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MÜLTEKA’l-EBHUR Skip to content İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Halebî’nin (ö. 956/1549) Hanefî fıkhına dair eseri.
Hanefî mezhebi tarihinde “mütûn-i erbaa” adı verilen Abdullah b. Mahmûd el-Mevsılî’nin el-Muḫtâr, Ebü’l-Berekât en-Nesefî’nin Kenzü’d-deḳāʾiḳ, Sadrüşşerîa el-Evvel’in Viḳāyetü’r-rivâye fî mesâʾili’l-Hidâye ve Muzafferüddin İbnü’s-Sââtî’nin Mecmaʿu’l-baḥreyn adlı eserleri, VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılın başından itibaren gerek fıkıh eğitimi gerekse fetva ve kazâ faaliyetlerinin temel metinleri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu eserler arasındaki kapsam ve muhteva farklılıkları, uygulamaya esas olacak mezhep hükümlerinin belirlenmesinde çeşitli problemler doğurmaktaydı. Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur, Osmanlı coğrafyasında kapsam ve muhteva bakımından uygulamaya esas kabul edilecek hükümlerin sınırlarının nihaî şekilde tesbitine yönelik giderek artan ihtiyaç neticesinde kaleme alınmıştır. Eserin en önemli özelliği, Hanefî mezhep birikiminden gerek fıkhî faaliyetlerin temelini teşkil edecek meseleler gerekse bu meselelere dair “sahih, muhtâr, esah, müftâ bih, ma‘mûlün bih” gibi kavramlarla yapılan tercihler hakkında VIII. (XIV.) asırdan itibaren azalsa da mevcudiyetini sürdüren bir dizi farklılığı ortadan kaldırmasıdır.
İbrâhim el-Halebî el-Muḫtâr, Kenzü’d-deḳāʾiḳ ve el-Viḳāye ile birlikte IV. (X.) asır Hanefî muhtasar geleneğini en iyi şekilde yansıttığı kabul edilen Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Kudûrî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar’ını esas almak suretiyle Mülteḳā’nın metnini oluşturmuştur. Tercih ettiği mesele ve görüşler bu eserlerde yer almamışsa Mecmaʿu’l-baḥreyn ile Burhâneddin el-Mergīnânî’nin el-Hidâye’sinden yararlanarak kaynakları arasında nisbeten farklılık gösteren terminolojiyi de yeknesak hale getirmiştir. Buna göre Yaakov Meron gibi yazarların Mülteḳā’yı el-Hidâye’nin muhtasarı diye nitelemesi (L’obligation alimentaire, s. 10, 64, 65; St.I, XXX [1970], s. 116) isabetli değildir.
Müellif nüshasında belirtildiğine göre (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Feyzullah Efendi, nr. 930, vr. 136a ) 23 Receb 923’te (11 Ağustos 1517) tamamlanan Mülteḳā Osmanlı coğrafyasının en yaygın fıkıh metnidir. Gerek ilim gerekse bürokrasi üzerindeki etkisini göz önüne alarak eserin bir Osmanlı sultanının ve muhtemelen Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın isteğiyle yazılmış olması gerektiğine dair Hammer, Lybyer, Hitti ve Meron gibi yazarların görüşleri, Batılı hukukların gelişim tarzını ölçü alan isabetsiz yorumlar olduğu gibi tarihî olarak da hatalıdır. Nitekim eserin telifi Kanûnî’nin cülûsundan yaklaşık üç yıl öncesine tekabül etmektedir.
Kitab, bab ve fasıl tasnifine göre düzenlenen eserin tertip bakımından Kenzü’d-deḳāʾiḳ’i örnek aldığı, ancak metnin iç kompozisyonu açısından önceki muhtasarlardan çok daha sistematik olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Mouredgea D’Ohsson’un Mülteḳā’da metot eksikliği olup konuların karışık halde bulunduğuna dair görüşü, Sava Paşa gibi müellifler tarafından fıkhın Kıta Avrupası hukuklarından farklı ve kendine has bir sistematiği olduğu belirtilerek eleştirilmiştir.
Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur, birkaç önemsiz istisna dışında “mütûn-i erbaa”nın içerdiği meseleleri tamamıyla kapsamaktadır. Eserin farklılığı olarak umumiyetle kompozisyon özellikleri gösterilse de asıl başarısı muhtevadadır. Halebî’nin amacının, esas aldığı kaynakların bir tür birleşimini meydana getirmek olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Mülteḳā’nın başarısını Halebî’nin, mezhep birikiminden fetva ve kazâda bilgi ve delil kaynağı olacak mesele ve görüşleri tercihindeki isabet açıklayabilir. Nitekim müellif esas aldığı altı eserde bulunmayan bazı meselelere yer vermekte (meselâ bk. I, 44, 245) ve bu eserlerdeki görüşlerden daha farklı tercihlerde bulunmaktadır. Meselâ Ebû Hanîfe’nin velisiz kızın nikâhlanması hakkındaki zâhirü’r-rivâye görüşü yerine Hasan b. Ziyâd’dan rivayet edilen nâdirü’r-rivâye görüşünü müftâ bih olarak zikretmesi şârihleri tarafından zamana en uygun olan görüşün tercihi şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir (Abdurrahman Şeyhîzâde, I, 490).
İlmiye çevresinde büyük takdir toplayan eser, bazı medrese müfredatlarının vakfiyelerle belirlenmiş olması gibi sebeplerden dolayı fıkıh eğitiminde “mütûn-i erbaa”nın yerini hemen alamamıştır. Ancak XVII. yüzyılda Mülteḳā’nın hem saraydaki eğitim kurumlarına hem İstanbul ve taşra medreselerinin müfredatına hâkim olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Eserin fıkıh eğitiminde temel metin haline gelmesi toplumdaki fıkıh kültürüne çeşitli boyutlarda yansımıştır. Nitekim ilmihal geleneğinin de başlıca kaynaklarından biri olan Mülteḳā’nın etkisi Kitâb-ı Üstüvâî ve Mızraklı İlmihal gibi eserler üzerinde görülebilir. XIX. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti tarafından Güney Afrika’daki müslümanları irşad için gönderilen Ebûbekir Efendi’nin kaleme aldığı Beyânü’d-dîn’in Mülteḳā’nın aslına çok yakın bir kopyası olduğu için oradaki halk arasında büyük kabul görmesi, Halebî’nin eserinin ne kadar geniş bir etkiye sahip olduğuna işaret etmektedir (Abū Bakr Effendi, tercüme edenin girişi, s. XXIV).
Mülteḳā’nın kazâ ve fetva sahalarına hâkim olması medrese eğitimindeki tarihine nisbetle çok daha kısa bir sürede gerçekleşmiştir. Eserin bu alanlarda Kenzü’d-deḳāʾiḳ’in yerini almasının Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde gerçekleştiği ifade edilebilir. R. Levy, Osmanlı hukukunda “XVI. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren standart otorite Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur olmuştur” derken Ubicini bu eserin Sultan Süleyman’ın zamanından beri itiraz edilmez bir otorite haline geldiğini kaydetmekte (Letters on Turkey, I, 139), XVIII. yüzyıl sonunda İstanbul’da yaşayan Thornton ise Mülteḳā’yı “Osmanlı Devleti’ni idare eden kanunlar mecmuası” diye tanımlamaktadır. Öte yandan XVIII. yüzyıl yazarlarından M. D’Ohsson’un Tableau général de l’Empire Othoman adlı eserinin Osmanlı hukukuyla ilgili bölümlerinin büyük ölçüde Mülteḳā’nın tercümesi olması da eserin merkezî mevkiine işaret etmektedir. Farley’in, “Sultan Türkler’e, Kur’an ve Mülteḳā da sultana hükmeder” ifadesi (Turks and Christians, s. 155) ve Mehmed Âkif’in (Ersoy), “Mülteḳā fıkhımızın nâmı, usûlün Mir’ât” mısraı (Safahat, s. 403), eserin XIX. asır modernleşme tecrübeleri sırasında da Osmanlı Devleti ve toplumu üzerindeki hâkimiyetini büyük ölçüde sürdürdüğünü göstermektedir. Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliyye’nin hazırlanmasında en çok müracaat edilen eserlerin başında, Ahmed Cevdet Paşa’nın “metn-i metîn” diye tavsif ettiği Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur ve şerhi Mecmaʿu’l-enhur gelmektedir. Mecelle’deki 270 maddenin tamamen ve yaklaşık seksen maddenin kısmen bu iki eserden alındığı anlaşılmaktadır (Has, A Study of Ibrahim Al-Halabi, s. 337-345).
Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur çoğu hâşiyeli İstanbul baskıları olmak üzere birçok defa yayımlanmıştır (1251, 1252, 1258, 1264, 1265, 1274, 1278, 1288, 1299, 1303, 1315, 1316, 1325, 1326; Bulak 1263; Bombay 1278). Ayrıca Şeyhîzâde (Damad) (1241, 1310) ve Haskefî’nin (1258, 1287, 1302, 1310) şerhleriyle neşredilen eserin Cumhuriyet döneminde ofset baskıları yapılmıştır. Mülteḳā’nın, anılan şerhler kenarına konularak hazırlanan Dârü’t-tıbâati’l-âmire baskısı (1319-1320) daha sonra Lübnan’da birçok defa ofset olarak tekrarlanmıştır. Vehbî Süleyman Gāvecî el-Elbânî tarafından gerçekleştirilen Mülteḳā neşri (I-II, Beyrut 1989), gerek metnin imlâ ve noktalaması gerekse kaynaklarının tahrîci bakımından yakın dönemdeki en başarılı neşridir. Elbânî el-Binâye, İʿlâʾü’s-sünen ve Naṣbü’r-râye gibi Hanefî fıkıh ve hadis literatüründen yararlanıp yaptığı hadis tahrîcinin yanı sıra, adı geçen iki şerh ile el-Hidâye’den istifade ederek dipnot açıklamaları şeklinde bir hâşiye hazırlamış ve et-Taʿlîḳu’l-müyesser ʿalâ Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur adını verdiği bu çalışmasını eserle beraber yayımlamıştır. Halîl İmrân el-Mansûr’un hadis tahrîclerini yaptığı baskısında ise (I-IV, Beyrut 1998) anlamı tahrif edecek derecede yanlış imlâ, noktalama, harekeleme, paragraflara ayırma hataları bulunduğu gibi bazı cümle ve kelimeler hazfedilmiştir.
Şerh, Hâşiye ve Tercümeleri. Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur üzerine Halebî daha hayattayken şerhler yazılmıştır. Müellifin talebesi Süleyman b. Ali el-Karamânî’nin günümüze ulaşmayan şerhinin, sayısı elliyi aşan Mülteḳā şerhlerinin ilki olduğu kabul edilebilir. Kitap hakkında Mekke’den Kırım’a, Filibe’den Kahire’ye kadar Osmanlı coğrafyasının hemen her yerinde şerh yazıldığı gibi günümüze ulaşan nüshalarının bulunduğu coğrafya da aynı derecede çeşitlilik arzetmektedir. Söz konusu şerhlerin büyük bir kısmının yalnızca belirli bölge ve çevrelerde fıkıh eğitiminde kullanılmak üzere kaleme alındığı ve yaygınlık kazanmadığı anlaşılmaktadır (Mustafa b. Ömer Üsküdârî, vr. 1b ). Mülteḳā şerhlerinden özellikle ibareyi açıklamak ve meseleleri öğrencilere anlatmak için yazılanların çoğu “mütûn-i erbaa” ve el-Hidâye üzerine yazılan şerh literatüründen istifade edilerek hazırlanmıştır. Metindeki meselelerin kapsamını ve bunların Mülteḳā’da yer almayan Hanefî mezhep birikimindeki meselelerle irtibatını inceleyen bazı şerhler ise bir dizi kaynak eserden yapılan iktibaslarla meydana getirilmiştir. Fıkıh eğitimine yönelik Mülteḳā şerhlerinin yanı sıra meseleleri delillendirmeye, tartışmaya ve yeni hükümler elde etmeye yönelik şerhler de bulunmaktadır. Eserin başlıca şerhleri şu şekilde sıralanabilir: 1. Nûreddin Mahmûd b. Berekât ed-Dımaşkī el-Bâkânî (ö. 1003/1594), Mecrâ (Ceryü)’l-enhur ʿalâ Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1234; İstanbul Müftülüğü Ktp., nr. 105). En yaygın Mülteḳā şerhlerinden biri olan eserde metni paragraflara bölerek ele alan müellif, lafzî açıklamalardan çok meselelerin kapsamını ve diğer meselelerle irtibatlarını irdelemektedir. 2. İsmâil b. Sinâneddin Sivâsî (ö. 1047/1637), Ferâʾidü Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 8821-8822). Eserde her bölüm başında giriş niteliğinde uzun bilgilere yer verilmekte ve meseleler naslarla delillendirilmektedir. Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’ye ve toplumsal hayattaki bazı bid‘atlara yönelik şiddetli tenkitler getiren İbrâhim el-Halebî’nin Mülteḳā’sının Kadızâdeler’e karşı muhalefetin başlıca temsilcisi olan Sivâsîler çevresine mensup biri tarafından şerhedilmiş olması, Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki tasavvuf felsefesi ve tarikat uygulamaları çerçevesinde gelişen fıkıh eksenli tartışmaların tarihinde önemli bir gelişme olarak kabul edilebilir. IV. Murad’a ithaf edilen eserin özellikle bu tartışmalarla irtibatlı meselelere getirdiği açıklamalar dikkat çekicidir (meselâ bk. Ferâʾid, vr. 263-265). 3. Kasapzâde Muhammed b. İbrâhim, Ḫalîcü’l-biḥâr (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 845). 1055’te (1645) tamamlanan eser daha ziyade el-Hidâye ve şerhlerine dayanmaktadır. 4. Dervîş Muhammed b. Ahmed er-Rûmî, Ġavvâṣü’l-biḥâr (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 114). 1065’te (1655) bitirildiği kaydedilen eser metindeki atıfları ve bilinmeyen kelimeleri açıklamak, ibareleri daha basit bir şekilde ifade etmek gibi fıkıh eğitimine yönelik özellikleriyle dikkat çekmektedir. 5. Mustafa b. Ömer Üsküdârî (ö. 1093/1682), Câmiʿu’n-nuḳūl ve lâmiʿu’l-ʿuḳūl (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 8824). Genellikle geç dönem Hanefî literatürüne dayanan ve cümlelerin lafzî tahlillerinden ziyade meseleleri açıklayan bir şerhtir. 6. Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Halebî (ö. 1104/1693), Şerḥu’l-Mülteḳā (TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 895). Eserin 1069’dan (1659) önce tamamlanmış olması muhtemeldir. 7. Halîl b. Resûl Sinobî Akçaçamî (ö. 1075/1664), İẓhâru ferâʾidi’l-ebḥur (ve îżâḥu fevâʾidi’l-enhur) fî şerḥi Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (Köprülü Ktp., Mehmed Âsım Bey, nr. 86). İbarelerin anlamını açıklamak amacını taşıyan kısa şerhlerdendir. 8. Şeyhîzâde Abdurrahman, Mecmaʿu’l-enhur fî şerḥi Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (İstanbul 1240, 1241, 1252, 1257, 1264, 1273, 1276, 1287, 1292, 1300, 1304, 1305, 1310, 1317, 1329; Kahire 1298). Şeyhülislâm Abdürrahim Efendi’nin damadı olduğu için Damad veya Şeyhîzâde (Şeyhzâde) olarak tanınan müellifin bu eseri en meşhur ve hacimli şerhlerden olup Mecelle’nin hazırlanışında sıkça başvurulan kaynaklardandır. 9. Haskefî, ed-Dürrü’l-münteḳā fî şerḥi’l-Mülteḳā (İstanbul 1258, 1287, 1302, 1310, 1311, 1317, 1319, 1321-1322, 1327, 1328). Bu eser de en tanınmış şerhlerden biri olup meselelerin delillerini ve Hanefî literatüründeki kaynakları tartışmasıyla öne çıkmaktadır. 10. Hisâlî Abdurrahman Çelebi, el-ʿAṭâʾ fî şerḥi’l-Mülteḳā (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 2047; Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 610). Atıf ve zamirlerin delâletlerinin belirtilmesi, cümle tahlilleri gibi lafzî açıklamalar ve meselelere kısa örneklerle dikkat çeken eserin çok sayıda yazma nüshasının bulunması Osmanlı coğrafyasındaki yaygınlığına işaret etmektedir. 11. Ali b. Şerefeddin ed-Dimyâtî ez-Zarîfî (ö. 1110/1698), Nûru’t-tuḳā şerḥu’l-Mülteḳā (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 8823). Özellikle meseleleri naslarla delillendirmesi ve mezhepler arası hilâf bilgilerine nisbeten geniş yer vermesiyle bilinmektedir. 12. Sun‘ullah b. Sun‘ullah el-Halebî, İksîru’t-tuḳā fî taḥrîri’l-Mülteḳā (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1233; Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 1027). Mekke kadılığı yapan ve hadis sahasındaki uzmanlığıyla tanınan müellifin 1121’de (1709) tamamladığı eser, her meseleyle doğrudan alâkalı olarak Mülteḳā’da yer almayan hususları şerh sadedinde zikretmesi ve hadisle istidlâle geniş yer vermesiyle öne çıkmaktadır. 