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MÜLÂZEMET Skip to content İlmiye mesleği adaylarının meslekî stajları ve görev bekleme süreleri için kullanılan terim.
Lüzum masdarından türeyen mülâzemet sözlükte “bir yere veya bir kimseye bağlanmak, bir işte devamlı olmak” mânasına gelir. Terim olarak medrese mezunlarının müderrislik ve kadılık almak için sıra beklemeleri, bu arada meslekî tecrübe kazanmaları ve belirli kontenjanlardan istifade ile göreve başlamalarını ifade eder. Ancak mülâzemet sadece ilmiyeye has bir terim olmayıp yine “staj” anlamında Osmanlı idarî ve askerî teşkilâtında da kullanılmıştır.
İlmiye teşkilâtı içerisinde mülâzemet sistemine başvurulması imparatorluk coğrafyasının genişlemesine paralel biçimde medrese sayısının artması ve bu eğitim kurumlarının müderris ihtiyacı ile bağlantılıdır. Zamanla medrese mezunlarının çoğalması birikmelere yol açınca tayin için bekleme zorunluluğu doğmuş, böylece medreseden mezun olan dânişmendlerin âdil bir şekilde göreve başlamalarını sağlamak üzere mülâzemet ve nöbetin düzene konulması gerekmiştir.
Bu sisteme göre medrese mezunu adaylar Anadolu veya Mısır’da vazife almak isterlerse Anadolu, Rumeli’de görev yapmak isterlerse Rumeli kazaskerinin belli günlerdeki meclisine devam ederek mülâzemet/matlab defterine adlarını kaydettirirlerdi. İlmiyede bu şekilde medreseden mezuniyetle bir göreve ilk tayin arasında geçen belli süreye mülâzemet denildiği gibi ayrıca iki görev arasındaki süre için de aynı tabir kullanılmıştır. Genel olarak Osmanlı sisteminde ilmiye, seyfiye ve kalemiye denilen idarî/bürokratik yapılanmada görevler/memuriyetler belirli süreler için verilirdi. Bu süreyi dolduran görevli mâzul sayılır ve yeni bir görev için İstanbul’a gelir, bir iki yıl kadar, bazan daha uzun bir müddet beklerdi. Böylece bir ilmiye mensubu meslek hayatı boyunca birkaç defa mülâzemet dönemi geçirirdi. Bu süreler zarfında kazasker divanında yardımcı görevler alır, İstanbul’da bulunmanın verdiği imkânlarla bilgisini, tecrübesini arttırırdı. Kendilerine bazan başta vakıflar olmak üzere bir kısım kaynaklardan malî imkân sağlanırdı.
XVI. yüzyıl ortalarında birtakım haksızlıkların ortaya çıkması üzerine mülâzemetle ilgili usul ve kurallarda bazı düzenlemeler yapıldı. Anadolu kazaskeri olan Çivizâde Muhyiddin Mehmed Efendi’nin usule uygun yollarla beklemeyenlere de mülâzemet hakkı tanıması şikâyetlere yol açınca Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman 944’te (1537-38) çıkardığı fermanla Rumeli Kazaskeri Ebüssuûd Efendi’den mülâzemetin bir düzene konulmasını istedi. Ebüssuûd Efendi de mülâzımlar için ayrı ayrı defter kullanılması usulünü getirdi. Ayrıca ulemâdan her birine makamına göre ne kadar mülâzım verileceğini tesbit etti. Kabiliyetli adaylar için yedi yılda bir umumi nöbet usulü düzenlendi (Atâî, s. 184).
