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Hat sanatında kullanılan çeşitli renk ve kıvamdaki sıvı yazı malzemesidir. Arapça’da midâd ve hibr, Farsça’da siyâhî, zekab, zügâlâb gibi kelimeler kullanılır. Birkaç maddenin birleşiminden oluştuğu için Türkçe’de mürekkep denilmektedir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bir âyette, Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın sözlerini yazmak için denizler mürekkep (midâd) olsa ve bir o kadarı da kendisine eklense yine de sözleri bitmeden denizlerin tükeneceği belirtilmekte (el-Kehf 18/109), bir diğer âyette mürekkep lafzen zikredilmeden aynı durum dile getirilmektedir (Lokmân 31/27). Çeşitli hadislerde de mürekkepten söz edilmekte, Hz. Peygamber’in kâtiplere mürekkebi iyi yapmalarını emrettiği haber verilmektedir (M. Abdülhay el-Kettânî, I, 278; II, 309-310). Günümüze ulaşmış yazılı belgelerden, milâttan önce Akdeniz ve Anadolu çevresindeki farklı kültürlerde yaygın biçimde siyah is mürekkebinin yapıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Antikçağ’da siyah mürekkebin, su ilâve edilmiş hayvanî zamkla isin iyice karıştırılması ve ezilmesiyle hazırlandığı bilinmektedir. Kaynaklarda, farklı özelliklere sahip olan siyah mürekkebin birleşiminde % 25 zamk, % 75 is bulunduğu, isin basit bir şekilde kandil ve çıra isinden elde edildiği, ayrıca reçine isi imali için özel teşkilâtlı fırınların yapıldığına dair bilgiler yer almaktadır. Milâttan önce 2500 yılından bu yana kullanıldığı bilinen siyah Çin mürekkebi (çini mürekkep), iki kısım reçine isiyle on iki kısım zamk ve bir kısım “kalkanthos”un karışımı ile elde ediliyordu. Günümüzde değişik birleşimde dört köşe çubuk şeklinde kuru veya sulu olarak hazırlanan çini mürekkebi ince ve sabit özelliğiyle yazı, mimari çizim ve tarama resimlerde çokça kullanılır. Eski medeniyetlerde mazı mürekkebi, demir oksitli mürekkep, metalik mürekkep çeşitleri, mürekkep balığının mürekkep torbasından salgılanan siyah maddeden yapılan mürekkep, ateşte pişmiş purpura ve deniz kabukları, zincifre, kermes, lak, koşnilden kırmızı mürekkep, altın ve gümüş mürekkep gibi renkli türler yapılmıştır. İnsanların mürekkep elde edilmesinde kazandığı tarihî tecrübe, yeni oluşan medeniyetlerde birleşimindeki maddeler ve yapım teknikleri bakımından gelişerek devam etmiştir. İslâm kültüründe en eski yazma kitaplarda bile parlaklık ve siyahlığını koruyan is mürekkebinin ana unsuru bal mumu, bezir yağı, neft yağı, gaz yağı gibi maddelerin usulüne göre yakılmasıyla elde edilen istir. Osmanlı döneminde is çıkarmayı meslek edinen esnafın işlettiği ishâneler Eğrikapı semtindeki Tekfur Sarayı’ndaydı. Camilerde yakılan yağ kandillerinin islerinden ancak âdi mürekkep yapımında faydalanılırdı. Süleymaniye Camii’ndeki is odası bunun zamanımıza gelen örneğidir. Cami içindeki hava cereyanları hesaplanarak zeytinyağı ile yanan kandillerden çıkan islerin Haliç kapısı üzerindeki menfezlere gidip yukarıdaki odada toplanması sağlanmıştır.
