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MÜNŞEAT Skip to content Mektup dahil her türlü resmî ve hususî yazıyı toplayan, yazım esaslarını gösteren eserlerin genel adı.
Sözlükte “düz yazı, nesir” anlamındaki inşâ masdarından türeyen münşeât kelimesi münşî adı verilen, devlet teşkilâtı bünyesindeki divan, kalem ve ketebe gibi resmî dairelerde çalışan nişancı, tevkīî yahut küttâbların yazdığı çoğu musanna resmî yazılarla mektuplar yanında şair ve edebiyatçıların kaleme aldığı her çeşit sanatlı düz yazıya ve bu yazıların toplandığı kitaplara ad olmuştur. Münşeat Fars ve Türk kültüründe “mektûbât” karşılığı olarak da kullanılmıştır. Fakat başta âlimler ve mutasavvıflar olmak üzere (meselâ bk. Mektûbât-ı Hazret-i Sezâî, Mektûbât-ı Azîz Mahmud Hüdâyî) aynı kişinin mektuplarının bir araya toplanmasından meydana gelen eserlere Arap edebiyatında olduğu gibi daha çok “resâil” veya mektûbât denilmiştir (bk. MEKTUP). Bunun dışında Osmanlı tarih ve diplomasisinde münşeat kelimesi zamanla her türlü resmî yazıyı ifade eden bir terim niteliği kazanmıştır (DİA, XXIX, 18-21). Osmanlı telif geleneğinde mektuplar dahil her çeşit mensur yazıyı bir araya toplayan eserler “mecmûa-i münşeât”, “mecmûa-i inşâ” adıyla bir mecmua türü meydana getirmiştir (bk. MECMUA). Kınalızâde Ali Efendi, Lâmiî Çelebi, Veysî, Nergisî ve Nâbî’nin eserleri bizzat kendileri tarafından derlenmiş, Ebüssuûd Efendi, Nef‘î, Çelebizâde Âsım, Râgıb Paşa, Kânî ve Âkif Paşa’nın münşeatları ise müelliflerinin ölümünden sonra başkaları tarafından bir araya getirilmiştir.
Türk edebiyatında ilk örnekleri XIV. yüzyılda görülmeye başlayan ve XX. yüzyıla kadar bir edebî gelenek halinde devam eden bu mecmuaların muhtevasını resmî ve özel yazışma ile mektuplar yanında manzum mektuplar, bunları süsleyen değişik manzumeler, nutuk, makale, arzuhal ve duânâmeleri de içine alan örnekler oluşturmaktadır. Böylece münşeat, özellikle Osmanlı kültüründe şiirleri toplayan divanlar gibi her çeşit nesri bir araya getiren bir telif türü halinde gelişmiştir (geniş bilgi için bk. Abdurrahman Daş, Osmanlılarda Münşeât Geleneği, doktora tezi, 2003, AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü). Bir nevi nesir antolojisi veya müntehabât olarak kabul edilmesi gereken münşeatların büyük bir kısmının mukaddimesi vardır. Didaktik özellikteki münşeatların derlenmesine, münşîlik mesleğine yeni gireceklerle diğer ihtiyaç duyanları gerekli yazışmaları yapabilecek şekilde bilgilendirmek, edebî ve tarihî özellikte olanlarda ise sanat gösterme arzusu yanında kıymetli örneklerin kaybolmasının önüne geçmek ve tarihî belgelerin ortadan kalkmasına engel olmak gibi sebepler gösterilmektedir (Haksever, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 3 [1999], s. 57).
