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MÜKÂTEBE Skip to content Kölenin hürriyete kavuşmak için efendisiyle anlaşma yapması anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “yazmak” anlamındaki ketb (kitâbet) kökünden türeyen mükâtebe “yazışmak” anlamına gelir. Fıkıh terimi olarak köle veya câriyenin bir bedel karşılığında hürriyetini elde edebilmesi için efendisiyle anlaşmasını ifade eder. Tercih edilen görüşe göre daha çok yazılı bir metin halinde düzenlenmesi âdet haline geldiğinden bu sözleşmeye mükâtebe adı verilmiştir (Serahsî, VII, 206; VIII, 2; Osman Ali ez-Zeylaî, V, 149). “Kitâbet” diye de anılan bu akdin taraflarından köleye mükâteb, efendiye mükâtib denir. Kölenin mükâtebeyle kararlaştırılan bedeli başkalarından sağlayacağı yardım veya alacağı borçla ödemesi mümkün olmakla birlikte genellikle çalışıp kazanması gerektiğinden fakihler mükâtebe tarifinde bu unsura özel olarak yer vermişlerdir. Bazı tanımlarda kölenin hür olma (meselâ bk. İbn Rüşd, II, 432), bazılarında efendinin köleyi bu durumdan kurtarma (meselâ bk. Osman Ali ez-Zeylaî, V, 149) iradesine ağırlık verilse de bunlar mükâtebenin, yapıldığı andan itibaren köleye mal varlığı haklarına ilişkin tasarruflarda bulunma ve mülkiyet hakkına sahip olma imkânı veren, taahhüt ettiği bedeli ödediği anda kendisini hürriyetine kavuşturan bir sözleşme olduğu noktasında birleşir (Serahsî, VIII, 2; İbn Âbidîn, VI, 98).
İnsan hürriyetine ve saygınlığına büyük önem veren İslâm dini, Eskiçağ’lardan beri varlığını sürdüren kölelik kurumunu kesin olarak ortadan kaldırma şeklinde sosyal gerçeklikle bağdaşmayacak bir düzenleme yapmak yerine bir yandan zaman içinde köleliği destekleyen toplumsal dinamiklerin zayıflatılmasını, öte yandan olabildiğince insanî esaslara uygun hale getirilmesini sağlayacak tedbirler alma yolunu tercih etmiştir. Câhiliye döneminde de bilinip uygulanan mükâtebenin (Bedreddin el-Aynî, XIII, 116) özendirilmesi bu tedbirlerden biridir. Nitekim, “Bedelini ödeyerek hür olmak isteyen köle ve câriyelerinizin kendilerinde hayır görürseniz tekliflerini kabul edin. Allah’ın size verdiği maldan onlara da verin” meâlindeki âyetle (en-Nûr 24/33), hürriyetine kavuşmak isteyen köle ve câriyelerin mükâtebe taleplerinin kabul edilmesi ve kitâbet bedelini ödemelerine yardımcı olunması emredilince ilk aşamada kölelere iktisadî hayatta hür kimseler gibi hareket etme imkânı veren, ardından köleliği sona erdiren mükâtebe statüsü kısa sürede kurumsal bir karakter kazanmıştır.
