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MÜRİDİZM Skip to content Kuzey Kafkasya müslümanlarının XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarında Ruslar’a karşı başlattıkları tasavvufî kökenli siyasî hareket.
Nakşibendî tarikatı mensupları öncülüğünde başlatılan bu dinî-millî direniş hareketini Rus müellifleri müridizm olarak adlandırmış, hareket Rus ve Batı literatüründe bu adla yaygınlık kazanmış, müslümanlar ise giriştikleri bu mücadeleye gazavât adını vermişlerdir. Çeçen asıllı İmam Şeyh Mansûr’un 1785’te Çeçenistan’da başlattığı gazavât, Nakşibendîler’in önderliğinde Kādirîler’in de desteğiyle ve çeşitli aralıklarla 1920 yıllarına kadar devam etmiştir. İmam Mansûr’dan önce Çar rejimine bağlı kişilerce Kafkasya’ya özerklik verilmesini savunan bir hareket başlatılmışsa da başarıya ulaşamamıştır. Müridizm, başlangıcından kısa bir süre sonra millî bir nitelik kazanarak bağımsız Kafkasya idealinin ortaya çıkmasında başlıca etken olmuştur.
Muhtemelen 1732’de Çeçenistan’ın Sunca nehri yakınlarındaki Aldı köyünde doğan ve asıl adı Uşurmek (Uşurma) olan İmam Mansûr’un Nakşibendiyye tarikatına Dağıstan’da intisap ettiği ve Muhammed Buhârî adlı bir şeyhe bağlandığı rivayet edilirse de bu konuda kesin bilgi yoktur. 1785’te Kafkas kabileleri arasında dağıttığı beyannâme ile, Kafkasya’nın bir bölümünü işgal etmiş olan Ruslar’a karşı halkı gazâya davet eden İmam Mansûr’un şöhreti kısa süre içinde bütün Kafkasya’ya yayıldı. Nicolae Iorga’nın Rus kaynaklarına dayanarak Nogay (Tatar) asıllı bir “din fanatiği” olarak tanıttığı (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, V, 51) İmam Mansûr’un faaliyetleri Osmanlı Devleti’nin dikkatini çekti. Ahmed Vâsıf Efendi, Sohum muhafızından Mansûr hakkında bilgi istendiğini, onun görevlendirdiği bir kişinin kendisiyle görüşüp aldığı bilgileri bizzat İstanbul’a giderek ilgililere anlattığını kaydeder. Vâsıf Efendi’nin aktardığı bu bilgilere göre çobanlık ve çiftçilik yaparak geçimini sağlayan Mansûr, 1784 yılında rüyasında Hz. Peygamber’den halkı doğru yola davet etme emri aldığını, ilim sahibi olmadığından bu işin üstesinden gelemeyeceğini söylemesine rağmen Resûl-i Ekrem tarafından tebliğ faaliyetine başladığında kendisinden ilim zuhur edeceği müjdesi verildiğini ileri sürmüş, bir müddet sonra yine aynı emre muhatap olunca irşad ve tebliğ faaliyetine başlamıştır (Târih, s. 364). Şeyh Mansûr’un Bâbıâli’ye gönderdiği mektupta Hz. Peygamber tarafından kâfirlere karşı gazâya memur edildiğini söylemesi de (Cevdet, Târih , III, 261) bu bilgilerle örtüşmektedir. Öte yandan onun gençliğinde Dağıstan’a gidip İslâmî ilimleri tahsil ettiğine, ülkesine döndüğünde köyün camisinde imamlık yapmaya başladığına dair rivayetler de vardır.
