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MÜNİF MEHMED PAŞA Skip to content (1830-1910)
Osmanlı devlet adamı, eğitimci ve düşünür.
Asıl adı Mehmed Tâhir’dir. Mehmed Münif, Tâhir Münif, Mehmed Tâhir Münif gibi farklı şekillerde de anılmaktadır. Yazılarında Münif, Münif Efendi, Münif Paşa imzalarını kullanmıştır. Doğum yılıyla ilgili olarak 1240 (1824-25) ile resmî biyografisindeki 1246 (1830-31) arasında değişen farklı tarihler verilmektedir. İlk tahsiline Antep’te Nuruosmaniye Medresesi’nde başladı. Babası Hoca Abdülhâdi Efendi’nin görevi dolayısıyla gittiği Kahire’de Kasr-ı Âlî Medresesi’nde öğrenimini sürdürdü. Ayrıca babasından ve diğer bazı hocalardan Arapça, Mirza Senklâhdam adlı İranlı bir edipten Farsça okudu. Batılılaşma sürecine girmiş olan Mısır’da Avrupa kültürüyle karşılaşma imkânı buldu ve Fransızca öğrenmeye başladı. Mısır’da ortamın Türkler aleyhine bozulması üzerine 1849 yılı sonlarında ailesiyle birlikte buradan ayrıldı. Ailesi Antep’e dönerken kendisi Şam’da kalıp Emeviyye Medresesi’nde öğrenimini tamamladı (Aralık 1850). İki yıla yakın bir süre Şam eyaleti Meclis-i Kebîr Kalemi’nde çalıştı. Ağustos veya Eylül 1852’de İstanbul’a gitti. Ocak 1853’te Bâbıâli Tercüme Odası’nda Arapça ve Farsça mütercimi oldu. Bu arada Fransızca’sını geliştirdi. 1854’te Gelibolu Asâkir-i Muâvine Komisyonu başkâtipliği, 1855’te Berlin’de sefâret ikinci kâtipliği, ardından Berlin başkâtipliği görevine getirildi. Bu suretle Batı uygarlığını daha yakından tanıdığı gibi önde gelen Aydınlanma düşünürlerinin eserlerini okudu. Üniversitede halka açık felsefe, hukuk ve siyaset derslerini takip etti. Yaşadığı dönemde bu düzeyde bir üniversite ilişkisi bile çağdaşları arasında kendisine özel bir yer kazandırmıştır. 1857’de Berlin’den dönerek ikinci defa Tercüme Odası’na giren Münif Mehmed’in görevi sonraki yıllarda da sık sık değişti. Bunlar arasında Meclis-i Kebîr-i Maârif reisliği, Tahran sefirliği, üç defa getirildiği, toplam dokuz yıla yakın süren Maarif nâzırlığı da bulunmaktadır. 1894’te başlayan ikinci Tahran elçiliği onun son resmî görevi oldu. Bunun ardından ölümüne kadar süren İstanbul hayatı tam bir yalnızlık içinde geçti. 6 Şubat 1910’da vefat etti. Özlük dosyasında Türkçe, Arapça, Fransızca, Almanca, İngilizce ve Rumca “tekellüm ve kitâbet” edebildiği kaydı bulunmaktadır.
Bir Osmanlı aydını olan Münif Paşa’nın fikrî ve edebî hayatı resmî hayatına nisbetle çok daha önemli ve ilgi çekici görülmüştür. Zira medrese öğrenimi, aldığı özel dersler, üniversite kültürü ve birikimi yanında Tercüme Odası’nda iken farklı fikir çevreleriyle tanışmış, bu bilgi ve kültür ortamları ona zengin bir entelektüel seviye ve içtimaî statü kazandırmıştır. Özellikle Tercüme Odası’ndaki görevi sırasında tanıştığı Mekâtib-i Umûmiyye Nâzırı Ahmed Kemal Paşa öğreniminden evliliğine kadar kendisine destek vermiştir. Kemal Paşa, Berlin sefiri olunca Mehmed Münif’i de kâtip olarak yanında götürmüş, dönüşleri de birlikte olmuştur. Böylece Kemal Paşa’nın konağı ona hem kültürel birikim hem devlet kademelerinde yükseliş imkânı kazandırmış, Sadrazam Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa ile de bu konak aracılığıyla tanışarak daha üst düzeyde destek ve yardım görmüştür.