Gülzâr-ı Savâb’ın (s. 93) tarifine göre mürekkep elde etmek için birkaç toprak çanağa hâlis bezir yağı doldurulup rüzgârsız bir yerde içine kısa bir fitil konularak yakılır. Çanakların üzerine başka çanaklar kapatılır. Çıkan isler ateşten kızıp yanmadan üstteki çanaklar kaldırılır ve kuş kanadıyla bir kâğıda alınır. Toplanan isler, birkaç kat mesamatlı kâğıda sarılarak ekmek hamuru içine konulup fırında pişirildiğinde isteki yağ ekmeğe geçer. Yağlı is, yapılacak mürekkebi bozduğundan bu şekilde temizlenmiş olur. İs mürekkebinin terkibine giren ve onu kâğıt üzerine tesbit eden Arap zamkının iyisi Sudan’dan gelen “cellâbî” nevidir. İyi zamk soğuk su ile ıslatıldığında bir gecede erimelidir. Boza kıvamındaki zamk mahlûlü önce sık dokulu bezden geçirilerek süzülür. Eskiden is mürekkebi yapılmasında isten başka safran, efsintin, sabr-ı sükotara, nöbet şekeri, sirke, jengâr, milh-i enderûnî, lâhur çividi, anzurut kâfuru, öküz kuyruğu çiçeği, sarı zırnık, musul mazısı, misk, şap, rastık, sığır ödü, zağ toprağı, meyan balı, mazı suyu, nişadır, karaduz; akıcılığı sağlamak için gül suyu, kına suyu, nar kabuğu suyu, katır tırnağı çiçeği suyu, asma yaprağı suyu, koruk suyu, mersin ağacı meyvesi suyu gibi maddeler kullanılmıştır.
Kaynaklarda değişik formülleri hakkında bilgi verilen is mürekkebinin yapılış tarzı zamanla giderek sadeleşmiştir: İs, zamk mahlûlü, saf su. Son mürekkepçilerden Hattat Necmeddin Okyay’ın tarifine göre, süzülmüş ve bekletilmiş boza kıvamındaki Arap zamkı mahlûlü taş havana konup içine azar azar is atılarak taş tokmak yardımıyla zamka yedirilir. İs havalandığı için birden konulmayıp yavaş yavaş karıştırılır ve tokmakla dövülmeye başlanır. Koyulaştıkça su eklenir. Tokmak öyle vurulmalıdır ki tabanca gibi patlamalıdır. Mürekkebin kalitesi isin iyice ezilip zamkın içinde erimesine bağlıdır. Bu da günlerce dövmekle sağlanır. Necmeddin Okyay, güçlü kuvvetli bir hamal tutup ona nezaret ettiğini ve yarım saatte ne kadar tokmaklandığını sayarak mürekkebin kıvama gelmesi için kaç darbe vurulduğunu hesapladığını belirtir. Mürekkebin yapılması bitinceye kadar kaç yarım saat vurulduysa onu evvelce bulduğu rakamla çarpar. Böylece bir havan mürekkep imali için yaklaşık 500.000 defa tokmaklanması icap ettiğini bulur. Eskiler ise 80.000 tokmak vurulması gerektiğini söylemiştir. Bir kısım is için dört kısım Arap zamkı konur. Zamk beş kısım olursa bu nevi mürekkeple yazıldığında parlak görünür, fakat akıntısı eksilir, zor yazılır, zamanla çatlama ihtimali de vardır. Dört kısımdan az zamk konarak yapılmış mürekkeple yazılanlar ise el sürüldüğü vakit çıkar ve siyahlık verir.