Değişik vesilelerle köle âzadını teşvik eden Hz. Peygamber, bazı hadislerinde Allah’ın mükâteb köleye yardımda bulunan kişiler için büyük ödüller vaad ettiğini haber vererek bu yolun işletilmesini özel olarak istemiştir (Müsned, II, 251, 437; İbn Mâce, “ʿItḳ”, 3; Tirmizî, “Feżâʾilü’l-cihâd”, 20; Nesâî, “Nikâḥ”, 5). Ayrıca mükâtebe sözleşmesi yapan bazı kölelerin kitâbet bedelini tedarik etmeleriyle bizzat ilgilenmiş ve onlara maddî destek sağlamaya çalışmıştır. Nitekim bazı kaynaklarda İslâmî dönemde mükâtebe sözleşmesi yapan ilk köle olduğu kaydedilen Ebü’l-Müemmil’in kitâbet bedeli Hz. Peygamber’in talebi üzerine ashabın yardımlarıyla karşılanmış, ilk câriye olduğu belirtilen Berîre’nin her yıl 1 ukıyye (40 dirhem) olmak üzere toplam 9 ukıyye altın tutarındaki kitâbet bedeli Hz. Âişe tarafından ödenmiş, daha sonra Resûl-i Ekrem’in zevcesi olan Cüveyriye bint Hâris’in kitâbet bedelini de kendisi vermiştir (Buhârî, “Mükâteb”, 3, 4; Müslim, “ʿItḳ”, 6; Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿItâḳ”, 2). Bazı kaynaklara göre ise bu dönemde ilk mükâtebe sözleşmesi yapan köle Selmân-ı Fârisî olup o da bu sözleşmesini Hz. Peygamber’in talebi üzerine gerçekleştirmiştir. Kitâbet bedeli 300 hurma fidanının dikimiyle 40 ukıyye altın olan Selmân, Resûl-i Ekrem’in nezâretinde fidanları dikmiş ve Resûlullah’ın altın madeninden alınan zekât gelirinden kendisine verdiği para ile 40 ukıyye altın borcunu ödeyerek hürriyetine kavuşmuştur (Müsned, V, 443, 444; Bedreddin el-Aynî, XIII, 116).
Köleleri hürriyete kavuşturma konusunda Resûlullah’ın tavrını sürdüren sahâbîler, kitâbet akdine ilişkin bazı meseleleri tartışırken ileriki nesillere ışık tutacak ve her biri mezhep görüşü haline gelecek pek çok ictihad ortaya koymuşlardır. Kaynaklarda, Hz. Peygamber’in irtihalinden sonra ilk mükâtebe sözleşmesini Hz. Ömer’in kölesi Ebû Ümeyye’nin, onun ardından Enes b. Mâlik’in kölesi Sîrîn’in yapmış olduğu ve bu sözleşmenin gerçekleşmesinde Hz. Ömer’in müdahalesinin bulunduğu nakledilir. Ashaptan Karaza b. Kâ‘b da kölesi Süfyân ile 70.000 dirhem karşılığında mükâtebe anlaşması yapmıştır. Tâbiîn devrinin önde gelen fakihlerinden Muhammed b. Sîrîn, babası Sîrîn’in kitâbet bedelinin 40.000 dirhem olduğunu rivayet etmiştir (a.g.e., XIII, 117). İçlerinde azımsanmayacak sayıda köle kökenli fakihin bulunduğu tâbiîn devri fakihleri de kitâbet akdi konusunda çoğu sahâbeninkilere paralel ictihadlarda bulunmuşlardır.
Fıkıh literatüründe mükâtebe konusu, kölelik hukukunu ilgilendiren diğer kurum ve telakkilerle bütünlük arzedecek tarzda ele alınmış ve köleliği sona erdiren yollardan biri olarak ayrıntılı biçimde incelenmiştir. Mükâtebe sözleşmesinin şer‘î hükmü, hukukî niteliği, unsur ve şartları, hükümleri vb. hususlarda aynı mezhep içinde bile birbirinden farklı görüşlere rastlanmasının başlıca sebepleri konuya ilişkin bazı nasların farklı şekilde yorumlanmaya açık olması, sahâbe ve tâbiîn devri fakihlerince farklı ictihadlar ortaya konması ve konunun dinî, ahlâkî, ekonomik, sosyal yönlerinin bulunmasıdır.