Münşeatların tertibi belli özellikler göstermektedir. Bütün münşeatlarda önce yazışma usul ve kaideleri, yazışma türleri ve tarifleri, bunlarda kullanılacak unvan ve elkāb yer almaktadır. Ardından tarihî veya edebî yazışma örnekleri gelir. Mektuplarda makam esas olduğu için örnek metinler de önce Hz. Peygamber’in ve halifelerin mektuplarından verilir. Daha sonra padişahların her türde yazıları, vezirlerden başlayarak diğer devlet adamlarına hitaben yazılmış yazılarla bazı devlet adamlarının kaleme aldığı metinlere geçilir. Ardından hususi yazışmalar gelir. Bunların dışında dinî yazıların, vakfiye sûretlerinin, kıssa ve menkıbelerin, çeşitli ilimlerle ilgili tarif ve bilgilerin, hitabe ve nutukların bulunduğu örnekler de görülmektedir. Münşeât-ı Azîziyye, Hz. Peygamber ve ilk halifelerin mektuplarıyla başlamakta; Râgıb Paşa’nın eserinde İslâm tarihinden bazı olaylar, Mekke ve Tâif’in fethine dair pasajlar; Âlî Mustafa’nın münşeatında Resûl-i Ekrem’in sîreti Hakkında bilgiler, meşâyihin vasıfları, vezirlerle bazı meslek erbabının özellikleri yer almaktadır. Abdülhalim Efendi’nin mecmuasında bazı âlim ve şairler tanıtılmakta, Âlî’nin münşeatında mûsikiyle ilgili bilgiler bulunmaktadır. Tâcîzâde Câfer Çelebi’ye atfedilen eserde Sultan Cem kıssasına yer verilmekte, Nergisî bazı cami, saray, çeşme vakfiyelerini aktarmaktadır. Bu örnekler münşeatların muhteva çeşitliliğini göstermektedir. Derleyeni tarafından farklı adlar konulmuş olsa da bu mecmuaların çoğu derleyicisinin ismiyle anılmıştır. Nitekim Feridun Bey’in Münşeâtü’s-selâtîn’i Feridun Bey Münşeatı, Hâfız İsmâil Müşfik Efendi’nin eseri Münşeât-ı Müşfikiyye (Müşfiknâme) adıyla anılmaktadır.
Tanzimat’tan sonra orta öğretim kurumlarında usûl-i kitâbet ve inşâ adıyla bir ders konulmasının ardından bu ders için hazırlanan ve sadece yazı kurallarıyla örnek metinlere yer verilen İnşâ-yı Cedîd gibi kitaplara ise daha çok inşâ mecmuaları/kitapları denilmiştir. Ancak eskiden olduğu gibi bu dönemde de inşâ ve münşeat kelimelerinin birbirinin yerine kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Klasik münşeat mecmualarının Fâtih Sultan Mehmed devrine ait en eski örneği olan, Yahyâ b. Mehmed el-Kâtib’in 1479’da kaleme aldığı Menâhicü’l-inşâ bu adlandırmanın eski bir uygulamasıdır (nşr. Şinasi Tekin, Boston 1971). Aslında birer münşeat sayılan Sarı Abdullah Efendi’nin eseri Düstûrü’l-inşâ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3360), Darendeli Hayret Efendi’ninki İnşâ-yı Hayret (Riyâzü’l-kütebâ ve hıyazü’l-üdebâ, Bulak 1242) ismini taşırken Ahmed Râsim’in inşâ kitabı İlâveli Hazîne-i Mekâtip yâhud Mükemmel Münşeât (İstanbul 1318), Fâik Reşâd’ın eseri Amelî ve Nazarî Ta‘lîm-i Kitâbet yâhud Mükemmel İnşâ (İstanbul 1313) adıyla anılmaktadır. Seyfettin Özege’nin Katalog’unda mevcut basılmış inşâ (II, 731-732) ve münşeat (III, 1263-1265) mecmualarının listesi gözden geçirildiğinde bu uygulamanın zengin örnekleriyle karşılaşılır.
Münşeatlar tâlimî (didaktik), tarihî ve edebî olarak üç kısımda ele alınmakla birlikte Arapça, Farsça veya Türkçe oluşları, derleyenin bilinip bilinmemesi, toplanış veya telif edilişleri gibi özellikler de göz önüne alınarak çeşitli şekillerde tasnif edilmiştir (Halil İbrahim Haksever’in kapsamlı tasnifinden başka [Eski Türk Edebiyatında Münşeatlar ve Nergisî’nin Münşeatı, doktora tezi, 1995, İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü], s. 195-260] Agâh Sırrı Levend ve Orhan Şaik Gökyay’ın gruplandırmaları için bk. bibl.). Ancak genel bir yaklaşımla münşeatları altı grupta ele almak mümkündür.
