafızı da emîrin sultan tarafından görevlendirildiğini zannederek kaleyi kendisine teslim etmişti (Özaydın, s. 191). Yûsuf Has Hâcib Kutadgu Bilig’de, hükümdarın Ay Toldı ve Ögdülmiş’i vezir tayin ettiğinde onlara vezirlik unvan ve mührüyle diğer vezirlik alâmetlerini (tuğ, davul, silâh) verdiğini kaydeder (beyit nr. 1036, 1766); ayrıca mühürdarın doğru tabiatlılar arasından seçilmesi gerektiğini belirtir (beyit 4046).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “ḫtm”, “ṭbʿa” md.leri; Müsned, III, 101, 187, 290; Buhârî, “Libâs”, 46, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, “Ḫumus”, 5; a.mlf., et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr, VII, 52-53; Müslim, “Libâs”, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ḫâtem”, 1; Tirmizî, “Libâs”, 17, 56; a.mlf., eş-Şemâʾilü’l-Muḥammediyye (nşr. İzzet Ubeyd ed-Deâs), Beyrut 1406/1985, s. 46; İbn Ebû Şeybe, el-Muṣannef (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf el-Hût), Beyrut 1409/1989, V, 190 vd.; İbn Abdürabbih, el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd (nşr. Abdülmecîd et-Terhînî – Müfîd M. Kumeyha), Beyrut 1404/1983, IV, 244; V, 8; Mes‘ûdî, et-Tenbîh, s. 286, 289, 293, 297, 320; Herodotos, Tarih (trc. Perihan Kuturman), İstanbul 1973, s. 69; Hilâl b. Muhassin es-Sâbî, Rüsûmü dâri’l-ḫilâfe (nşr. Mîhâîl Avvâd), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 126, 127; Dîvânü lugāti’t-Türk Tercümesi, I, 424, 527; Yusuf Has Hâcib, Kutadgu Bilig (trc. Reşid Rahmeti Arat), Ankara 1974, beyit nr. 45, 1036, 1766, 4031, 4046, 4048, 4065; Hatîb et-Tebrîzî, Şerḥu’l-ḳaṣâʾidi’l-ʿaşr (nşr. Abdüsselâm el-Havfî), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 192, 193; Abdülvâhid el-Merrâküşî, el-Muʿcib fî telḫîṣi aḫbâri’l-Maġrib, Kahire 1332/1914, s. 144; Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (Şemseddin), II, 139-140; VI, 339; İbn Hacer, el-İṣâbe (Bicâvî), VI, 193; Süyûtî, el-Vesâʾil fî müsâmereti’l-evâʾil (nşr. Ebû Hâcer M. Zağlûl), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 114; J. Thomas, “Anneau”, DB, I/1, s. 632 vd.; C. Logier, “Pharaon de Joseph”, a.e., V/1, s. 200; Elmalılı, Hak Dini, VI, 3906; Tahsin Öz, Hırka-i Saadet Dairesi ve Emânât-ı Mukaddese, İstanbul 1953, rs. 12-13; Mebrure Tosun – Kadriye Yalvaç, Sumer, Babil, Assur Kanunları ve Ammi-Ṣaduqa Fermanı, Ankara 1989, s. 210; Mehmet Aykaç, Abbâsi Devleti’nin İlk Dönemi İdarî Teşkilâtında Dîvânlar: 132-232/750-847 , Ankara 1997, s. 46, 47, 48, 49; Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel), I, 204, 244, 249, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257; III, 70; Abdülkerim Özaydın, Sultan Berkyaruk Devri Selçuklu Tarihi (485-498/1092-1104), İstanbul 2001, s. 164, 191, 196, 201; Reşat Genç, Karahanlı Devlet Teşkilâtı, Ankara 2002, s. 97, 158, 169, 173-174; J. Allan, “K̲h̲ātam, K̲h̲ātim”, EI2 (İng.), IV, 1102-1105; O. Tufnell, “Seals and Scarabs”, IDB, IV, 254 vd.; E. Porada, “Cylinder Seals”, EIr., VI, 479 vd.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 528-530 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Osmanlılar’da. Farsça mühür kelimesinden Arapça kalıplara uydurularak memhûr (mühürlü) ve temhîr (mühürlemek) gibi kelimeler türetilmiştir. Gerek devlet hizmetinde bulunan gerekse devletle iş yapan şahısların “tatbik mührü” adı verilen mühür örnekleri sunulan belgenin doğruluğunu tahkik etmek üzere ilgili dairede saklanırdı. Bunun için özel defterler tutulduğu gibi bazan da o mevkiin harcamalarıyla ilgili deftere mühür örneğinin yapıştırıldığı olurdu. Yine belge sahtekârlıklarının önlenmesi maksadıyla mühürcülerin hakkettikleri mühürleri bastıkları defterleri vardı.