13. Abdünnâfi‘ b. Sâlim Kırîmî, Zâdü’l-ʿuḳbâ fî şerḥi’l-Mülteḳā (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1243, 1244). 1131’de (1719) tamamlanan eser diğer Mülteḳā şerhlerinden yapılan iktibasların geniş yer tuttuğu hacimli bir şerhtir. 14. Vahdetî Osman b. Abdullah Cel-vetî Edirnevî (ö. 1130/1718), Mühtedi’l-enhur ilâ Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (İstanbul 1311, 1313). Şeyhîzâde şerhine yakın bir hacim ve muhtevaya sahiptir. 15. Sarı Ahmedefendizâde Abdürrahim b. Ebû Bekir el-Meslüv el-Mar‘aşî (ö. 1149/1736), el-Muʿâdil (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 2041, 2428). Bir müddet Maraş valiliği yapan müellifin Mülteḳā’nın ilmî değerine yönelik tenkitlerin gündemde olduğu bir ortamda kaleme aldığı anlaşılan eser kısa fakat yoğun bir metin olup III. Ahmed’e ithaf edilmiştir. 16. Muhammed b. Yûsuf (ö. 1170/1757), Kâşifü’l-enhur fî şerḥi Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 775). Özellikle Şeyhîzâde şerhinin muğlak ve eksik bıraktığı noktaları açıklamak için kaleme alındığı anlaşılmaktadır. 17. Mevlânâ Mehmed İzmirî, Kemâlü’d-dirâye fî cemʿi’r-rivâye (Süleymaniye Ktp., İzmir, nr. 180; Köprülü Ktp., Mehmed Âsım Bey, nr. 94). Mirʾât hâşiyecisi olarak tanınan müellifin erken dönem kaynaklarından istifade ederek meseleleri uzun iktibaslarla açıkladığı eser Mülteḳā’nın hacimli şerhlerinden olup Sultan II. Mustafa’ya ithaf edilmiştir. 18. Muhammed b. Rüşdî b. Mahmûd, Şerḥu’l-Mülteḳā (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 766). Edirne’deki müderrislik yıllarından sonra Mekke kadılığı yapan müellif, kendi istinsah ettiği nüshada eserini 1168’de (1755) Mekke’de tamamladığını ifade etmektedir. Sadece atıfları, zamirleri ve bilinmeyen kelimeleri açıklayan eser en kısa Mülteḳā şerhlerinden biridir. 19. Mehmed Hafîd Efendi, Kifâyetü’l-ʿuḳūl ve’n-nuḳūl (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 220). Büyük ölçüde Kenzü’d-deḳāʾiḳ şerhleriyle el-Hidâye’ye dayanan eser Mülteḳā’nın en hacimli şerhlerinden biridir.
Bunların dışında Diyarbekir müftüsü Nûh b. Halîl b. Sâlim’in Müntehe’l-ebḥur fî şerḥi Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 1017), Şah Mehmed’in Müntehe’l-enhur şerḥu Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (Köprülü Ktp., Mehmed Âsım Bey, nr. 96), Ahmed b. İbrâhim A‘reczâde el-Celvetî el-Kastamonî’nin Câmiʿu’ş-şürûḥ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 1019), Hatîb Battâl olarak bilinen Hasan b. Ali Kayserî’nin Dürrü’l-biḥâr ve künûzü’l-aḫyâr (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 1239), Şeyhülislâm Debbağzâde Mehmed Efendi’nin Menbaʿu’l-enhur (Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 1644), Gelibolu müftüsü Süleyman b. Mustafa’nın Muvażżıḥu Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 1630), Murtazâ b. Halîl Bozkırî’nin Şerḥu Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (Burdur İl Halk Ktp., nr. 2193) ve Ayşî Mehmed Efendi’nin Şerḥu’l-Mülteḳā (Koca Râgıb Paşa Ktp., nr. 531) adlı eserleri günümüze kadar ulaşan şerhlerdendir. Şârihler arasında Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Behnesî, Bostanzâde Mehmed Efendi, Mustafa Uşşâkī, Murtazâ b. Hüseyin b. Osman, Hâfızüddin en-Nablusî, Ekmeleddin Yûsuf b. İbrâhim eş-Şirvânî, Suiçmez Mustafa Efendi b. Muhammed, Kâtib Mustafa Efendi b. Muhammed, Feyzullah b. Veliyyüddin et-Tarsûsî de zikredilmektedir.