Bu şekilde yapılan mürekkep çuhadan süzülerek içinde yabancı madde kalmaması sağlanır ve yazının nevine göre sekiz on misli sulandırılıp kesafeti ayarlanır. Eski mürekkepçiler, kendilerinden mürekkep isteyenlere hangi tür yazı için kullanılacağını sorarlardı. Çünkü sülüs için ayrı, ta‘lik için ayrı, nesih için ayrı kıvamda mürekkep bulunurdu. Fazla sulu ise kâğıt üzerinde siyah yerine gri renk veren ve makbul olmayan bir mürekkebi koyultmak için suyu uçurulur. Yazarken pratik bir çare olarak mürekkebi koyulaştırmak icap ederse sol elin baş ve şahadet parmakları arasındaki çukurluğa birkaç damla mürekkep konur. Vücut hararetiyle suyu azalan mürekkep koyu renk vererek yazar. Zamkı fazla olan mürekkeple yazılan yazılar geç kurur. Bu yazılar rutubette kalırsa zamanla karşı sayfaya yapışabilir. Bal mumu ve bezir yağından yapılan is mürekkebi sulu olursa gri yerine devetüyü rengi verir. Bezir isine başka maddeler ilâvesiyle elde edilmiş mürekkeple yazılan yazılara güneşte yandan bakılınca rengârenk görünür. “Tâvûsî” adıyla anılan bu mürekkebin terkibi şöyledir: 10 dirhem zamk, 15 dirhem mazı, 2,5 dirhem bezir isi, 20 dirhem zaç, 1 dirhem safran, 0,5 dirhem şap, 0,5 dirhem karaduz, 0,5 dirhem jengâr. İs mürekkebinin çok kullanıldığı eski dönemlerde havanda fazla dövülme imkânı bulunamazsa az dövülmüş mürekkep kapalı bir kap içinde hamamlardaki gibi çok açılıp kapanan kapılara veya uzun yola çıkarılan develere asılarak hareket halinde sarsıntı ile terbiye edilmesi sağlanırdı. XVI. yüzyıl hattatlarından Revânî Receb Halîfe bu maksatla bacaklarına mürekkep şişelerini bağlayarak dolaşırmış.
Okur yazar zümrenin hokka içerisinde daima yanında taşıdığı is mürekkebinin, zamanla hiçbir sûrette solmadığından solüsyon tarzındaki Batı usulü mürekkebe karşı üstünlüğü vardır. Ancak bugünkü kalem sisteminde kullanışlı olmaz, kamış kalem için mükemmeldir. Bu mürekkep bir “is süspansiyonu”dur, yani is parçacıkları erimeden zamkın yardımıyla suda asılı kalmıştır. Âharlı kâğıda bununla yazıldığı vakit yüzeyde kalır, silinip kazınmaya, hatta yalanmaya müsaittir. Bu hal ise eski sanat yazılarımız için gerekli bir husus olup okumuş yazmış kimseler hakkında kullanılan “mürekkep yalamış” tabiri de buradan gelir. Sanat eserlerini yazmak üzere kullanılan mürekkep kendi kendine kurumaya terkedilir. Ancak resmî yazıların çabuk kurutulması için yazının üzerine “rıh” veya “rîk” denilen renklendirilmiş bir çeşit ince kum, içine konulduğu rıhdan yardımıyla serpilirdi. Aynı maksatla -Viyana’dan getirildiği için- Beç rıhı denilen bir çeşit yaldız kırpıntısı da kullanılmıştır. Bu rıh, is mürekkebi kuruduğu zaman, içinde çok güzel görüntü verir.