Vaazlarında Ruslar’la dostluğun, tütün, şarap ve zinanın haram olduğunu vurgulayan ve gazâ fikrini işleyen Mansûr bir müddet sonra bütün Kuzey Kafkasya’yı Ruslar’a karşı ayaklandırmayı başardı. Kafkasya halklarını yeşil, sarı ve kırmızı renkli bayraklar altında toplamak isteyen Mansûr’un ortaya çıkışı Ruslar’ı tedirgin etti. Mansûr’u ele geçirmeye çalışan Ruslar, Aldı köyü yakınlarında büyük bir yenilgiye uğradılar. Bu dönemde Avar, Lek (Gazikumuk) gibi Dağıstan kabileleri Şeyh Mansûr’un etrafında toplanmaya başladı. Böylece onun emrinde 20.000 kişilik bir ordu meydana geldi. İmam Mansûr, Kızılyar ve Grigoryapili gibi kaleleri kuşatıp Ruslar’a önemli kayıplar verdirdi (Ağustos 1785). Bu olayın hemen ardından Ruslar büyük bir orduyla Mansûr’un üzerine yürüdüler. Küçük Kabartay’da Terek nehri üzerinde bulunan Tatartup’ta yapılan savaşta (Kasım 1785) disiplinli ve teçhizatlı Rus ordusuna karşı azim ve cesaretle direnen İmam Mansûr’un Kumuk, Kabartay, Çeçen ve Dağıstanlılar’dan oluşan ordusu büyük kayıplar verdi, fakat Ruslar’ın Çeçenistan’a girmesini önledi. İmam Mansûr, Kuzeybatı Kafkasya’ya çekilerek mücadelesine bu bölgede devam etti. 1791’de Anapa savaşları sırasında yaralı olarak Ruslar’ın eline esir düşen İmam Mansûr tutuklu bulunduğu Şlisselburg Kalesi’nde vefat etti ve hiçbir dinî merasim yapılmadan defnedildi. 1787’de başlayan Osmanlı-Rus harbini sona erdiren Yaş Antlaşması’ndan sonra Petersburg’a gönderilen fevkalâde elçi Mustafa Râsih Paşa esirlerin mübadelesi hükmü mûcibince İmam Mansûr’un kendilerine teslim edilmesini istemiş, ancak Çariçe Katerina, Mansûr’un Osmanlı tebaası olmadığını söyleyerek bu teklifi reddetmiş, Râsih Paşa bütün ısrarlarına rağmen bir sonuç elde edememiştir.
Şeyh Mansûr’un ölümünün ardından Kafkasya müslümanları, İmam Gazi Muhammed’in (Gimrili Molla Muhammed) 1826’da ortaya çıkıp 1830’da başlattığı ikinci gazavât hareketine kadar yaklaşık kırk yıl ortak bir liderden mahrum kaldılar. Ruslar bu dönemde Kafkasyalı müslüman halklara karşı her türlü zulmü uyguladılar. 1793’te Dağıstan’ın Gimri köyünde doğan Molla Muhammed, Nakşibendî-Hâlidî şeyhi İsmâil Şirvânî’ye intisap ederek hilâfet aldıktan sonra 1823’te Dağıstan’a dönüp irşad faaliyetine başladı. Halka ilk görevinin Allah yolunda gazâ olduğunu, kâfire haraç verilmeyeceğini, haramlardan kaçınılarak ruhun ibadetlerle beslenmesi gerektiğini anlatan Molla Muhammed irşad faaliyetini bir süre devam ettirdikten sonra Avar Hanlığı’ndan Şeyh Şeybânî, Tarku Şamhallığı’ndan Molla Hacı Yûsuf, Kumuk Hanlığı’ndan Molla Han Muhammed gibi halk önderlerinin katıldığı bir istişare toplantısı düzenledi. Bu toplantıda yapılan seçimle gazavât hareketinin liderliğine seçildi ve “imam” unvanıyla anılmaya başlandı. Kafkasya halkını Ruslar’a karşı cihada davet eden bir bildiri yayımlayarak ikinci gazavât hareketini fiilen başlatan İmam Gazi Molla Muhammed, Ruslar’ın eline geçen Gimri’de bir çatışma sırasında şehid oldu (29 Kasım 1832).