1. Resmî mektup ve yazışma usullerini öğreten ve bunlara ait temsilî örnekleri yahut gerçek yazışma metinlerini ihtiva edenler. Selçuklular devrinde Anadolu’da ortaya konan ve resmî dilin Farsça olması sebebiyle bu dille kaleme alınmış olan münşeatların çoğu bu özelliktedir (geniş bilgi için bk. Köymen, bibl.). Adını risâle/mektup kelimesinden alan ve sadece eksik bir nüshası bilinen (Manisa İl Halk Ktp., Murâdiye, nr. 1856/3, vr. 113b -121b ) Ahmed-i Dâî’nin Teressül’ü gibi ilk Türkçe örnekler de bu niteliktedir. Bu türe Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki (Esad Efendi, nr. 3292, 3326) münşeatlar da örnek gösterilebilir. İ. Çetin Derdiyok’un üzerinde bir doktora çalışması gerçekleştirdiği XV. yüzyıl şairlerinden Mesîhî’nin Gül-i Sadberk’inde ise (1994, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) inşâ tekniği Hakkında bilgi verildikten sonra bunlara uygun 100 temsilî örnek yazılmıştır. Bu tarz eserler dil bilgisi, inşâ ve üslûp bilgileri, özellikle diplomatik ilminde kullanılan hitap cümleleri, elkāb, unvanlar, manzum ve mensur ibareler, mukaddime ve hâtimeler gibi konularda verilen mâlûmat bakımından önemlidir.
2. Feridun Bey’in Münşeâtü’s-selâtîn’i gibi sadece resmî mektup ve yazışma metinlerini derleyenler. Bunlardan nâme-i hümâyun, hatt-ı hümâyun, buyruldu, i‘lâm ve telhisler gibi tek bir belge türüne ait metinleri toplayanlar da münşeat mecmuası oldukları halde Hatt-ı Hümâyun Mecmuası (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6094, 6110), Telhis Mecmuası (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3363), İ‘lâmât Mecmuası (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 9267, 9268) şeklinde de anılır. Tâcîzâde Sâdî Çelebi (nşr. Necati Lûgal – Adnan Erzi, İstanbul 1956), Kınalızâde Ali Efendi (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3300, 3314) ve Şeyhülislâm Çelebizâde Âsım Efendi (İstanbul 1286) gibi isimlerin kaleme aldığı eserler de bu niteliktedir. Fâtih Devrine Âit Münşeât Mecmuası da (nşr. Necati Lugal – Adnan Erzi, İstanbul 1956) bu gruba girer. Bu eserlerin değeri, kâtip ve münşîlere gerçek örnekler göstermesi yanında tarihî konularda verilen bilgilerden gelmektedir.
3. Lâmiî Çelebi’nin Münşeât-ı Mekâtîb’i gibi (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3316) çoğunlukla şair ve edebiyatçıların kaleminden çıkmış hususi ve sanatkârane örnekleri bir araya getirenler. Bu münşeatların bir kısmını bizzat müellifleri, bir kısmını da başkaları tertip etmiştir. Bunlar arasında Doğu Türkçesi ile yazılmış tek eser olan Ali Şîr Nevâî’nin Münşeât’ının ayrı bir yeri vardır (Bakü 1926; Ayşehan Deniz Abik eser üzerinde bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır; 1993, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü). Fuzûlî (nşr. Abdülkadir Karahan, İstanbul 1948), Âlî Mustafa Efendi, Veysî (İstanbul 1286), Nergisî (Halil İbrahim Haksever, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Münşeatlar ve Nergisî’nin Münşeatı adıyla bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır, 1995, İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), Nâbî, Nef‘î ve Kânî (Dilek Batislâm Kânî’nin Mensur Letâifnâmesi ve Hezliyyatı adıyla bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır, 1977, Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) gibi divan şairlerinin münşeatları bu grupta yer alır. Birkaç şairin mektuplarını bir araya getiren mecmualara ise Şeyh Mahmûd b. Edhem’in 1491’de kaleme aldığı Mecmûatü’l-münşeât örnek gösterilebilir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3324). Bunlarda sanatkârla ilgili olarak diğer kaynaklarda rastlanamayacak değerli bilgiler mevcuttur.