Bu tarihten sonra çeşitli vesilelerle ulemâya yetişmiş talebelerini mülâzım vermek üzere belirli kontenjanlar tanındı. Padişahın cülûsunda, ilk seferinde, zafer kazandığında, şehzade doğumunda bir teşvik olarak ulemânın iyi yetişmiş talebelerini mülâzım vermesi usulü yerleşti (Uzunçarşılı, s. 45). Zilkade 954’te (Aralık 1547) ulemâ zümresine mülâzım vermeleri için izin çıktığında o sırada şeyhülislâm olan Ebüssuûd Efendi on, eski Şeyhülislâm Fenârîzâde Muhyiddin Çelebi on, Rumeli Kazaskeri Muslihuddin Mustafa Efendi yedi, Anadolu Kazaskeri Sinan Efendi beş, Emîr Efendi yedi, Semâniye müderrisi Hasan Çelebi üç, İstanbul Kadısı Muhyiddin Efendi üç, Edirne Kadısı Abdurrahman Çelebi iki, Semâniye müderrisi Taşköprizâde Ahmed Efendi üç olmak üzere diğer ulemâ da seviyelerine göre mülâzım çıkarmıştır (İstanbul Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi, Rumeli Kazaskeri Ruznamçeleri [RKR], nr. I, s. 13). 1 Şâban 963’te (10 Haziran 1556) İstanbul, Edirne, Bursa, Mısır kadılarının dörder, Şam, Halep, Bağdat kadılarının ikişer, 80 akçeli müderrislerin ve 80 akçe ile emekli olanların üçer mülâzım vermesi uygun görülmüştür. Ebüssuûd Efendi’nin İrşâdü’l-ʿaḳli’s-selîm adlı tefsirini padişaha arzetmesi üzerine maaşına günde 100 akçe zam yapılarak yazlık ve kışlık hil‘atler verilip bütün talebesinin mülâzım alınması dolayısıyla mâzul ve görevde olan kazaskerlerden de onar mülâzım alınması usulü daha sonra yerleşmiştir (Târîh-i Silsile-i Ulemâ , vr. 5b ). III. Mehmed döneminde mülâzemetle ilgili kararlar yeniden ele alındı. Padişahın tahta çıkışı dolayısıyla mâzul yüksek dereceli ulemâ (mevâlî), kazaskerler, İstanbul, Edirne ve Bursa kadıları, yüksek medrese müderrislerinin eskiden verdikleri miktarlarda padişah hocalarının yirmi beş, eski şeyhülislâmların yirmi beşer, o sırada şeyhülislâm olan Bostanzâde Mehmed Efendi’nin ise otuz mülâzım vermesi ferman olundu (Selânikî, s. 514).
Zaman içerisinde sistemin gelişmiş şekliyle çeşitli mülâzemet yolları ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunlar şu başlıklar altında toplanabilir: a) Nöbet yoluyla mülâzemet. Belli aralıklarla yüksek dereceli kadı ve müderrislerin mülâzım vermesidir. Ebüssuûd Efendi’nin Rumeli kazaskerliği zamanındaki düzenlemede bunun yedi yılda bir olması kararlaştırılmıştır. Bu yedi yıl prensibine genellikle uyulmuştur. b) Teşrif yoluyla mülâzemet. Büyük kadı ve müderrislerin, büyük şehir müftülerinin göreve tayinlerinde, görev değişikliklerinde, sefere katılmalarında mülâzım vermeleri usuldü. Bunun esaslarına mülâzemetle ilgili fermanlarda sık sık temas edilmiştir (BA, MD , nr. 2, hk. 117). c) Ölüm sebebiyle mülâzemet. Ulemâdan vefat edenlerin geride kalan dânişmendleri belli usuller içerisinde mülâzım olurdu. Eğer kalan talebe çoksa bunlar dirayetli bir âlim, bazan da bizzat kazasker tarafından imtihan edilir ve aralarından seçim yapılırdı. Hocanın ölümünden sonra bundan istifade ile birçok kimsenin hak iddia etmesi mümkün olduğundan bu tarz mülâzemet çeşitli ihtilâflara yol açıyordu. d) Muîdlikten (iâdeden) mülâzemet. Mülâzım verme hakkına sahip yüksek dereceli medreselerin müderrisleri muîdlerinden ve talebelerinden lâyık olanları mülâzım verirlerdi. Büyük kadılar eğer müderrislikten kadılığa