Devlet memuru veya halktan olsun genellikle herkesin şahsî/zatî bir mührü vardı. Dilekçe gibi resmî belgelerde yazının sonuna ismin yanına veya daha ziyade arka sayfada ismin tam arkasına gelecek şekilde mühür basıldığı gibi mektuplarda da mühür kullanılırdı. Yuvarlak, köşeli, beyzî, armut şeklinde veya etrafı tırtıklı biçimde hazırlanan şahsî mühürlerde sahibinin ismi bazan baba adıyla birlikte, bazan da tek başına yer alırdı. Bu kadar basit olmayanlarda ise ismin önünde “abdühû” yahut “el-fakīr” tabirleri veya isimle birlikte bir mısra yahut bir beyit bulunurdu. Padişahların “mühr-i hümâyun” denilen tuğralı mühürlerinden başka şahsî mühürleri de vardı, bunlarda tuğra bulunmazdı (Yavuz Sultan Selim ve III. Murad’ın mühürleri: TSMK, Mühürler Koleksiyonu, nr. 47/1,2). Bu mühürlerin bazısında isim yerine II. Abdülhamid’inkinde olduğu gibi markalar bulunurdu (bu mühür üç yüzlü olup iki yüzünde Arap harfleriyle değişik tarzda “ayın” ve “ha”, üçüncü yüzünde Latin harfleriyle “A H” harfleri vardı: TSMK, Mühür Koleksiyonu, nr. 47/57). Gerek hânedan üyeleri gerekse halktan ihtiyaç duyan kadınlar da şahsî mühür kazdırırlardı. Bazan Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan’ın mühürlerinden birinde rastlanan “hay hak” gibi bir ibare de (TSMA, nr. E. 8383/12) yeterli görülebiliyordu. Hânedan mensubu kadınların içinde II. Bayezid’in kızı Ayşe Sultan’ın mührü örneğinde olduğu gibi tuğra şeklinde mühür kazıtanlar da vardır (Baybura, s. 83). Ayrıca İstanbul’daki yabancı devlet elçileri Osmanlı geleneğine uyarak Arap harfleriyle değişik şekil ve tertiplerde mühür kazdırmışlardır (meselâ bk. BA, A.DVN.DVE dosyalarındaki belgeler).
En önemli mühür padişah mührüydü. Her padişah için cülûsunun ardından tuğrasını taşıyan en az dört mühür kazdırılırdı. Padişahın kendisinde duran mühründen başka sadrazam, has odabaşı ve harem hazinedarında da (hazinedar kalfa) birer mührü vardı (D’Ohsson, VII, 120). Bir kimseye mühr-i hümâyunun verilmesi sadrazamlığa tayin, geri alınması azil mânası taşırdı. Has odabaşındaki mühür sadrazamın İstanbul dışında iken azli, kaçıp saklanması veya ölümü gibi sebeplerle mührün hemen alınamaması durumunda yeni sadrazama verilmek üzere saklanırdı. Devlet hazinesi ve defterhâne açıldıktan sonra mutlaka sadrazamdaki mühürle mühürlenirdi. Çok defa altın, bazan da kıymetli taşlardan yapılan küçük boyuttaki mühr-i hümâyunlar beyzî, köşeli, yuvarlak şekillerde olurdu. Sadrazamlar da serdâr-ı ekrem sıfatıyla sefere çıktıklarında kendi mühürlerini sadâret kaymakamına vermek suretiyle onu vekil bıraktıklarını gösterirlerdi.
Vezirler ve beylerbeyiler gibi devlet erkânının şahsî mühürlerinden başka resmî yazışmalarda kullandıkları yuvarlak veya beyzî büyük ebatta mühürleri vardı. Bunlarda çok defa şahsın ismiyle birlikte bir mısra veya beyit bulunur, makam adı yer almazdı. Genellikle buyuruldularla tezkiresiz timar beratlarında bu mühürler kullanılmıştır. Bu tip mühürlerin yer aldığı belgelerde pençe bulunduğundan pençenin seresinde çok defa makam adı zikredilirdi. Pençe bulunmayanlarda ise makamın adı belgenin içinde geçerdi. Yabancı devlet elçilikleri ve azınlık temsilcileri de devletle olan yazışmalarında Osmanlıca makam mühürleri kullanmışlardır.
