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MUHZIR Skip to content Mahkemelerde davalı ve davacıyı mahkeme huzuruna celbeden görevli, yüksek rütbeli bir yeniçeri kumandanının unvanı.
Sözlükte “huzura getiren, hazır bulunduran” anlamına gelir. Klasik İslâm hukuku kaynaklarında davalı ve davacıyı mahkemeye sevkeden memur için a‘vân ve müşhış kelimeleri de kullanılmıştır. Osmanlı döneminde Konya ve Kayseri gibi bazı İç Anadolu şehirlerinde muhzırla birlikte şahne (şıhne) adı da görülür (Baykara, s. 205, 212). Mahkeme kâtipliğine ihtiyaç duyulmayan küçük kadılıklarda da muhzır bulunur ve kitâbet işini kadı veya muhzır yapardı. Mahkemede hazır bulunması istenen kişiye kadı tarafından bir celb kâğıdı (mürâsele) çıkarılır, muhzır da bununla ilgili şahsı mahkemeye çağırırdı. Muhzırın zor kullanma yetkisi yoksa da bazı durumlarda kadının talebiyle yanına asker alabilirdi. Muhakeme sırasında mahkemedeki asayişin temini de muhzırın görevlerindendi. Zaman zaman merkezden kadılık bölgesindeki suçluların takibi, âsilerin yakalanması, soruşturmalarda yardımcı olma gibi hususlarda özel vazifelerle de yükümlü kılınabilirdi. Bilhassa İstanbul’a yakın yerlerdeki kadılıklarda kadıların merkeze yazdığı arzları muhzır veya muhzırbaşı götürürdü. Eğer konuyla ilgili bir ferman çıkmışsa bu fermanı da alıp kadıya teslim ederdi (BA, MD, nr. III, hk. 636, 637; nr. V, hk. 172, 214, 1225, 1783).
Muhzır, mahkemenin bulunduğu yerin ahalisi arasından özellikle daha önce bu görevi yapmış kişilerden veya bir şekilde devlet görevi almış (askerî) grupların mensuplarından seçilirdi. Sivil halktan muhzır tayin edilemezdi. Nitekim haklarında merkeze yapılan şikâyetlerde bazılarının “raiyyet oğlu” oldukları halde bu görevde bulundukları belirtilir (BA, MD, nr. V, hk. 223). Muhzırları tayin ve azil yetkisi kadılara verilmiştir (BA, MD, nr. V, hk. 282; nr. LI, hk. 261). Kadı bunun için uygun gördüğü kişiyi merkeze arzeder ve tayin merkezden beratla yapılırdı. Diğerleri gibi padişahların cülûs zamanlarında beratları yenilenir, genellikle haklarında bir şikâyet olmadığı müddetçe görevlerini sürdürebilirlerdi. Büyük kadılıklarda birden fazla muhzır bulunur, böyle yerlere bir de muhzırbaşı tayin edilirdi. İstanbul kadılığı muhzırbaşısının kapıkulu süvarileri bölüğüne geçebilme hakkı vardı (BA, MD, nr. IV, s. 56; Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları, II, 144).
Davanın konusuna göre mahkemece alınan harçlar değişmekle birlikte sonuçlanmış bir davadan muhzırların XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllarda yüzde iki akçe ihzâriye aldıkları tesbit edilmiş olup bu miktar kanunnâme ile belirlenmişti. XVII. yüzyılda mahkeme hüccetleri, nikâh akdi, sicile kayıt, tasdik ve arzlardan muhzırların da aralarında bulunduğu mahkeme hademeleri için 5 akçe tahsil ediliyordu (Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, s. 542). XVIII. yüzyılda avârız ve bedel-i nüzûl hânelerinin tesbiti için mahkeme harcının yanında muhzıriyye ücreti olarak 3 kuruş kaydedilmiştir. Nüfusu yoğun olan büyük şehirlerde ihzâriye harcı hayli yüksek rakamlara ulaşıyordu. Bu yerlerde muhzırlara bir miktar ulûfe tayin edilerek ihzâriye gelirlerinin kalan miktarına hazine tarafından el konulurdu. Kayseri ve Kütahya gibi yerlerde ihzâriye timar şeklinde kapıkullarına tahsis edilmişti. Geliri yüksek olan bazı yerlerde muhzırbaşılar görevleri başında bizzat bulunmayıp yerlerine iltizam yoluyla vekil tayin edebilirlerdi ve bu vazife devirlerini mühürlü temessükle yaparlardı.