geçmişlerse, ayrıldıkları medresedeki muîdleri “iâdeden” mülâzım olurdu. Ayrıca kadılık yaptıkları şehrin medreselerinden birinde ders okutan büyük kadıların mülâzım vermeleri gerektiğinde buradaki muîdlerini de aynı şekilde mülâzım verebilirlerdi. e) Müstakil arz ile mülâzemet. Çalışkanlığı veya herhangi bir hizmette yararlığı görülen dânişmendler bir yetkilinin vasıtası ile müstakil arzedilip mülâzım olabilirlerdi. Meselâ İstanbul kadısı iken vefat eden Kemal Beyzâde talebesinden Muharrem b. Mehmed uzun süre Malta’da esir kalmış, kurtulduktan sonra Vezîriâzam Sinan Paşa’nın isteği üzerine arzedilerek mülâzım olmuştu (İstanbul Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi, Rumeli Kazaskeri Ruznamçeleri [RKR], nr. VII, hk. 3). Aynı şekilde Vezîriâzam İbrâhim Paşa ve Mehmed Paşa ile sefere çıkan orduda hizmeti görülen iki dânişmend mülâzemet almıştı (a.g.e. , nr. VII, hk. 7). f) Tezkire görevinden mülâzemet. Görevde bulunan kazaskerlerin altı ayda bir tezkirecisini mülâzım olarak vermesidir. g) Fetva emanetinden mülâzemet. Şeyhülislâmların altı ayda bir fetva eminliğinden bir mülâzım vermesidir. Şeyhülislâm Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’nin 1008’de (1599) fetva eminliğinde bulunan dânişmendi Abdullah b. Mehmed bu görevde altı ayını doldurunca mülâzemete kabul edilmişti (a.g.e. , nr. VII., hk. 8).
Mülâzemet sistemi belirli kurallara bağlanmak istenmiş ve bu kurallar titizlikle uygulanmaya çalışılmışsa da zaman zaman çeşitli usulsüzlükler olmuştur. Çıkan problemlerle ilgili fermanlar hem sistemin nasıl işlediği hem de bozukluklar ve usulsüzlükler konusunda fikir verir. Bunlara göre başlıca aksaklıklar, ulemâ çocuklarının imtiyazlı statü ile mülâzemete kabulü ve meslek harici sarayda hocalık yapan veya askerî zümre mensubu bulunanlara mülâzemet verilmesidir. Âlî Mustafa Efendi, meslekten gelmeyen bazı kimselerin bir yolunu bularak mülâzım olmasını sert bir dille eleştirir (Mevâidü’n-nefâis , s. 103). Yeniçeri ağası, vezir, defterdar gibi bazı yetkililerin iltimas ve tavassutu ile ehil olmayanların mülâzemete kabulü yanında kazaskerlerin birtakım vesilelerle usulsüz mülâzemet uygulamaları da başlıca şikâyet konusunu teşkil etmiştir. XVII. yüzyıl başlarında Koçi Bey mülâzımlıkların satılmaya başlandığından, voyvoda, subaşı, kâtip gibi kimselerin 5-10.000 akçe ile mülâzım, kısa süre sonra da müderris ve kadı olduklarından, “diyaneti ve emaneti olmayan” birçok kazaskerin çeşit çeşit mülâzımlık yazıp rûznâmeyi doldurduğundan şikâyet eder (Risâle , s. 33-37).
Diğer taraftan bazı sahtekârlıkların önünü almak için mülâzımların eşkâli hakkındaki bilgilerin mülâzım defterine işlenmesi istenmiştir. Ayrıca mülâzemet konusunda herhangi bir şüphe ve eksiklik olduğunda bunun ispatı önemli bir husustu. Meselâ mülâzım defteri bir şekilde kaybolabilirdi. Bu durumda mülâzımlığın hocası sağ ise ondan bir temessük alınarak veya şahitlerle kazasker huzurunda tesbiti yapılırdı. Hocazâde Aziz Efendi’nin kazaskerliği dönemine ait defterin kaybolması üzerine adayların getirdikleri temessüklerin yapıştırıldığı ve diğer delillerin eklendiği bir defter bugüne ulaşmıştır (İstanbul Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi, Rumeli Kazaskerleri Ruznamçeleri [RKR], nr. XI).
