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MURAD V Skip to content (1840-1904)
Osmanlı padişahı (1876).
25 Receb 1256’da (22 Eylül 1840) doğdu. Asıl adı Mehmed olup babası Abdülmecid, annesi Şevkiefser Kadınefendi’dir. Şehzadeliğinde iyi bir eğitim gördü. Çeşitli hocalardan Türkçe, Arapça, Fransızca, Osmanlı tarihi ve fen dersleri okudu; iki İtalyan hocadan piyano ve Batı müziği dersleri aldı. Amcası Abdülaziz tahta çıkınca veliaht ilân edildi (1861). Abdülaziz’in Mısır (1863) ve Avrupa (1867) seyahatlerine veliaht sıfatıyla katıldı. Vaktinin çoğunu, Abdülaziz’in kendisine tahsis ettiği Kadıköy Kurbağalıdere’deki çiftlik evinde geçiriyordu. Bu dönemlerde meşrutî rejimi savunan Yeni Osmanlılar’la temas kurdu. Sık görüştüğü Şinâsi, Nâmık Kemal ve Ziyâ (Paşa) beylerle meşrutiyet, demokrasi ve hürriyet konusunda fikir alışverişinde bulunuyordu. Ziyâ Paşa ve özel doktoru Kapoleon Efendi aracılığıyla, Abdülaziz’in yönetiminden hoşnut olmayan muhalif grubun lideri Midhat Paşa ile de haberleşmekteydi. Bu yıllarda Osmanlı Devleti çeşitli zorluklarla karşı karşıya kalmıştı. Hersek isyanıyla (1875) başlayan Balkan buhranı, Bulgaristan ayaklanması (2 Mayıs 1876) ve iki konsolosun öldürülmesiyle sonuçlanan Selânik vak‘ası (6 Mayıs 1876) dış gelişmeleri tehlikeli bir noktaya getirmişti. Büyük güçlerin Osmanlı Devleti’ne müdahaleye hazırlandığı bir sırada muhalif grup Abdülaziz’i hal‘edip Murad’ı tahta çıkarma hazırlığına girişti. Midhat Paşa’nın köşkünde yapılan toplantıda, Abdülaziz’in tahtta kalmasının hem ülke hem kendileri için tehlikeli olacağı kanaatine varılarak medrese talebelerinin ayaklandırılmasına karar verildi. Murad Efendi de talebeye dağıtılmak üzere sarrafı Hristaki Efendi’den sağladığı paraları Midhat Paşa’ya gönderdi. “Talebe-i ulûm” veya “softalar ayaklanması” adı verilen gösteriler 10 Mayıs 1876’da başladı. Mütercim Rüşdü Paşa’nın sadrazamlığa, İmâm-ı Sultânî Hasan Hayrullah Efendi’nin şeyhülislâmlığa, Hüseyin Avni Paşa’nın seraskerliğe ve Midhat Paşa’nın Meclis-i Vükelâ memuriyetine tayin edildiği açıklanınca (12 Mayıs) isyancılar dağıldı. Abdülaziz düşmanlığında ittifak eden ve “erkân-ı erbaa” adı verilen bu grup iktidar koltuğuna oturduktan sonra Abdülaziz’in hal‘i konusunda anlaşarak durumu veliahda bildirdiler. Hal‘ işinin 31 Mayıs’ta yapılması kararlaştırıldığı halde bazı gelişmeler yüzünden 29-30 Mayıs gecesine alındı. Dolmabahçe Sarayı karadan ve denizden kuşatılarak giriş çıkışlar yasaklandı ve telefon hatları kesildi. Öğrencileri silâhlandırarak Taşkışla’da hazırladığı üs taburla Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nı karadan kuşatan Askerî Mektepler Nâzırı Süleyman Paşa, saraydaki veliaht dairesine gidip Murad Efendi’yi almak istedi. Harekâtın öne alındığından haberi olmayan veliaht tutuklanacağı korkusuyla heyecanlandı ve dairesinden çıkmak