Münif Paşa’nın öncülüğünde yayım hayatına başlayan Mecmûa-i Fünûn onun en önemli kültürel ve fikrî başarılarındandır. Bu mecmuanın yayın ilkeleri kendi düşüncelerinin de genel karakterini ortaya koymaktadır. Mecmua özellikle dinî konularla günlük siyaseti neşir alanının dışında bırakmış olup bu tutum giderek Münif Paşa’nın aydın kimliğinin ayrılmaz bir parçasını teşkil etmiştir. Münif Paşa, Batı’daki siyasî anlayış çerçevesinde topluma organik bir şahsiyet olarak bakan ilk Osmanlı aydınlarındandır. Bugünkü anlamda toplum için ilk defa “hey’et-i ictimâiyye, ehl-i meclis” tabirlerini o kullanmıştır. Ona göre insanlar özerk varlıklar olmayıp ait bulundukları çevreyi meydana getiren aktif birer varlıktır. Toplumun varlığı fertlerden bağımsız olduğuna göre insan toplumun unsuru olmaya mecburdur; yani öncelikle bir toplumsal gerçeklik vardır ve insanlar kendilerini “hey’et-i ictimaiyye için bir illet farzetmelidir.” Çünkü sosyal yapının bugünkü hali dikkate alındığında bir kişi tek başına yükümlü olduğu işlerin hepsini birden yerine getiremez.
Münif Paşa, toplumu çağın gerisinde bırakan yönleriyle görenekleri eleştirmektedir. Bu anlamda “görenek belâsı” deyimi ona aittir. Münif Paşa’ya göre işlevini yitirmiş teknik usul ve uygulamaları içeren şekliyle görenek yeniliklere uyumu engellemektedir. Eğer Batı, Osmanlı toplumu gibi göreneklerine saplanıp kalsaydı telgraf, demiryolu, vapur gibi yeniliklere ulaşamayacaktı. Münif Paşa, İstanbul için büyük tehdit oluşturan yangınların sebebini sırf göreneğe bağlılık neticesinde sürdürülmesinde ısrar edilen ahşap evlerin varlığı ile açıklamaktadır. Halbuki Avrupa bu görenek tutkusunu aşarak binaları kâgir yapmaktadır. Coğrafî ve teknik keşiflerin getirdiği gelişmeleri çok iyi değerlendiren Münif Paşa’ya göre mıknatısın keşfi, barut, gaz lambası, telgraf gibi teknik gereçlerin icadı sadece birer teknolojik gelişme olarak kalmamakta, toplumsal değişmeye de işaret etmektedir.
Yenilik taraftarlığına rağmen Münif Paşa, zamanının yoğun siyasî olaylarının içinde Osmanlı yönetimine olan bağlılığını koruyabilmiştir. Hiçbir döneme karşı siyasî vaziyet almayışı kendi kişiliğini de pekiştirmiştir. Aslında bu onun günübirlik politika karşısındaki tutumudur ve kendisi, politika olarak seçtiği bilgi aktarıcılığının gerçekte ne ölçüde köklü bir siyasî tercihle ilgili olduğunun farkındaydı. Fakat bunu devrindeki siyasîlere ve yenilikçi aydınlara anlatamamıştır. Siyasî literatürü meydana getiren başlıca meseleleri insan hakları, terakkî, hürriyet, sosyalizm ve komünizm, meşrutiyet, cumhuriyet ve demokrasi şeklinde sıralayan Münif Paşa, çeşitli yazılarında ele aldığı bu konuları tanıtarak kendi toplumu için geçerlilikleri üzerinde durmuştur. Meselâ sosyalizm ve komünizmin Batı’da ortaya çıkış sebeplerini inceledikten sonra bu sebeplerin ve onların ortaya çıktığı şartların Osmanlı toplumunda bulunmadığını söyleyerek bu yeni akımların hiçbir şekilde kendi ülkesinde kabul görmeyeceğini öne sürmüştür. Çünkü bunlar, “bir lokma ekmeğe hasret-i iştiyâk bulunması gibi münasebetsiz müsavatsızlıklar”ın bulunduğu bir ortamda görülür. Avrupa’daki bu eşitsizlikler Osmanlılar’da yoktur. Ona göre Batı’nın geliştirip savunduğu komünizm ve sosyalizm gibi doktrinler yoksulları istismar etmekten başka bir sonuç vermez.