Fakihler, mükâtebe yoluyla köle âzat etmenin câiz olduğu hususunda ittifak etmekle birlikte bunun dinî bir yükümlülük olup olmadığı hususunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Tâbiîn devri müctehidlerinden İkrime el-Berberî, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, Mesrûk b. Ecda‘ ve Amr b. Dînâr’a göre köle sahibinin, bedelini ödeyerek hür olmak isteyen kölesiyle mükâtebe yapması farzdır. Zâhirîler, müslüman kölenin bu yöndeki talebini kabul etme yanında ona bir miktar maddî yardımda bulunmanın da farz olduğunu söyler. Ahmed b. Hanbel’den de bu yönde bir görüş rivayet edilmiştir. Hanefî, Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre ise bir kimsenin güvenilir, geçimini sağlamaya gücü yeten kölesinin mükâtebe teklifini kabul etmesi menduptur. Ayrıca Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre mükâtibin mükâtebe yapan kölesine kolaylık göstermesi, üstlendiği kitâbet bedelinden bir kısmını düşürmesi, kendisinin ve diğer müslümanların ona bir miktar maddî yardımda bulunması da menduptur. Hanbelî mezhebi fakihlerine göre mükâtibin aldığı kitâbet bedelinin dörtte birini mükâtebe geri vermesi, Şâfiîler’e göre mükâtibin mükâtebe malî yardımda bulunması farzdır.
Mükâtebe sözleşmesinin hükümleri genel olarak muâvaza akidlerinin tâbi olduğu prensipler çerçevesinde belirlenmekle beraber kölenin kolayca ve bir an önce hürriyetine kavuşabilmesi hedeflendiği için onun lehine sayılacak bazı özel hükümlere de yer verildiği görülür. Bu sebeple Hanefî mezhebinde bu sözleşmeye “akdü’l-irfâk” adı verilmiştir. Mükâtebenin rüknü Hanefîler’e göre icap ve kabuldür; diğer fıkıh mezheplerine göre ise bunun yanında taraflar (efendi ve köle) ve bedel de akdin rükünlerindendir. Ayrıca akdin geçerliliği için birtakım şartların bulunması gerekir.
Fakihler, mükâtebe sözleşmesinin efendi ve kölenin karşılıklı iradelerini -mükâtebe veya bu anlamı ifade eden lafızlar kullanarak- birbirine uygun biçimde açıklamalarıyla (icap ve kabul) meydana geleceği hususunda görüş birliği içindedir. Genellikle mükâtebede icapta bulunan taraf efendi, bu icabı kabul eden taraf ise köledir. Efendi sözleşme teklifinde kölenin ödeyeceği bedelin cinsini, miktarını, ödeme tarihlerini ve borcunu tamamen ödediği zaman hür olacağını açıkça belirtir ve sözleşmenin özü ve amacıyla bağdaşmayan şartlar ileri sürmez. Tehdit ve zorlama altında yapılan mükâtebe sözleşmesi geçerli sayılmaz. Mükâtebenin dinî hükmünün farz olduğunu söyleyen fakihler, Hz. Ömer’in Sîrîn’in mükâtebe talebini kabul etmeyen Enes b. Mâlik’i halife sıfatıyla bu talebi kabule zorlaması örneğinde olduğu gibi, devlet başkanı veya nâibinin de bedelini ödeme gücüne sahip bir kölenin/câriyenin mükâtebe talebini kabul etmeyen kimseyi buna zorlayabileceğini ileri sürmüşlerdir.