Anadolu ve Rumeli kazaskerlerinin kendi konaklarında akdettikleri divanlarda yirmişer muhzır ve birer muhzırbaşı görev yapardı. Muhzırbaşıları genellikle kapıcılar kethüdâsı kendine bağlı kapıcılardan tayin ederdi. Bunlar terfi ettiklerinde timarla dergâh-ı âlî çavuşluğuna geçerdi. Kazaskerlerin Dîvân-ı Hümâyun toplantılarına götürülüp getirilmesi de muhzırların vazifelerindendi. Bunlar ayrıca kazasker arzını ilgili kalemlere götürür ve çıkan fermanı alıp yerlerine ulaştırırlardı. Muhzırbaşı kapıcı keçesi başlığı ile at üzerinde, muhzırlar ise mücevveze ile yaya olarak kazaskerlerin önü sıra yürürlerdi (Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, s. 202). Hakkında şikâyet olan kadıların teftişine zaman zaman muhzır ağalar da gönderilmekteydi (Taylesanizâde, I, 190).
Kazaskerlerin divanlarındaki muhzırların belirli bir maaşı yoktu. Kadılıklarda olduğu gibi ihzâriye ücreti de alamazlardı. Kendilerine kadı ve müderris tayinlerinde “müjdecilik” adı altında belli bir tahsisat ayrılmıştı. Kadı tayininde kadının bir aylığı hesap edilerek yarısı berat resmi olarak, yarısı da kazaskere alınır, bu ikinci hissenin beşte biri kâtipler, muhzırbaşı, muhzırlar ve divitdâr arasında paylaştırılırdı (Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, s. 204). XVIII. yüzyılda muhzırlar, taşradaki kadıların İstanbul’daki resmî işlerini takip etmek üzere kapı kethüdâlıklarını da yapıyordu. 1208 (1793-94) yılında Kadılar Kanunu’na yapılan bir ilâve ile muhzırlardan başkasının kadılara kapı kethüdâlığı yapması yasaklanmıştı. İstanbul kadısı sadrazamdan ayrı olarak İstanbul esnafını denetlemeye çıktığında maiyetinde muhzırlar da bulunurdu. Bunlar kırmızı mücevveze takarlar, yeniçeri muhzırları gibi ellerinde falaka, sopa ve terazi taşırlar, usulsüzlüğü tesbit edilenlerin cezalarını uygularlardı.
Bunlardan başka Yeniçeri Ocağı’nda görev yapan muhzır ağa, Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da ve Bâbıâli’deki işlerini takip eden yüksek rütbeli yeniçeri kumandanı idi. Bu görev Yavuz Sultan Selim devrinde ihdas edilmiştir. Muhzır ağa, Yeniçeri Ocağı’nda bölük numarası sabit olmayan ve “muhzır ağa ortası” denilen bir ortaya kumanda etmekteydi. XVII. yüzyılda zaman zaman 26, 27 ve 34. bölükler, XVIII. yüzyılda 28. bölük muhzır ağa bölüğü olmuştur. Bu orta 201 yeniçeriden oluşuyordu (Ahmed Cevad, I, 85). Rütbesi, ağa bölüklerinin en yükseği olan kul kethüdâsı, kethüdâ bey ve başçavuştan sonra geliyordu. Yeniçeri ağası karşısında ata binme ve sarı çizme giyme izni sadece bunlara verilmişti. Muhzır ağalar terfi ettiğinde XVI ve XVII. yüzyıllarda hasekiliğe getirilirken (Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, s. 146) daha sonraları dereceleri hasekileri geçmiş ve turnacıbaşılığa yükselmeye başlamışlardı; kıdemli ve yaşlı olanları ise samsoncubaşı olurdu.