Münif Paşa düşüncede terakkici, hürriyetçi, medeniyetçi ve asrîlik yanlısı bir çizgi izlemiştir. İnsanı eşref-i mahlûkāt olarak ele alan İslâmiyet’in bu yaklaşımından yola çıkarak insan hürriyetini savunmakta, hürriyeti her türlü gelişmenin temeli saymaktadır. Ancak hür bir insan kendisinin ve toplumun gelişimine katkıda bulunabilir. Başlangıçta dinle açıkladığı bu görüşlerini daha sonra Batı’daki düşünce akımlarından etkilenerek geliştirmiştir. Özellikle insan hürriyeti, sanayi, terakki gibi konularda Montesquieu, John Stuart Mill, Marquis de Mirabeau etkilendiği düşünürler arasındadır.
Yazılı ve sözlü her türlü faaliyetin amacının toplumda bilime karşı bir merak uyandırmak, özellikle gençlere bilim sevgisini aşılamak olduğunu ısrarla dile getiren Münif Paşa için bilgi bir iktidardır ve bu iktidar insanın bilgisi oranında artmaktadır. Bu sebeple Münif Paşa bilimin entelektüel yararı kadar pratik sonuçlarıyla da ilgilenmiştir. Neticeleri itibariyle bilimin her meslek erbabı için geçerli olduğunu, bilimde ilerleyen milletlerin becerilerinin de geliştiğini söylemiş, bunun doğruluğunu kimya sanayii, tarım gibi uygulamalı alanlardan örneklerle teyit etmiş, bilimin pratik sonuçlarının kendi ülkesinde henüz yaygınlaşmadığı bir dönemde ilmin çeşitli meselelerin çözümüne yardımcı olduğuna dikkat çekmiştir. Onun bilime verdiği önemi bu konuda yazdıklarının sistematik sıralamasından anlamak mümkündür. Nitekim bilimin kavramsal analizinden sınıflamasına, bazı bilim örneklerine, bilimin insanlık için ifade ettiği öneme kadar çok geniş yelpazede yazılar yazmıştır. Bu yazıları yanında Cem‘iyyet-i İlmiyye-i Osmâniyye’deki görevi sırasında icraatıyla da Batı bilgi ve bilimlerinin ülke gençliğine aktarılmasında son derece etkili olmuştur. Türkiye’de ilk popüler bilim dergisi olan Mecmûa-i Fünûn da Münif Paşa’nın editörlüğünde yayımlanmıştır.
Münif Paşa’nın resmî görevlerinin en önemli yönünü eğitimciliği oluşturur. Beş yıllık Meclis-i Kebîr-i Maârif reisliğiyle Maarif nâzırlıklarının yanında sivil hayatı da Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’a göre baştan sona bir öğretmenliktir (XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , s. 180). Temel eğitimle ilgili görüşlerini ortaya koyduğu “Ehemmiyet-i Terbiye-i Sıbyân” isimli makalesi (Mecmûa-i Fünûn , sy. 5 [1279], s. 176-185) Türkçe’de modern pedagojiye dair ilk deneme olarak değerlendirilmektedir (Doğan, Tanzimatın İki Ucu , s. 162-170). Arap harflerinin ıslahı meselesi de ilk defa onun tarafından gündeme getirilmiştir. Eğitimin ıslahıyla ilgili yaklaşımı önce mevcut durumu tesbit etmek ve ardından çözümler geliştirmektir. Batı eğitim sistemiyle karşılaştırmalar yaparak ülkede uygulanan sistemin son derece yanlış ve yetersiz olduğunu, çocuklara anlamadıkları bir yığın sarf, nahiv, mantık ve meânî kuralları ezberletildiğini söylemiş, bu yanlışlıkları gidermek için önce öğretmen yetiştirme ve eğitim yöntemini düzeltme meselelerinin ele alınması gerektiğini belirtmiş, çocukların Türkçe’yi kolaylıkla okuyup yazabilmelerini ve müsbet ilimlere başlangıç teşkil eden dersleri okumalarını sağlayacak bir usul ve program uygulanmasını teklif etmiştir. Bu arada eğitimde dayak vb. şiddet araçlarının uygulanmasını da kesinlikle reddetmiştir. Tanzimat’la birlikte başlayan ıslahat hareketlerinin başarılı olabilmesi için halk eğitimine önem verilmesi gerektiğini savunmuştur. Onun Cem‘iyyet-i İlmiyye-i Osmâniyye’yi kurması, Mecmûa-i Fünûn ’u çıkarması, cemiyetin bünyesinde bir kütüphane ve kıraathane açması, dârülfünunda halk dersleri başlatması gibi faaliyetleri bu amaca yöneliktir.