Gazavâtın üçüncü imamı olarak seçilen Hamza Bey (Hamzat Bek) 1789 yılında Dağıstan’ın Gotsatı köyünde doğdu. Avar Prensi İskender Han’ın oğlu olan Hamza Bey, Gazi Molla Muhammed ve Şeyh Şâmil’in kayınpederi Şeyh Cemâleddin Gazikumukī’nin gözetimi altında yetişti. 1832’de Çar Kalesi Savaşı’nda Ruslar tarafından esir alındı. Gazikumuk Hanı Aslan Han’ın kefaletiyle serbest bırakıldıktan sonra kurtarıcısının telkinleriyle Avar hanlarına düşman kesildi. İmam seçilmesinin ardından Avar Hanlığı’nın merkezi Hunzah’ı ele geçirip Avar ailesinin iki prensini öldürten Hamza Bey, Ruslar’ın da kışkırtmaları sonucu kan davası güdülerek cuma namazını kıldırmak için gittiği Hunzah Mescidi’nde öldürüldü (19 Eylül 1834). Onun yerine Şeyh Şâmil imam seçildi.
Nakşibendî şeyhi Muhammed Yeragī’ye intisap eden, ayrıca Gazi Molla Muhammed ile kayınpederinden ve imamlık döneminde danışmanlığını yapan Şeyh Cemâleddin Gazikumukī’den feyiz alan Şeyh Şâmil, 1835 yılında topladığı şûrada alınan kararlar gereği önce bölgedeki Rus iş birlikçisi hanlarla mücadeleye girişip halkın gazavât hareketinin yanında yer almasını sağladı. 1840-1843 yıllarında Ruslar’ı ağır kayıplara uğrattı. Yirmi beş yıl boyunca teçhizatlı Rus ordularına karşı ateşli silâhlardan mahrum küçük birliklerle direnişini sürdüren İmam Şâmil, ailesi ve kırk müridiyle beraber İstanbul’a gitmesine izin verilmesi şartıyla 6 Eylül 1859’da iki oğluyla birlikte Ruslar’a teslim oldu. Ancak Ruslar sözlerinde durmayıp İmam Şâmil’i önce Petersburg’a, ardından on yıl kalacağı Kaluga şehrine gönderdiler. 1869’da İstanbul’a gitmesine izin verilen İmam Şâmil, İstanbul’dan Medine’ye gitti ve orada vefat etti (16 Şubat 1871).
İmam Şâmil’in teslim oluşunun ardından Kuzeybatı Kafkasya nâibi Muhammed Emin’in kumandasında müridler beş yıl daha gazavâta devam ettiler. Ancak onlar da 1864’te silâhlarını bırakmak zorunda kaldılar. Kafkasya halkları bu tarihten sonra da zaman zaman mevzii olarak direnişlerini sürdürdüler. 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi sırasında İmam Şâmil’in nâiblerinden Abdurrahman liderliğinde Dağıstan’da başlatılan ayaklanma Ruslar tarafından kanlı bir şekilde bastırıldı. 1876’da Andican’da Nakşibendî şeyhi İşan Ali liderliğindeki ayaklanma, 1881’de Ahal Tekke Türkmen boyunun Göktepe müdafaası, Nakşibendî şeyhi Gotçzolu Necmeddin ve Saltılı Uzun Hacı önderliğinde 1920-1921’de Kuzey Kafkasya’da başlatılan iki isyan Müridizm kökenli diğer önemli direniş hareketleridir.
Müridizm hareketi birçok dilin konuşulduğu, etnik kökeni farklı halk ve kavimlerin yaşadığı Kuzey Kafkasya’yı bağımsızlık ideali etrafında birleştirmeyi hedefliyordu. Bir yandan Ruslar’a karşı çeşitli hareketler yürütülürken öte yandan Rus istilâsı kadar tehlike arzeden kabilecilik ve ayırımcılığa karşı mücadele verilmiştir. Aynı coğrafyada yaşayan bu insanların aynı tarikatta birleşerek ve aynı imama bağlanarak birbirini kardeş gibi görmeleri, kavmiyetçilikten ve bölgecilikten kaynaklanan ayırımcılığı ve bu temelde oluşan kötü âdetleri etkisiz hale getirmiştir. İmamların şer‘î hükümleri herkese eşit biçimde uygulamaları, bu hükümlere uymayanları kararlı bir şekilde cezalandırmaları, Kuzey Kafkasya’nın müslüman halkları arasında bir düzenin kurulmasını ve bunların disiplin altına alınmasını sağlamıştır.