Muhzır ağanın başlıca görevi, bütün yeniçerilerin Dîvân-ı Hümâyun ve Bâbıâli’deki resmî işlerini takip etmekti. Bâbıâli’de yapılan toplantılara yeniçeri ağasının katılmaması durumunda ocakla ilgili işler hakkında Ağakapısı’na giderek yeniçeri ağasına bilgi verirdi. Yeniçeriler için eyalet ve kazalara, yine yeniçeriler ve ocakla ilgili yeniçeri ağasına hitâben divandan çıkmış hükümleri yerine ulaştırırdı. Davası olan yeniçerileri sadrazamın huzuruna getirmek, İstanbul’da suç işlemiş yeniçerileri tutuklamak, bunları sadrazamın isteğiyle Bâbıâli’de cezalandırmak veya cezalandırılmak üzere bölüklerine teslim etmek gibi işler görürdü. Yeniçeri kanununa göre yeniçerileri kendi zâbitlerinden başkası cezalandıramazdı (Teşrîfât-ı Kadîme, s. 90-91); ancak muhzır ağanın rütbesi diğer orta zâbitlerine nazaran yüksek olduğundan onun cezalandırmasında da bir sakınca yoktu. Muhzır ağanın emrinde başkapı kethüdâsına bağlı altmış yeniçeriden oluşan bir kuvvet sadrazamın korumalığını yapar, divanda veya Bâbıâli’de sadrazam tarafından verilen hükümleri yerine getirirdi. Sadrazam esnafı teftişe çıktığı zaman muhzır ağa süpürgesiyle sadrazamın sağ üzengisi önünde, muhzırlar üsküfleriyle arkada esnafı cezalandırılmakta kullanılan aletleri taşıyarak yürürlerdi. Bu sırada esnafa verilen cezalar bunlar tarafından uygulanırdı (Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, s. 542). Muhzır ağa bölüğündeki yeniçerilerin bir kısmı, haseki ağa bölüğüyle birlikte üç tuğlu vezir rütbesindeki vezirlerin kapısında muhzırlık yapardı.
Muhzır ağanın yazı işlerini bir kâtip yürütmekteydi (BA, MD, nr. V, hk. 4, 172; nr. XII, hk. 101, 149). Bu kâtip, muhzır ağa adına Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da ve Bâbıâli’de Yeniçeri Ocağı ve yeniçerilerin kitâbet işleriyle uğraşır, dairelerdeki resmî işlerini takip ederdi. Bâbıâli’de Sadâret Kethüdâsı Dairesi’ne bağlı bir büro tahsis edilmişti (Doğan, s. 74). Muhzır ağa sadrazam sefere çıktığında onunla birlikte sefere katılır, merkezdeki sadâret kaymakamının yanına da muhzır ağa vekili tayin edilirdi (Taylesanizâde , s. 279). Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın ilgasıyla muhzır ağalık kaldırılmış, yerine tomruk ağalığı ihdas edilmiş, maiyetindeki muhzırlara da “kavas” adı verilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA BA, MD, nr. III, hk. 636, 637; nr. IV, s. 56; nr. V, hk. 4, 172, 214, 223, 282, 1225, 1783; nr. XII, hk. 101, 149; nr. LI, hk. 261; nr. LXVII, s. 324; nr. CVI, s. 106; Sultan’ın Emir Defteri: 51 Numaralı Mühimme Defteri (haz. Hikmet Ülker), İstanbul 2003, s. 73, 88, 135-136, 151; Tevkiî Abdurrahman Paşa, Kānûnnâme (MTM , I/3 [1331]), s. 542; Hezârfen Hüseyin Efendi, Telhîsü’l-beyân fî Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân (haz. Sevim İlgürel), Ankara 1998, s. 146, 202, 204; Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi: İstanbul’un Uzun Dört Yılı (haz. Feridun M. Emecen), İstanbul 2003, I, 107, 180, 190, 267, 279; Ahmed Cevad, Târîh-i Askerî-i Osmânî, İstanbul 1297, I, 42, 85; Teşrîfât-ı Kadîme, s. 71, 82, 90-91; Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları, I, 208-211; II, 144; a.mlf., İlmiye Teşkilâtı, s. 90, 111, 155, 158, 257, 259; Yücel Özkaya, XVIII. Yüzyılda Osmanlı Kurumları ve Osmanlı Toplum Yaşantısı, Ankara 1985, s. 223-225, 226-227; Ahmet Akgündüz, Şer‘iye Sicilleri: Mahiyeti, Toplu Kataloğu ve Seçme Hükümler , İstanbul 1988, I, 72-73; a.mlf., Osmanlı Kanunnâmeleri ve Hukukî Tahlilleri , İstanbul 1991-93, III, 108, 173; VI, 488; İlber Ortaylı, Hukuk ve İdare Adamı Olarak Osmanlı Devletinde Kadı, Ankara 1994, s. 64-65; Muzaffer Doğan, Sadâret Kethüdâlığı: 1730-1836 (doktora tezi, 1995), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 74; Tuncer Baykara, Osmanlı Taşra Teşkilâtında XVIII. Yüzyılda Görev ve Görevliler (Anadolu), Ankara 1990, s. 14-15, 205, 211, 212; P. G. İnciciyan, “XVIII. Asrın Sonunda Osmanlı Devleti” (trc. O. Bogosyan), Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, I/4, İstanbul 1965, s. 67; I/9 (1965), s. 37-38; I/12 (1966), s. 67; Pakalın, II, 572-573; Fahrettin Atar, “Mahkeme”, DİA, XXVII, 340.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 85-86 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.