4. Bazı edebiyatçıların kendi yazılarına da yer vererek derledikleri resmî-hususî, eski-yeni mektup ve yazışmalarla beğenilen nesirleri içine alan mecmuaları. Bunların en tanınmışlarından biri Refik ve Tevfik (Çaylak) beylerin Letâif-i İnşâ adlı kitabıdır (I-II, İstanbul 1281-1282). Âkif Paşa’nın Münşeât-ı el-Hâc Âkif Efendi ve Divançe’si (İstanbul 1259), Mahmud Celâleddin Paşa’nın Münşeât’ı (İstanbul 1312) ve Münşeât-ı Şeyh Vasfî de (İstanbul 1316) bunlardandır. Bu eserlerde Tanzimat’la birlikte Batı tesirine açılan yazı dilinde ortaya çıkan değişiklikleri ve konu farklılıklarını görmek mümkündür.
5. Mehmed Fuad’ın Rehber-i Kitâbet-i Osmâniyye yâhud Mükemmel Münşeât’ı gibi (İstanbul 1327) Tanzimat’tan sonra mekteplerde okutulan inşâ dersi için hazırlanmış her çeşit yazışmayı öğreten ders kitapları. Bunlar farklı isimler taşısa da bir kısmının “münşeat” kelimesinin de içinde bulunduğu adlarla anıldığı görülmektedir. Mihrî’nin (Mihran Apikyan) Tatbîkāt-ı Münşeât’ı ise (İstanbul 1306) bu tür eserlerin pratiğe dönük olduğunu daha adında ortaya koymaktadır. Sahaf el-Hâc Nûri Efendi’nin derlediği ve devrin padişahı Sultan Abdülaziz’e ithafen Münşeât-ı Azîziyye fî âsâr-ı Osmâniyye adını verdiği iki ciltlik eseriyle (I, İstanbul 1292; II, 1286) Manastırlı Mehmed Rifat’ın Nüzhetü’l-Münşeât (İstanbul 1285) ve Zübdetü’l-Münşeât’ı (İstanbul 1300) bu grupta zikredilmesi gereken eserlerdir.
6. Şair Zaîfî Pîr Mehmed’in Münşeât-ı Mevlânâ Zaîfî’si gibi çoğu aynı kişinin divanı ile bir arada bulunan (TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 822, vr. 184b -194b , müellif hattı) belirli sayıdaki mektuplardan ibaret eserler. Bunlara Ebûbekir Rifat’ın, oğlu tarafından neşredilen Münşeât ve Dîvân-ı Rif‘at Efendi ile (Bulak 1254) Trabzonlu Emin Hilmi Efendi’nin Divan ve Münşeât’ı (Trabzon 1293), Zîver Paşa’nın Âsâr-ı Zîver Paşa Divan ve Münşeât’ı (Bursa 1313) gibi örnekleri de ilâve etmek gerekir.
Münşeatlar öncelikle edebiyat ve tarih çalışmaları bakımından kaynak eser niteliği taşımaktadır. Ancak münşeat kelimesi özellikle Tanzimat’tan sonra yazışma şekillerini öğreten ders kitaplarına ad olmaya başlayınca hukuk ve askerlik gibi alanlarda yapılacak yazışmaların kural ve örneklerini içine alan kitaplar için de bu isim kullanılmıştır. Muhyiddin Bey’in Münşeât ve Muâmelât-ı Askeriyye (Edirne 1308), Türkzâde Hâfız Mehmed Ziyâeddin’in Münşeât ve Muâmelât-ı Umûmiyye yâhud Mükemmel ve Mufassal İnşâ-yı Mülkî ve Askerî ile (İstanbul 1314) Hasan Hıfzı’nın Münşeât-ı Hukūk (İstanbul 1300) ve Abdülahad Nûri’nin Münşeât-ı Kavânîn (İstanbul 1305) gibi belli bir alana ait yazışma kural ve örneklerini toplayan mecmualar bu tip eserlere örnektir. Ahmed Erib’in Hanımlara Münşeât’ı ise (İstanbul 1309) daha farklı bir çalışmadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Taşköprizâde, Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm, I, 250-255; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn, I, 181; II, 1860-1861; Diyarbekirli Said Paşa, Mîzânü’l-edeb, İstanbul 1305, s. 219-240; Yahyâ b. Mehmed el-Kâtib, Menâhicü’l-inşâ (nşr. Şinasi Tekin), Roxbury 1971, s. 5-17; Osman Turan, Türkiye Selçukluları Hakkında Resmî Vesikalar, Ankara 1958, s. 22-24; Özege, Katalog, II, 731-732; III, 1263-1265, 1342; V, 2134; M. Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri: Belâgat , Ankara 1980, s. 46-54; İsmail E. Erünsal, The Life and Works of Tâcî-zâde Ca‘fer Çelebi, with a Critical Edition of His Dîvân , İstanbul 1983, s. LXV-LXIX; Agâh Sırrı Levend, Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , Ankara 1984, I, 113-116; Bekir Kütükoğlu, “Münşeat Mecmualarının Osmanlı Diplomatiği Bakımından Ehemmiyeti”, Tarih Boyunca Paleografya ve Diplomatik Semineri: 30 Nisan – 2 Mayıs 1986 Bildiriler, İstanbul 1988, s. 169-176; Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), İstanbul 1994, s. 100, 160, 174-175, 221-222; a.mlf., “Mektup”, DİA, XXIX, 18-21; İ. Çetin Derdiyok, “Osmanlı Devrinde Mektup Yazma Geleneği”, Osmanlı, Ankara 1999, IX, 731-733; Muhammed Hânî, “Münşeʾât”, Dânişnâme-i Edeb-i Fârsî (nşr. Hasan Enûşe), Tahran 1381 hş., II, 1278-1279; Mehmed Altay Köymen, “Selçuklu Devri Kaynaklarına Dair Araştırmalar I: Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Devrine Ait Münşeat Mecmuaları”, DTCFD, VIII/4 (1951), s. 538-648; Müeyyed Sâbitî, “Nâmehâ-yı Târîḫî”, Ferheng-i Îrân-zemîn, V, Tahran 1336, s. 16-22; Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Türk Edebiyatında Mektup”, Tercüme, XVI/77-80, Ankara 1964, s. 386-390; Orhan Şaik Gökyay, “Tanzimat Dönemine Değin Mektup”, TDl., sy. 274 (1974), s. 17-19; Kemal Demiray, “Tanzimattan Günümüze Değin Mektup”, a.e., sy. 274 (1974), s. 88-96; İbrahim Kutluk, “Münşeatlar ve Günümüze Dek Gelen Mektup Betikleri Üzerine”, a.e., sy. 274 (1974), s. 367-378; V. L. Ménage, “The Gül-i Sad-Berg of Mesīhī”, Osm.Ar., VII-VIII (1988), s. 11-32; Halil İnalcık, “Şikâyet Hakkı: ‘Arz-ı Hâl ve ‘Arz-ı Mazhar’lar”, a.e., VII-VIII (1988), s. 33-54; a.mlf., “Reis-ül-Küttâb”, İA, IX, 677-680; Christine Woodhead, “Ottoman Inşa and Art of Letter-Writting: Influences upon the Career of the Nişancı and Prose Stylist Okçuzade (d. 1630)”, Osm.Ar., VII-VIII (1988), s. 143-159; Halil İbrahim Haksever, “Münşeat Mecmuaları ve Edebiyat Tarihimiz İçin Önemi”, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 1, Afyon 1998, s. 73-86; a.mlf., “Münşeat Mecmualarında ‘Sebeb-i Te’lif’”, a.e., sy. 3 (1999), s. 55-64; Pakalın, II, 620; Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme (Muîn), XIII, 19117; M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “Nişancı”, İA, IX, 301; Ömer Faruk Akün, “Sarı Abdullah”, a.e., X, 218; a.mlf., “Âlî Mustafa Efendi”, DİA, II, 420; H. R. Roemer, “İns̲h̲āʾ”, EI2 (İng.), III, 1241-1244; Jürgen Paul, “Enšā”, EIr., VIII, 455-457; Günay Kut, “Ahmed-i Dâî”, DİA, II, 57; Celia J. Kerslake, “Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi”, a.e., VII, 260-261; Mustafa Uzun, “İnşâ”, a.e., XXII, 338-339; M. Orhan Okay, “Mektup”, a.e., XXIX, 17-18; Reşat Öngören, “Mektup”, a.e., XXIX, 21-23; Mine Mengi, “Mesîhî”, a.e., XXIX, 313.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 18-20 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.