Müridizm’in siyasî ve idarî yapısı oldukça demokratikti. Hem tasavvufî hem siyasî anlamda lider olan imam öldüğünde yerine geçecek olan kimse çeşitli bölgelerden gelen nâibler ve mahallî şeyhler tarafından seçiliyor, imam seçilen kişi sade ve mütevazi bir hayat yaşıyordu. Önemli kararlar şûrada alınıyor ve imam tarafından uygulanıyordu. Mescidler ve camiler bu tür kararların verildiği ve duyurulduğu yerlerdi. Gazavâta katılan mücahidlerin hepsi tarikat mensubu değildi. Ancak gazavâtı imamlar, imamı temsil eden nâibler (halifeler) ve bunların müridleri yönetiyordu. Ruslar bu sebeple harekete Müridizm adını vermişlerdir.
İmam Mansûr’dan sonra gazavât hareketini ikinci defa başlatan Molla Muhammed ve diğer imamların tarikat silsilesi Şeyh İsmâil Şirvânî vasıtasıyla Nakşibendiyye tarikatının Hâlidiyye kolunun pîri Hâlid el-Bağdâdî’ye ulaşır. Bu sebeple gazavâtı Nakşî-Hâlidî tarikatının bir uzantısı şeklinde değerlendirmek mümkündür. Nitekim bazı Rus müellifleri, Müridizm’i Hâlidiyye tarikatıyla ilişkilendirerek Hâlid el-Bağdâdî’yi hareketin kurucusu olarak göstermişlerdir. Ancak gazavât önderlerinin bazı uygulamaları, meselâ şeyh veya mürşid yerine siyasî anlam taşıyan “imam”, halife yerine “nâib” terimini kullanmaları klasik tarikat terminolojisinden farklı özgün uygulamalardır. Ayrıca gazavât hareketinin Nakşî-Hâlidî kökeni üzerinde durulurken Şeyh İsmâil Şirvânî’nin bazı görüş ve uygulamaları sebebiyle Hâlid el-Bağdâdî tarafından halifelikten azledildiği gerçeği de gözden uzak tutulmamalıdır. Öte yandan hareketin önderleri, harekete tasavvufu çağrıştıracak bir ad vermeyip Kafkasya müslümanlarını bütün müslümanlar için ortak değer olan gazâ fikri etrafında birleştirmeye çalışmışlardır. Şeyh Cemâleddin Gazikumukī’nin el-Âdâbü’l-merżıyye fi’ṭ-ṭarîḳati’n-Naḳşibendiyye adlı eseri müridlerin mânevî eğitiminde temel kitap olarak kullanılmıştır.