Tanzimat’tan önce makam adı sadece yeniçeri ağası, defterdar, topçubaşı ve muhasebeci gibi vazifelilerin resmî mühürlerinde görülür. Yeniçeri ağalarının makam mühürleri beyzîdir ve yazı genellikle mühür dört kısma bölünerek yazılmıştır. Yeniçerilere ocağa kayıt için verilen memhûrlar ve kalelerdeki askerlerle ilgili yazılarda kullanılan bu mühürlerin belgeye ilk zamanlarda tamamı, daha sonraları sadece ad ve makamın kazılı olduğu alt yarısı basılmıştır. Defterdar ve cizye muhasebecilerinin cizye kâğıtlarına basılmış olan mühürlerinde de sahibinin adıyla birlikte makam adı konulmuştur. Makam adı bulunan mühürlerin yaygın biçimde kullanılması Tanzimat’tan sonradır. Hem şahıs hem makam adına mühründe yer veren ilk sadrazam Keçecizâde Fuad Paşa’dır. Meclis-i Vükelâ, Meclis-i Tanzîmat, Meclis-i Ahkâm-ı Adliyye gibi meclislere ait mühürlerden başka kazalar, köyler ve muhtarlıklara varıncaya kadar resmî daireler bu devirde makam mühürleri kullanmaya başlamıştır.
Bunların yanında bir de vakıf mühürleri vardır. Bunlar genellikle vakıf kütüphanelerinin kitaplarına basılmıştır. Padişah vakıf mühürlerinin bir kısmı tuğralı, bir kısmı tuğrasızdır. Mühür tuğralı olsun veya olmasın bunlarda vakıf sahibinin adı ve baba adı kazınmıştır. Vakıf mühürleri genellikle aynı klişeyi taşır. Vakıf sahibinin mesleğiyle birlikte adı, baba adı yanında birçoğunda vakfın ne maksatla, nereye ve hangi tarihte yapıldığı gibi kayıtlar yer alır. Gerek vakıflarda gerekse malî yönü olan müesseselerde kontrolü sağlamak ve suistimali önlemek amacıyla mühürler birden fazla parçaya bölünerek yapılmıştır. Her parça bir sorumluda durmakta ve o şahıslar bir araya gelmeden işlem yapılamamaktaydı.
Farklı bir mühür tipi de “sah” mührüdür. Kazasker beratlarının veya bir rûznâmçe kaydının doğruluğunu tasdik makamında kullanılan bu mühürler 1 cm. gibi küçük ebatta, bazısı tek, bazısı simetrik (müsennâ) olarak kazılmış “sah” lafzından ibarettir. Bir kısmında ise “ha” harfinin kavsi içinde isim yahut tarihe rastlanır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, İ. E-Maliye, nr. 957; BA, İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 72017/2, Ramazan 1312/3, Şevval 1312/9 (İradelerin 1310’dan sonrasında numara tarihe göredir); BA, İrade-Meclis-i Mahsûs, nr. 525/7; BA, İrade-Meclis-i Vâlâ, nr. 10140; BA, A.DVN, dosya nr. 5/47 ve 21/14’teki mahzarlar; BA, A.DVN, dosya nr. 21/14; BA, A.DVN.ARZ, dosya nr. 1/36, 39, 57, 80, 82-84; BA, A.DVN.DVE dosyalarındaki belgeler; BA, D.BŞM.KGB dosyaları; BA, YEE, nr. Ks. 31, evrak 1912, zarf 45, karton 82; TSMK Mühürler Kataloğu, nr. 47/2, 4, 23-28; 47, 53, 54, 176; TSMA, nr. E. 448/5, 3202/6, 4569, 5043, 8383/12; D.10762/22-24; D’Ohsson, Tableau général, VII, 120; J. von Hammer-Purgstall, “Abhandlung über die Siegel der Araber, Perser und Türken”, Sitzungsberichte Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 1849, s. 1-58; L. Fekete, Türkische Schriften aus dem Archive des Palatins Nikolaus Esterhazy: 1606-1645, Budapest 1932, tür.yer.; M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, Medeniyet Tarihi Çerçevesinde Osmanlı Paleografya ve Diplomatik İlmi, İstanbul 1979, s. 49-50; Günay Kut – Nimet Bayraktar, Yazma Eserlerde Vakıf Mühürleri, Ankara 1984; İbrahim Kemal Baybura, “Osmanlılarda Mühür”, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi: Yıllık-2, İstanbul 1987, s. 69-84; Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), İstanbul 1994, s. 83-97; Abdurrahman Şeref, “Topkapı Saray-ı Hümâyunu”, TOEM , II/7 (1329), s. 401-402; İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, “Osmanlı Devleti Zamanında Kullanılmış Mühürler Hakkında Bir Tetkik”, TTK Belleten, IV/16 (1940), s. 495-544 (aynı makale için bk. a.mlf., Saray Teşkilâtı, s. 319; a.mlf., Topkapı Sarayı Mühürler Seksiyonu Rehberi, İstanbul 1959); Midhat Sertoğlu, “Kaybolan Bir Türk Sanatı Mühürcülük”, Resimli Tarih Mecmuası, VII/12, İstanbul 1956, s. 741-745; J. Allan, “Hatem”, İA, V/1, s. 360.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 530-531 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.