XVIII. yüzyılda mülâzemet usulü yeni bir nizama bağlandı ve şeyhülislâm tayinlerinde üçer, kazasker tayinlerinde ikişer mülâzım verilmesi usulü getirildi. Ancak burada da ulemâ çocukları hakkında öteden beri uygulanan usule dokunulmadı. Bununla birlikte şeyhülislâm, kazasker ve diğerlerinin verdikleri mülâzemete sınır getirildi. Mülâzemet konusuyla ilgili tartışmalar ve meseleler bu uygulamaya rağmen sürdü. I. Mahmud döneminde (1730-1754) mülâzemet yeniden tanzime çalışıldıysa da yüksek ilmiye rütbesini haiz ulemânın çocuklarının usulüne uygun tahsil görmeksizin mülâzemet alma ve müderris olmaları önlenemedi. XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarına ait bazı kayıtlarda medreselerden mezun olan talebelerin mülâzemet imtihanlarına girdikleri ve başarılı olanların mülâzemet aldıkları dikkati çeker. 11 Cemâziyelevvel 1200’de (12 Mart 1786) yapılan mülâzemet imtihanı Beyazıt (II.) Medresesi’nde, devrin önde gelen ulemâsının bulunduğu bir heyetçe yapılmış, 373 talebe üç meclis halinde imtihan edilmiş, bunun sonucunda otuz dört talebe yüksek, on altı talebe orta derece ile mülâzemete hak kazanmış ve şeyhülislâm tarafından mülâzemet tezkireleri bizzat verilmiştir. Ayrıca şeyhülislâmlar vakfiye gereği Beyazıt (II.) Medresesi müderrisi olduklarından altı ayda bir defa medrese muîdi ve yardımcısına mülâzemet verme usulünün bu imtihanlarla ilgili olduğu da söylenebilir. Bu imtihanların belirli aralıklarla tekrarlandığı anlaşılmaktadır (Taylesanizâde , s. 4, 74, 137, 147, 417). Mülâzemet usulü bazı değişikliklere uğrayarak devam etmiş ve Tanzimat döneminde memuriyet sisteminin değişmesiyle ortadan kalkmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TSMA, nr. D. 5605/1-2.
BA, MD , nr. 2, hk. 117; nr. 73, hk. 740.
İstanbul Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi, Rumeli Kazaskeri Ruznamçeleri (RKR), nr. I, s. 13, 18; nr. VII, hk. 3, 7, 8, 28, 54, 57; nr. XI.
Târîh-i Silsile-i Ulemâ , Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2142, vr. 5b .
Âlî Mustafa, Mevâidü’n-nefâis fî kavâidi’l-mecâlis , İstanbul 1956, s. 103.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , tür.yer.
Atâî, Zeyl-i Şekāik , tür.yer.
Koçi Bey, Risâle (Aksüt) , s. 33-37.
Râşid, Târih , IV, 48.
Taylesanizâde Hâfız Abdullah Efendi Tarihi: İstanbul’un Uzun Dört Yılı: 1785-1789 (haz. Feridun M. Emecen), İstanbul 2003, s. 4, 74, 137, 147, 417.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 45-53, 244-248.
Cahid Baltacı, XV-XVI. Asırlarda Osmanlı Medreseleri , İstanbul 1976, s. 34-35.
Mehmet İpşirli, “Osmanlı İlmiye Teşkilatında Mülazemet Sisteminin Önemi ve Rumeli Kadıaskeri Mehmed Efendi Zamanına Ait Mülazemet Kayıtları”, GDAAD , X-XI (1982), s. 221-232.
a.mlf., “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kazaskerlik (XVII. Yüzyıla Kadar)”, TTK Belleten , LXI/232 (1998), s. 641-660.
Pakalın , II, 611.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 537-539 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.