Şeyh Mansûr’un başlattığı bu hareket sonunda bağımsız bir Kafkasya devleti hedefi gerçekleşmemişse de müslüman Kafkasya halkları arasında ortak bir vatan bilincine ulaşılmıştır. Sovyet devriminden sonra bu bilinci yok etmek isteyen yöneticiler yine tasavvufî geleneğin direnciyle karşılaşmışlardır. Müridizm, 1917-1922 yılları arasında Sovyet yönetimi tarafından millî bir kurtuluş hareketi, ilerici ve demokratik bir direniş olarak değerlendirilmiş, Çarlık yönetiminin Kafkasya’ya saldırısı emperyalist bir eylem şeklinde görülüp lânetlenmiştir. Ancak bu görüş, II. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında Sovyet halklarının millî uyanışına yol açacağı endişesiyle terkedilmiş, başta Müridizm olmak üzere sosyalist içerikli olmayan millî kurtuluş hareketleri feodal ve burjuva hareketleri diye nitelendirilmiştir. Sovyetler Birliği Bilimler Akademisi’nin 1956 Kasımında Moskova’da düzenlediği Tarihçiler Konferansı’nda Müridizm’in konusu tartışılmış, sonuç bildirgesinde Müridizm, Çar otokrasisine karşı antiemperyalist bir hareket şeklinde tanımlanmış, Çarlar’ın politikasının zorbalık, bölgenin Sovyetler’e katılmasının ise ilericilik olduğu belirtilmiştir. Konferansın ardından Voprosy Istorii gazetesinde (Aralık 1956) yayımlanan ve Sovyetler Birliği Komünist Partisi’nin resmî görüşünü yansıtan bir makalede Müridizm’i savunmanın anti-Sovyet bir manevra olduğu, feodal ve dinî kalıntılara karşı yürütülen mücadelenin Müridizm’e karşı da yürütülmesi, Marksist-Leninist ilkelerden yola çıkanların bilimsel Allahsızlık yöntemlerini kullanarak Müridizm ile savaşmaları gerektiği vurgulanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Vâsıf, Târih (İlgürel), s. 364-365; Cevdet, Târih, III, 246-251, 261; İsmail Berkok, Tarihte Kafkasya, İstanbul 1958, s. 318, 382-386; Cemal Gökçe, Kafkasya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Kafkasya Siyaseti, İstanbul 1979, s. 117-136, 196; A. Bennigsen, “Sovyet Müslümanları ve İslam Dünyası”, Stratejik Açıdan Sovyet Müslümanları ve Diğer Azınlıklar (trc. Yuluğ Tekin Kurat), Ankara, ts. (Yeni Forum Yayınları), s. 308-313; a.mlf. – Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, Step’te Ezan Sesleri (trc. Nezih Uzel), İstanbul 1981, s. 86, 272-273; a.mlf.ler, Sûfi ve Komiser: Rusya’da İslâm Tarikatları (trc. Osman Türer), Ankara 1988, s. 93-97; Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, “Kuzey Kafkasya’da Tarîkatlar”, İslâm Dünyasında Tarikatlar: Gelişmeleri ve Aktüel Durumları (nşr. A. Popovic – G. Veinstein, trc. Osman Türer), Ankara 2004, s. 69-79; Muhammed Tahirü’l-Karakhî, Kafkasya Mücahidi İmam Şamil’in Gazavatı (trc. Tahirü’l-Mevlevî, haz. Tarık Cemal Kutlu), İstanbul 1987; Aytek Kundukh, Kafkasya Müridizmi: Gazavat Tarihi (haz. Tarık Cemal Kutlu), İstanbul 1987; Tarık Cemal Kutlu, İmam Mansur, İstanbul 1987; Hayati Bice, Kafkasya’dan Anadolu’ya Göçler, Ankara 1991, s. 14-29; Ahmed Akmaz, Rus Yayılmacılığı Karşısında Kafkasya Müridizm Hareketi, Kayseri 1994, s. 60-81, 105-116; J. F. Baddeley, Rusların Kafkasya’yı İstilası ve Şeyh Şamil (trc. Sedat Özden), İstanbul 1995, s. 72-75, 228-284, 300-450; A. Knysh, Islamic Mysticism: A Short History, Leiden 2000, s. 289-300; a.mlf., “Sufism as an Explanatory Paradigm”, WI, XLII/2 (2002), s. 139-173; a.mlf., “Us̲h̲urma, Manṣūr”, EI2 (İng.), X, 920-922; Alev Erkilet Başer, Ele Geçirilemeyen Toprak Kuzey Kafkasya, Ankara 2002, s. 182-202; N. Jorga, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Tarihi (trc. Nilüfer Epçeli), İstanbul 2005, V, 51-53, 56.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 50-52 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.