istemedi. Süleyman Paşa zorla ikna ettiği Murad Efendi’yi karakola götürürken arkadan Hüseyin Avni Paşa yetişti. Arabadan inmeden veliahdı yanına alarak rıhtıma doğru hareket etti. Arabası süngülü askerler tarafından birkaç defa durdurulan Murad Efendi, şiddetli fırtına ve sağanak halinde yağan yağmur altında rıhtımda bekleyen bir kayığa bindirildi. Denizde de üç vasıta değiştirildikten sonra güçlükle Sirkeci İskelesi’ne gelindi. Hüseyin Avni Paşa bir kira arabasına bindirdiği veliahdı Beyazıt’taki Serasker Kapısı’na getirdi. Burada beklemekte olan sadrazam, şeyhülislâm ve diğer bazı devlet erkânı V. Murad’a biat ettiler. Arkasından Abdülaziz’in hal‘ine dair fetva okundu. Fetva gerekçesinde Abdülaziz’in cinnet geçirdiği ve devlet işlerinden anlamadığı ileri sürülüyordu. Resmî tebliğde Abdülaziz’in hal‘inin “ittifâk-ı umûmî” ile olduğu söylenmişse de aslında bu iş birkaç kişinin düzenlediği bir darbe ile gerçekleşmişti. Pek çok devlet adamı ile askerin Abdülaziz’in öldüğü haberleriyle aldatıldığı daha sonra anlaşıldı. Eski padişah Topkapı Sarayı’na nakledilince V. Murad Dolmabahçe Sarayı’na götürüldü. Top atışlarıyla cülûs duyuruldu ve sarayda toplanan devlet erkânı için ikinci biat merasimi düzenlendi. Geleneğe göre yeni padişahın Topkapı Sarayı’ndaki altın tahta oturması gerekirken V. Murad yaldızlı bir koltuğa oturtularak biat merasimi icra edildi. Bu sırada Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nda Abdülaziz’e ve yakınlarına ait eşya yağmalandı. Para ve mücevheratın bir kısmını yeni padişahın annesi alırken bir kısmı da V. Murad’ın 1 milyona varan borçları için sarrafı Hristaki’ye verildi. Büyük bir kısmına devlet adamları el koydu.
V. Murad, tahta çıkmasında önemli rol oynayan Ziyâ Paşa’yı kendisine başkâtip tayin etti; sadrazama haber yollayarak Abdülaziz’in sürgüne gönderdiği Nâmık Kemal ve arkadaşlarının geri çağrılmasını istedi, fakat bu isteği yerine getirilmedi. Kendisini tahta çıkaran “erkân-ı erbaa” arasında kısa zamanda fikir ayrılığı belirdi. Hürriyetçi demokrasiyi samimiyetle savunan tek kişi Midhat Paşa idi; diğerleri eski rejimin devamından yanaydılar. Nitekim cülûsun üçüncü günü yayımlanan hatt-ı hümâyunda meşrutiyet konusu birkaç parlak sözle geçiştirilmişti. Diğer taraftan Serasker Hüseyin Avni Paşa tam bir diktatör gibi davranıyor ve her işe müdahale ediyordu. Saraya giriş çıkışları kontrol altına alan serasker padişahla görüşecek kişilerin kendisinden izin alması gerektiğini bildirdi. Ziyâ Paşa başkâtiplikten azledilerek yerine Sâdullah Paşa getirildi. Eski padişah Fer‘iye Sarayı’na nakledildikten üç gün sonra dairesinde ölü bulundu (4 Haziran). Abdülaziz’in kayınbiraderi Kolağası Çerkez Hasan Bey, eniştesinin ölümünden sorumlu tuttuğu Hüseyin Avni Paşa’yı Midhat Paşa’nın konağında yapılan Meclis-i Vükelâ toplantısını basarak öldürdü (15-16 Haziran gecesi).