Mülteḳā’nın belirli bir bölümünü işleyen çalışmalar arasında hac babını şerheden Kadızâde Muhammed b. Sâlih’in Feyżü’l-enhur ʿalâ menseki Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur’u (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 2381), süt kardeşliğiyle ilgili bir hükmün iki istisnası hakkında İmamzâde Esad Efendi’nin risâleleri (Süleymaniye Ktp., Yazma Bağışlar, nr. 319, vr. 112-113, Kasîdecizâde Süleyman Sırrı, nr. 259, vr. 110-111; İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 2133, vr. 229-231) ve ferâiz babını şerheden Alâeddin Ali b. Muhammed et-Tarablusî’nin Sebkü’l-enhur ʿalâ ferâʾidi Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur’u (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 2518) sayılabilir. İbn Abdürrezzâk, Mülteḳā’nın ferâiz babını Ḳalâʾidü’l-manẓûm fî münteḳā ferâʾidi’l-ʿulûm adıyla manzum hale getirmiş, yaklaşık 400 beyit olan bu eseri Muhammed Emîn İbn Âbidîn er-Raḥîḳu’l-maḫtûm şerḥu Ḳalâʾidi’l-manẓûm adıyla şerhetmiştir (Dımaşk 1302; Mecmûʿatü resâʾili İbn ʿÂbidîn içinde, İstanbul 1325, II, 185-260).
Mülteḳā hâşiyeleri arasında Dramalı Hocazâde Hacı İsmâil Efendi (İstanbul 1325) ve Şeyhzâde Ali Haydar (İstanbul 1315) hâşiyeleri birçok defa basılmıştır. Mülteḳā’nın Vahdetî, Şeyhîzâde, Sivâsî, Bâkânî şerhlerinin yanı sıra el-Hidâye şerhleri ve Kuhistânî’nin Câmiʿu’r-rumûz’u gibi geç dönem Hanefî literatüründen istifade eden her iki müellif de metni tashih etmiş, satır aralarına anlamayı kolaylaştırıcı rumuzlar koymuştur.
Mülteḳā’nın Türkçe tercüme ve şerhleri ayrı bir telif geleneği meydana getirmiştir. Hibrî Ali Efendi’nin 1073’te (1663) tamamladığı Zuhrü’l-âhire’si (Süleymaniye Ktp., Serez, nr. 945; Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 7884) Mülteḳā’nın muhtemelen ilk Türkçe tercümesidir. Mehmed Tâhir b. Mehmed er-Rahîmî (TSMK, Emanet Hazinesi, nr. 788), İbrâhim b. Abdullah el-Babadâğî (Burdur İl Halk Ktp., nr. 1053) ve Mahmûd b. Abdülvehhâb el-Hâmidî’nin (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 8752) tercümeleri de zikredilmelidir. Midillili Mevkūfâtî Mehmed Efendi’nin çevirisi Mülteḳā tercümeleri içinde en meşhur olanıdır. Aslında geniş bir Türkçe şerh olan bu eseri kaleme almaya Mevkūfâtî’yi teşvik eden kişinin, döneminin edip ve ilim adamlarının Türkçe eserler yazmasına vesile olan Sadrazam Kemankeş Mustafa Paşa olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Mevkūfâtî, I, 4). el-Hidâye ve Mütûn-i erbaa şerhlerinin yanı sıra nevâzil literatüründen de istifade edilerek hazırlanan bu eserin birçok baskısı yapılmıştır (Bulak 1250, 1254, 1294; Kahire 1256, 1284; İstanbul 1266, 1269, 1276, 1290, 1291, 1302, 1306, 1308, 1309, 1312, 1318, 1320). Ahmet Davudoğlu, Zülkarneyn Tatlılı ve Şevket Gürel tarafından Mülteka Tercemesi adıyla hazırlanan neşrinde ise (I-II, İstanbul 1980-1983, 1986) metin sadeleştirilmiş ve eserdeki bazı bahisler hazfedilmiştir. Mustafa Uysal’ın Mülteḳā tercümesinde (İstanbul 1979) metin paragraflara ayrılmış, yeniden harekelendirilmiş ve Behcetü’l-Fetâvâ, Fetâvâ-yı Feyziyye, Fetâvâ-yı Ali Efendi, Fetâvâ-yı Netîce gibi fetva mecmuaları, Mecmaʿu’l-enhur, Ferâʾid ve el-Mevḳūfât şerhleriyle geç dönem Hanefî literatüründen zengin iktibaslarla açıklanmıştır.