Başta okul ve kitap olmak üzere mecmua, gazete gibi yayın organlarını da birer “intişâr-ı maârif” aracı olarak gören Münif Paşa, eğitimin yaygınlaştırılmasına hizmet eden bu tür araçların ülkede görülen her yeni örneğini sevinçle karşılamıştır. Özellikle kızların eğitilmesi gerektiğini yazılarında ve icraatında göstermek suretiyle bu konunun da öncüsü olmuştur. Fenelon, Fontenelle ve Voltaire’den seçilmiş on bir diyalogdan çevirdiği Muhâverât-ı Hikemiyye ’nin onuncu diyalogu kadınların eğitimsizliğinin kişiler ve toplumlar için olumsuz sonuçlarını konu edinmektedir. Bu çeviri seçimi topluma verilen mesaj açısından önemlidir. Kızların da erkekler gibi eğitilmesi düşüncesi onun nâzırlığı esnasındaki icraatına da yansımıştır. Bu konudaki ilk uygulama 3 Mart 1880’de idâdî seviyesinde açılan bir kız mektebidir. Ayrıca Maarif nâzırlığı sırasında Kıbrıs’ta bir kız mektebinin açılmasına ilişkin çalışmalar başlatılmıştır.
Münif Paşa, Cem‘iyyet-i İlmiyye-i Osmâniyye bünyesinde kurulmasını sağladığı kütüphane dolayısıyla ülkeye bir millî kütüphane kazandırma girişiminin öncüsü kabul edilmiştir. Kütüphanecilik faaliyetinin bir başka yönü de İstanbul kütüphanelerinin kataloglarının hazırlanması ve İstanbul vakıf kütüphanelerinin düzenli kataloglarının devletçe bastırılmasıyla ilgilidir. Ayrıca ilk kütüphane yönetmeliği de onun nâzırlığı sırasında yayımlanmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. Dâstân-ı Âl-i Osmân (İstanbul 1299). Osmanlı Devleti’nin 600. kuruluş yıl dönümü münasebetiyle kaleme alınmış manzum bir eser olup Osman Gazi’den II. Abdülhamid’e kadar otuz dört padişah dönemindeki önemli hadiseleri içermektedir.
2. Hikmet-i Hukūk (İstanbul 1302). Münif Paşa’nın Mekteb-i Hukuk’tan öğrencisi Sâbit Efendi tarafından yayıma hazırlanmış hukuk felsefesi ders notlarıdır. Müellifin tabii hukuk kavramına özel bir vurgu yaptığı hukuk felsefesine dair bu eser Türkiye’de sahasında ilk çalışmadır. Düello hukuku gibi meselelere yer verilişinden ötürü geniş ölçüde Batı kaynaklarına dayanılarak hazırlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Metinde Kant, Montesquieu, Bentham ve Fichte gibi filozoflara atıf yapılmaktadır.
3. Telhîs-i Hikmet-i Hukūk (İstanbul 1301). Münif Paşa’nın hikmet-i hukuk ders notlarının Mekteb-i Hukuk’tan öğrencisi Mahmud Esad Efendi tarafından neşre hazırlanmış özet versiyonudur.