Eskiden beri rahatsızlığı bilinen V. Murad’ın birbiri ardına gelen olaylar yüzünden sinirleri iyice bozulmuştu. Cülûs günü Serasker Kapısı’na götürülürken yaşadığı hadiseler sebebiyle mânen çökmüş ve bilincini yitirmiş bir görünümdeydi. Anormal davranışlarından dolayı vükelâ biat merasimini kısa kesmek zorunda kalmıştı. Şuurunda bir bozukluk olduğu Ayasofya Camii’nde yapılan ilk cuma selâmlığında da görüldü. Amcasının esrarengiz ölümü üzerine şok geçiren padişah Yıldız Sarayı’na nakledildi. Burada cinnet geçirerek kendini havuza atması üzerine tekrar Dolmabahçe Sarayı’na getirildi. İkinci cuma selâmlığındaki davranışları aklî dengesinin tamamen bozulduğunu ortaya koydu. Saraya kapatılan padişah kimseyle görüştürülmedi ve artık cuma selâmlığına da çıkarılmadı. Eyüpsultan’da icra edilmesi gereken kılıç kuşanma merasimi yapılamadı, yabancı elçiler de itimadnâmelerini yeni padişaha sunamadılar. V. Murad’ın hastalığını gizlemeye çalışan hükümet padişahın yüzünde ve sırtında çıban çıktığı rivayetini yayıyor ve bu yüzden merasimin yapılamadığını söylüyordu. Fakat padişahın hastalığı biliniyor, sadrazamın saltanat nâibi gibi davranması ve ülkeyi padişahsız yönetmesi şiddetle eleştiriliyordu. Ulemâ ise padişahı aklen rahatsız olan bir ülkede cuma namazının kılınamayacağını ileri sürüyordu. Bu durum karşısında hükümet padişahı tekrar cuma selâmlığına çıkarmaya başladı. Araba ile en yakın camiye götürülen padişahın karşısına usule aykırı olarak iki mâbeyinci oturuyor, kendisi de bir köşeye büzülüyordu. Bir selâmlık dönüşünde elbiselerini çıkarmadan yatağa giren padişah sabahleyin camları kırarak kendini öldürmek istedi, bunun üzerine bir doktorlar heyeti tarafından muayene edildi. Heyetin verdiği raporda padişahın iyileşme ihtimalinin çok az olduğu belirtiliyordu. Hükümet, İngiliz elçisinin tavsiyesine uyarak padişahı Viyanalı doktor Leidesdorf’a da muayene ettirdi. O da olumsuz rapor verince V. Murad’ın hal‘i gündeme geldi. Midhat Paşa veliaht Abdülhamid Efendi’yle görüştü. Vükelâ Meclisi 30 Ağustos 1876’da yaptığı toplantıda V. Murad’ın hal‘ine ve Abdülhamid’in cülûsuna karar verdi. Ertesi sabah Kubbealtı’nda toplanan devlet adamlarının huzurunda hal‘ fetvası okundu. Fetvada Sultan Murad’ın dâimî cinnet halinde olduğu ve görevini yapamadığı açıklanıyordu. V. Murad hal‘edilerek kardeşi Abdülhamid tahta çıkarıldı (31 Ağustos 1876). Böylece doksan üç gün süren V. Murad’ın saltanat dönemi sona erdi. Bu doksan üç günün sadece yedi gününde kendine mâlik olduğundan söz edilmektedir.
Hal‘edildikten sonra Çırağan Sarayı’nda oturmasına izin verildi; tedavisi için her türlü yola başvurulduysa da bir sonuç alınamadı. Başta mason çevreleri olmak üzere taraftarları onun sağlığının iyi olduğu ve haksız yere hal‘edildiği propagandasını yayıyorlardı. Bunun üzerine II. Abdülhamid, Murad’ı yerli ve yabancı doktorlardan oluşan bir heyete muayene ettirerek hastalığının sürdüğüne ve tedavisinin imkânsız olduğuna dair rapor aldı. Ancak üç ay sonra eski padişah kaçırılmak istendi. İkisi Türk, ikisi yabancı olan dört kişilik bir komite, Murad’ı Avrupa’ya kaçırmak ve hükümdarlığını kabul ettirmek için kadın kılığında Çırağan Sarayı’na girmeye çalışırken yakalandı (Kasım 1876). Bundan sonra Cleanti Scalieri-Aziz Bey mason komitesi, onu kaçırıp tahta çıkarma planı yaptı. Murad’ı kaçırarak bir camide biat edip yeniden padişah ilân etmeyi tasarlayan komite üyeleri içlerinden birinin ihbarı üzerine harekete geçmeden yakalandı (15 Nisan 1877). Üçüncü kaçırma girişimini ise Ali Suâvi başlattı. Çırağan Vak‘ası olarak bilinen hadise Ali Suâvi’nin öldürülmesiyle sonuçlandı (20 Mayıs 1878).
Bu kaçırma girişimleri II. Abdülhamid’i rahatsız etti. V. Murad bundan sonra daha sıkı koruma altına alındı. Yirmi sekiz yıl boyunca tam bir mahpus hayatı yaşadı. 29 Ağustos 1904’te şeker hastalığından öldü ve Yenicami Türbesi’nde annesinin yanına defnedildi. Yumuşak bir tabiata sahip olan, tahtta en az kalan Osmanlı padişahı olarak tarihe geçen V. Murad’ın resim ve mûsikiyle ilgilendiği ve bazı eserler ortaya koyduğu bilinmektedir. Ayrıca mimarlığa da ilgi duyduğu belirtilir. Fazla alafranga davranması ve mason teşkilâtına girmesi (23 Ekim 1872) özellikle kardeşleri tarafından hoş karşılanmamıştır. En büyük zaafının aşırı içki düşkünlüğü ve müsrifliği olduğu kaydedilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 183-185 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.