Eskiden çok değişik renklerde (gülgûnî, lâcivert, âsumanî, yeşil …) mürekkep yapılmışsa da en çok kullanılanları sarı (zırnık), kırmızı (la‘l ve surh), beyaz (üstübeç) ve altın (zer) mürekkepleridir. Zırnık mürekkebi: Zırnık adıyla bilinen tabiattaki arsenik sülfür taşının ezildikten sonra Arap zamkı mahlûlü ile karıştırılmasıyla sarı renkli, ancak çabuk solan bu mürekkep elde edilir. Bunun turuncu renkli bir cinsi de altınbaş zırnığı adıyla bilinir, ondan da mürekkep yapılır. Zırnık mürekkebi celî hatların kalıplarını yazmakta kullanılır. La‘l mürekkebi: Lotur, şekerci çöğeni, şap ve su muayyen nisbetlerde karıştırılıp kaynatıldıktan sonra suyu alınır ve bunun içine kurutulmuş kırmız böceği iyice dövülerek eklenir. Tekrar kaynatılmakla elde edilen la‘l mürekkebinin cazip kırmızı rengi vardır. Surh mürekkep: Zincifre (civa sülfür) ve Arap zamkı eriyiğinden yapılan bu kırmızı mürekkeple secâvend (tevakkuf) işaretleri konulur. Osmanlı hattatları böcekten yapılan la‘l mürekkebi yerine Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de surh mürekkebi kullanmışlardır. Zer mürekkep (bk. ALTIN EZME). Üstübeç mürekkebi: Zırnık yerine üstübeç kullanılarak aynı usulle yapılır. Bilhassa mushafların sûre başlıklarının altın zemin üstüne beyaz renkle yazılmasında kullanılır.
XIX. yüzyılda Vezneciler’deki Zeynep Hanım Konağı’nın karşısında Mürekkepçiler Hanı vardı, civarında da başka mürekkepçi dükkânları mevcuttu. Bu dükkânlarda mürekkep, kırılmaması için kısa ve tombul şekilde Eğrikapı’daki şişehânelerde yapılan mürekkep şişelerinde satılırdı. Bu şişeler mürekkepçilerde ipe dizilmiş vaziyette dururdu. Bunlara “mürekkep kumkuması” da denilir.
Eski mürekkepçilerin hayatı hakkında fazla mâlûmat yoktur. XX. yüzyılda sanatlarını icra eden birkaçının ismi sıralanabilir: Bursalı İsmâil Ağa, Yamalı Mehmed, Süleyman Efendi, Abdullah, Yûsuf Ağa, Çerkez Selim, Ebrîci Bekir, Konyalı Müderris Vehbi Efendi ile onun yetiştirdiği Osmanağa Hatibi Abdülkadir Şeker, Necmeddin Okyay. Mektepleri dolaşarak yazı meşkeden talebeye sepetli şişeler içinde is mürekkebi satan seyyar esnaf da vardı. Ayrıca mühür basarken onu karartmak için parça halinde kuru mürekkep de satılırdı. Eski hayır severlerden mürekkep vakfederek hayra vesile olanlar çıkmıştır. Meselâ İstanbul Soğanağa mahallesi sakinlerinden el-Hâc Mustafa Ağa’nın vakfiyesinde, Beyazıt İmâreti kapısı önünde her perşembe günü isteyenlerin divitlerine mürekkep koyacak emin bir kimsenin bulundurulması arzu edilmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Gülzâr-ı Savâb, s. 93-100; Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme (Dağlı), I, 292; Müstakimzâde, Tuhfe, s. 202, 603-604, 624; Yazır, Kalem Güzeli, II, 180-186; Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu, Osmanlılarda Narh Müessesesi ve 1640 Tarihli Narh Defteri, İstanbul 1983, s. 104; a.mlf., Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik), İstanbul 1994, s. 41-46; Nuray Yıldız, Eskiçağda Yazı Malzemeleri ve Kitabın Oluşumu, Ankara 2000, s. 193-204; H. Blanck, Antikçağda Kitap (trc. Zehra Aksu Yılmazer), Ankara 2000, s. 48-72; M. Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Hz. Peygamber’in Yönetimi: et-Terâtîbu’l-idâriyye (trc. Ahmet Özel), İstanbul 2003, I, 278; II, 309-310; M. Uğur Derman, “Eski Mürekkepçiliğimiz”, İslâm Düşüncesi, sy. 2, İstanbul 1967, s. 97-112; a.mlf., “İs Mürekkebi”, TA, XX, 222-223; J. J. Witkam, “Midād”, EI2 (İng.), VI, 1031.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 46-47 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.