4. Medhal-i İlm-i Hukūk (İstanbul 1299).
5. İlm-i Servet (İstanbul 1302). Bu eseri de Mahmud Esad Efendi yayıma hazırlamıştır. Serbest piyasa ve teşebbüs hürriyeti ilkesinin ekonomide hareket noktası yapıldığı kitapta ekonomik liberalizmin dayandığı model iktisadî hayatın tabii düzeni olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
6. “Târîh-i Hükemâ-i Yûnân” (Mecmûa-i Fünûn , kesintili olarak sy. 13-45 [1280-1284]). On altı bölüm halinde yayımlanmıştır.
7. Terkibibend (İstanbul 1311). Tek sayfalık levha halinde basılmış, mektebin önem ve değerinden bahseden bu uzunca manzumeyi Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir iktibas etmiştir (Osmanlı Müellifleri , II, 428-430).
8. Muhâverât-ı Hikemiyye (İstanbul 1276). Voltaire’in Dialogues et entretiens philosophiques ile Dialogues et anecdotes philosophiques adlı eserlerinden, Fénelon’un Oeuvres ismiyle toplu olarak yayımlanmış yazılarından ve Fontenelle’in Dialogues des morts adlı kitabından seçilmiş felsefî diyalog tarzındaki bir dizi metnin tercümesidir. Kitap, Yûsuf Kâmil Paşa’nın Fénelon’dan çevirdiği Tercüme-i Telemak ’tan önce basıldığı için Batı dillerinden çevrilen ilk edebî ve felsefî eser olma özelliğini taşımaktadır. Kitapta yer alan on bir diyalog sırasıyla evrenin yaratılışı ve anlamı, şöhret tutkusu ve medeniyet, toplumların kalkınma ve gelişmesi, vatan severlik ve millî menfaatlerin üstünlüğü, saray hayatında mutluluğun imkânı, Tanrı’nın ispatı, ekonomik hayat ve kalkınma, Avrupalı aydının Amerikalı yerlilere bakışı, filozoflar ve devlet adamları, kadının eğitimi, insanın acımasızlığı ve hayvan hakları konularını işlemektedir. Türkçe’de Sefiller adıyla tanınan Victor Hugo’ya ait Les misérables isimli romanın Cerîde-i Havâdis gazetesinde (sy. 480-503 [1276/1862]) Mağdûrîn Hikâyesi adıyla imzasız olarak tefrika edilmiş özet çevirisinin de Münif Paşa’ya ait olduğunu gösteren araştırmaların bulunduğunu belirtmek gerekir (Budak, s. 339-359).
Basılı eserleri dışında İlm-i Belâgat (İstanbul Belediyesi Atatürk Kitaplığı, Muallim Cevdet, nr. K. 219), İran Risâlesi (İran’a Giden Ricâl-i Osmâniyye Hakkında Ma‘lûmât) (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 4422; İstanbul Arkeoloji Ktp., El Yazmaları, nr. 401; risâlenin yeni harflerle neşri için bk. Akın, s. 147-152), İngiltere Tarihinden Birkaç Yaprak (Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî Efendi, Tarih, nr. 65), Âdât-ı Ümem (Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî Efendi, nr. 404), Lâyiha (Millet Ktp., Ali Emîrî Efendi, Lâyihalar, nr. 85) gibi yazma halinde çalışmaları ve Istılâhât-ı Türkiyye , Lisân-ı Hâl , İran Hâtırâtı (İran Rûznâmesi) adlı eserleri de bulunmaktadır (Budak, s. 400-418). Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir’in Münif Paşa’nın çalışmalarına dair verdiği listede yukarıda kaydedilenler dışında yirmiye yakın eserinin adı zikredilmektedir (Osmanlı Müellifleri , II, 428). Münif Paşa’nın Mecmûa-i Fünûn ve Hazîne-i Evrâk dergileriyle Cerîde-i Havâdis gazetesinde çok sayıda makalesi yayımlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Agâh Sırrı Levend, Türk Dilinde Gelişme ve Sadeleşme Evreleri , Ankara 1960, s. 153.
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Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , İstanbul 1976, s. 180-182.
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Müjgan Cunbur, “Münif Paşa Lâyihası ve Değerlendirilmesi”, TAD , II/2-3 (1964), s. 223-231.
Ekrem Işın, “Osmanlı Bilim Tarihi: Münif Paşa ve Mecmua-i Fünun”, TT , II/11 (1984), s. 61-66.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 9-12 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.