M. D’Ohsson’un çalışmasından sonra XIX. yüzyılda Henri Sauvaire Mülteḳā ve Mecmaʿu’l-enhur şerhini özet halinde Fransızca’ya tercüme etmiştir (Marseilles 1876, 1882). Joseph Schacht, tanınmış eseri An Introduction to Islamic Law’ın (Oxford 1969) İslâm hukukunu modern hukukun sistematik tasnifine göre tanıttığı kısmında (s. 112-198) Mülteḳā’yı esas almış ve bu kısmı yer yer Mülteḳā’dan yaptığı serbest tercümelerle meydana getirmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Halebî, Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur (nşr. Vehbî Süleyman Gāvecî el-Elbânî), Beyrut 1989, I-II; Mevkūfâtî, el-Mevkūfât: Şerh ve Terceme-i Mülteka’l-ebhur, İstanbul 1308, I, 4; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, II, 1631; Abdurrahman Şeyhîzâde, Mecmaʿu’l-enhur, Beyrut 1998, I, 490; Mustafa b. Ömer Üsküdârî, Câmiʿu’n-nuḳūl ve lâmiʿu’l-ʿuḳūl fî şerḥi Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur, Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Bayezid, nr. 8824, vr. 1b ; T. Thornton, The Present State of Turkey, London 1807, s. 91-92; Hammer, Staatsverfassung und Staatsverwaltung, s. 10, 11; J.-H. A. Ubicini, Letters on Turkey (trc. L. Easthope), London 1856, I, 139; J. L. Farley, Turks and Christians, London 1876, s. 155; Abū Bakr Effendi, The Religious Duties of Islam as Taught and Explained (trc. M. Brandel-Syrier), Leiden 1960, tercüme edenin girişi, s. XXIV; Savvas Pacha, Étude sur la théorie du droit musulman, Paris 1898; A. Heidborn, Manuel de droit public et administratif de l’Empire ottoman, Vienne-Leipzig 1908, I, 54; A. H. Lybyer, The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent, Cambridge 1913, s. 153, 318; Osmanlı Müellifleri, I, 183-184; Serkîs, Muʿcem, I, 13; II, 1170; B. Miller, “The Curriculum of the Palace School of the Turkish Sultans”, The MacDonald Presentation Volume, Princeton 1933, s. 314; Brockelmann, GAL, II, 57; Suppl., II, 643; Abdürrezzâk el-Hilâlî, Târîḫu’t-taʿlîm fi’l-ʿIrâḳ fi’l-ʿahdi’l-ʿOs̱mânî, Bağdad 1959, s. 99; Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı, s. 115; R. Levy, The Social Structure of Islam, Cambridge 1969, s. 268; Y. Meron, L’obligation alimentaire entre epoux en droit musulman hanefite, Paris 1971, s. 10, 64, 65; a.mlf., “The Development of Legal Thought in Hanefi Texts”, St.I, XXX (1970), s. 116; Abdülcebbâr Abdurrahman, Zeḫâʾirü’t-türâs̱i’l-ʿArabî el-İslâmî, Basra 1401/1981, I, 25; Şükrü Selim Has, A Study of Ibrahim Al-Halabi with Special Reference to the Multaqa (doktora tezi, 1981), University of Edinburgh, tür.yer.; a.mlf., “The Use of Multaqa’l-Abhur in the Ottoman Madrasas and Legal Scholarship”, Osm.Ar., VII-VIII (1988), s. 393-418; M. Akif Ersoy, Safahat (nşr. Ertuğrul Düzdağ), İstanbul 1991, s. 403; Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm, I, 568.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 549-552 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.