Mükâtebe sözleşmesi yapacak efendinin âkıl ve bâliğ olması gerekir. Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre mümeyyiz küçüğün yaptığı kitâbet sözleşmesi de veli veya vasîsinin iznine bağlı olarak geçerli olur. Veli ve vasînin velâyet yahut vesâyeti altındaki çocuğun, vekilin de müvekkilinin kölesiyle mükâtebe yapması geçerlidir (Kâsânî, IV, 135). Ortakların müştereken mâlik bulunduğu köleyle müşterek bir mükâtebe sözleşmesi yapmaları mümkündür; ortaklardan birinin diğer ortağın/ortakların iznini almadan yaptığı sözleşmenin geçerliliği ise tartışmalıdır. Yine bir kimsenin birden fazla kölesiyle müşterek bir mükâtebe sözleşmesi yapıp yapamayacağı ve kölelerin bir kısmının mükâtebe sözleşmesine konu edilip edilemeyeceği tartışılmış, bunların câiz olduğu, câiz olmadığı ve belirli şartlarla câiz olduğu yönünde görüşler ortaya konmuştur. Mükâtebe sözleşmesine taraf olacak kölenin temyiz kudretini haiz olması gerektiğinde görüş birliği bulunmasına karşılık mümeyyiz küçüğün böyle bir sözleşme yapıp yapamayacağı hususunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Hanefî ve Mâlikîler, çalışıp kazanabilecek güce sahip ve bulûğ çağına yaklaşmış kölenin (mürâhik) sözleşme yapabileceği kanaatindedir (İbn Rüşd, II, 434). Ödenecek bedelin cinsi ve miktarı belirli mütekavvim bir mal olması gerekir; muayyen bir süre hizmet veya muayyen bir iş olması da mümkündür (uygulama örnekleri için bk. KÖLE). Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre bedelin peşin, vadeli ve taksitli ödenmesi kararlaştırılabilir. Hanefîler, bedelin peşin olması halinde efendinin köleyi ödeme için sıkıştırmayıp müsamahalı davranmasının dinen tavsiye edilen bir davranış olduğunu belirtir. Mâlikîler ise peşin ödeme taahhüdünde bulunduğu halde ödeyemeyen mükâteb kölenin hâkime başvurarak bunu mâkul taksitlere bağlatabileceği kanaatindedir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler, bedelin vadeli olması ve bunun da en az iki takside ayrılmasının gerektiğini ileri sürmüştür.
Mükâtebe sözleşmesi yapan köle / câriye, efendisinin mülkiyetinden çıkmamakla birlikte sözleşmenin yapıldığı andan itibaren kendi adına çalışma, hukukî tasarruflarda bulunma, mallarının sahibi olma, çalışıp kazanç elde edebilmesi için yolculuğa çıkma hak ve yetkisini elde eder; efendisinin onun üzerindeki tasarruf yetkisi sona erer, artık onu rehin veremez, ücretini almak üzere işçi yapamaz, kendisine hizmet etmeye, işçi olarak çalışmaya zorlayamaz, câriye ise istifraş edemez, malına ve canına verdiği zararı tazmin eder. Mükâtebin kitâbet esnasında satın aldığı câriyesinden doğan çocuğu da kendisine tâbi olarak hür olur. Mükâteb alım satım, kiralama, rehin alıp verme vb. hukukî tasarruflarda bulunabilirse de bağış, vasiyet, vakıf gibi teberru mahiyetinde olan tasarruflar ve evlenme konusunda kısıtlılığı taahhüt ettiği bedeli tamamen ödeyinceye kadar devam eder.
Bu sözleşme ile efendinin kölesi üzerindeki tasarruf hak ve yetkisi sona ermekle birlikte rakabe mülkiyeti ilişkisi kitâbet bedelini tamamen tahsil edinceye kadar devam eder. Bu fakihlerin çoğunluğunun görüşüdür. Özellikle bazı sahâbe fakihleri ise mükâtebin taahhüt ettiği bedelin dörtte üç, üçte bir, üçte iki gibi bir kısmını ödemesi halinde mükâtib ve mükâteb arasında mülkiyet ilişkisinin sona erip borcun kalan kısmı için borçlu-alacaklı ilişkisinin başlayacağını ileri sürmüştür (Serahsî, VII, 205-206). Hatta İbn Abbas’a göre mükâtebe yapan köleye baştan itibaren bir mal veya hizmet mukabilinde âzat etme işleminin hükümleri uygulanır, yani hemen hürriyetini elde eder, taahhüt ettiği bedel şahsî bir borç olarak devam eder. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre efendi, mülkiyet hakkını sözleşmenin özü ve amacıyla bağdaşmayan bir tasarrufla sona erdiremez. Meselâ kitâbet bedelinden vazgeçerek veya âzat ederek mükâtebi hürriyetine kavuşturabilirse de satım, bağış, vasiyet gibi bir yolla onu mülkünden çıkaramaz.
Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre sahih bir mükâtebe sözleşmesi hem köle hem efendi bakımından bağlayıcı bir akid olup taraflardan hiçbiri mâkul bir sebep bulunmaksızın bunu tek taraflı iradesiyle bozamaz. Hanefî ve Şâfiîler bu sözleşmenin efendi bakımından bağlayıcı olduğu, köle bakımından ise bağlayıcı olmadığı kanaatindedir. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre taraflar karşılıklı rıza ile kitâbet sözleşmesini hâkimin hükmüne ihtiyaç olmaksızın feshedebilirler.
Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre mükâtebin borcunu ödemekten acze düşmesi halinde efendinin talebi üzerine hâkim, Şâfiîler’e göre ise doğrudan doğruya efendi akdi feshedebilir (Şîrâzî, II, 15). Efendinin ölümüyle sözleşmenin bozulmayacağı hususunda görüş birliği bulunmakla birlikte mükâtebin ölümü halinde bunun münfesih olup olmayacağı tartışmalıdır. Hanefîler, bu durumda sözleşmenin infisah etmeyeceği, Şâfiîler edeceği kanaatindedir; Mâlikîler ise kitâbet kapsamına giren çocuğu varsa münfesih olmayacağını yoksa olacağını ileri sürmüşlerdir (Bedreddin el-Aynî, XIII, 123).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Müsned, II, 251, 437; V, 443, 444; Buhârî, “Mükâteb”, 3, 4; Müslim, “ʿItḳ”, 6; İbn Mâce, “ʿItḳ”, 3; Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿItâḳ”, 2; Tirmizî, “Feżâʾilü’l-cihâd”, 20; Nesâî, “Nikâḥ”, 5; Şâfiî, el-Üm, VIII, 32-36, 90; Sahnûn, el-Müdevvene, III, 230-260; Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, Muṣannef (nşr. Habîbürrahman el-A‘zamî), Beyrut 1403/1983, VIII, 369-431; Cessâs, Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân, III, 321-326; İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ, VIII, 219-224; Bâcî, el-Münteḳā, Kahire 1331-32, VII, 2-7; Şîrâzî, el-Müheẕẕeb, II, 11-15; Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ, VII, 142-148, 205-206; VIII, 2-80; Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî, Aḥkâmü’l-Ḳurʾân, Beyrut 1972, III, 1382-1385; Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ, IV, 133-159; Burhâneddin el-Mergīnânî, el-Hidâye, Kahire 1316, VII, 156-160; İbn Rüşd, Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , Kahire 1975, II, 432-446; İbn Şâs, ʿİḳdü’l-cevâhiri’s̱-s̱emîne (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Ecfân – Abdülhafîz Mansûr), Beyrut 1415/1995, III, 383-393; İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî (Herrâs), IX, 410 vd.; Osman b. Ali ez-Zeylaî, Tebyînü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ, Bulak 1315, V, 149-175; Bedreddin el-Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî, Kahire 1348 → Beyrut, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî), XIII, 116-124; Ali b. Süleyman el-Merdâvî, el-İnṣâf fî maʿrifeti’r-râciḥ mine’l-ḫilâf (nşr. M. Hâmid el-Fıkī), Kahire 1376/1957, VII, 446-447; İbn Nüceym, el-Baḥrü’r-râʾiḳ, VIII, 50-60; İbn Hacer el-Heytemî, Tuḥfetü’l-muḥtâc, Kahire 1315, X, 391; Şemseddin er-Remlî, Nihâyetü’l-muḥtâc, Kahire 1386/1967, VIII, 410-417; Buhûtî, Keşşâfü’l-ḳınâʿ, IV, 560; el-Fetâva’l-Hindiyye, V, 2-5; Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Haraşî, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣarı Ḫalîl, Bulak 1317, VIII, 140-142; Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr, VI, 79; İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire), VI, 98-118; Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal, V, 575; Bilmen, Kamus2 , III, 342, 347; IV, 46-57; Mustafa Öztürk, Mevâlî’nin Hadis Rivâyetindeki Yeri (Hicrî I. ve II. Asır) (doktora tezi, 2002), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 4; Mv.F, XXXVIII, 360-361.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 531-533 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.