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MUSAMMAT Skip to content İslâm edebiyatında bendlerden kurulu nazım şekillerinin genel adı.
Sözlükte “inci dizilen iplik, gerdanlık” anlamındaki sımt kökünden türeyen musammat “inci dizisi” demektir. İlk örnekleri Hârûnürreşîd’in saray şairlerinden Ebû Nüvâs’ın şiirlerinde görülen ve Arap edebiyatında daha çok müveşşah adıyla ele alınan musammat, bünyesinde kafiyedaş kelimeler ve söz bölükleri içeren beyitleri tanımlamak için de kullanılmıştır.
İran edebiyatında ilk defa müseddes şekliyle Menûçihrî tarafından kullanılan musammat daha sonra Türk edebiyatına da intikal etmiş ve dört, beş veya altı bendli olanları divan şairlerinin gazelden sonra en çok tercih ettikleri nazım şekli olmuştur. Bu tercihte musammatlardaki kafiye örgüsünün şaire sağladığı imkânlar da rol oynamıştır. Kaside veya gazelde olduğu gibi beyit sonlarında aynı kafiyeyi uygulamak yerine musammatta üç, dört, beş, altı … mısradan sonra aynı kafiyeye dönülerek vezinde ortak, ama bend içi kafiyede farklı mısra öbekleri sayesinde anlatım gücüne yeni ve zengin imkânlar sağlanır. Her bend sonundaki mısraı ilk bend ile kafiyelendirilen musammatlara “müzdevic musammat”, bend sonlarında aynı mısraın tekrarlandığı musammatlara ise “mütekerrir musammat” denir. Genelde beş-yedi bend olarak düzenlenen musammatların bendlerindeki mısra sayısı birbirine eşit olup üç ile on arasında tekrarlanan bu mısralara göre müselles, murabba/terbî‘, muhammes/tahmîs gibi adlar alır. Musammatlar bir şair tarafından başka bir şairin gazeli esas alınarak bu gazelin beyitlerine mısra ilâvesiyle de meydana getirilebilir. İlâve edilen mısralara “zamîme” denir. Bu tarz musammatlarda şair, bir başka şairin gazelini aynı ustalıkta veya daha üstün derecedeki mısralarla zenginleştirmek ve meydana getirdiği musammat dolayısıyla kendi değerini ispatlamak amacını taşır. Şairlerin kendi gazellerini musammata dönüştürdüğü örnekler de vardır. Musammat üç büyük İslâmî edebiyat içinde (Arap, Fars, Türk) yaygın olarak Türk edebiyatında kullanılmıştır.
Hemen bütün kaynakların musammat başlığı altında tanımladıkları nazım şekilleri şunlardır: 1. Müselles. Her bendi üçer mısradan oluşur. Türk şairleri musammatın bu çeşidine itibar etmemiştir. 2. Dört mısralı bendlerden oluşan musammatlar. a) Murabba. Bend sayısı genelde beş-yedi arasında değişirse de en az üç, en çok yirmi yedi bendden müteşekkil murabbalar da mevcuttur. Arap ve İran edebiyatlarında murabba tarzında yazılan şiirler Türk edebiyatındakilerden sayıca çok azdır. Aşk, ayrılık, bahar, bayram, savaş, ölüm manzum mektuplar gibi değişik konuları içeren murabbaların pek çok örneği mevcuttur. Bilindiği kadarıyla Türk edebiyatında ilk murabba Nesîmî (ö. 821/1418) tarafından yazılmış, XVI. yüzyılda Türk şairleri arasında murabba yazma moda haline gelmiş, hatta nazîre murabbalar yazan şairler görülmüştür. Mesîhî’nin murabba şeklinde nazmettiği bahâriyyesi türünün güzel örneklerinden olup Batı dillerine de çevrilmiştir. Edirneli Nazmî çoğu mütekerrir 519 murabba ile bu alanda ilk sırayı alır. Onu Enderunlu Vâsıf 194, İlhâmî (III. Selim) doksan yedi, Üsküdarlı Aşkî elli dokuz, Nâfiz elli bir, Nedîm ve Şeref Hanım otuz beşer, Muhibbî (I. Süleyman) otuz bir, Hayretî yirmi altı ve Taşlıcalı Yahyâ yirmi beş murabba ile takip eder. Murabbalarda daha ziyade “fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilâtün fâilün” veya “feilâtün feilâtün feilâtün feilün” gibi hece vezninin 4 + 4 + 4 + 3 = 15’li kalıbına veya bunların bir tef‘ile eksiğiyle 4 + 4 + 3 = 11’li kalıbına (feilâtün feilâtün feilün) uyan işlek kalıplar tercih edilmiştir. Bunun en önemli sebeplerinden biri, murabbaın eski Türk şiirindeki koşukla bunun halk şiirindeki uzantısı olan türkü veya koşmaya çok benzemesidir. Nitekim halk şairleri aruzla şiir söyleyecekleri zaman mütekerrir murabba tarzını kullanmışlardır. Murabba aynı zamanda Türk mûsikisinde bir beste formunun adıdır. Şarkı nazım şekliyle benzerlik göstermesi, bestelenmeye uygun oluşu ve sırf bestelenmek üzere kaleme alınan murabbaların bulunması kelimeye “beste” anlamını kazandırmış, “murabba bağlamak” da “şarkı bestelemek” mânasında kullanılmıştır. İran edebiyatında murabba özellikle meşrutiyetten sonra gelişmiştir. Eşrefeddîn-i Gîlânî, Edîbü’l-Memâlik Ferâhânî, Meliküşşuarâ Bahâr, millet ve vatan sevgisini anlattıkları şiirlerinde murabba nazım şeklini kullanmışlardır. b) Terbî‘. Bir şairin yazdığı gazele ait beyitlerin önüne aynı vezin ve kafiyede iki mısra ilâvesiyle meydana getirilir. Terbîin mütekerrir türüne rastlanmaz. Terbî‘de ilâve mısralar beyitlerin arasına konursa “taştîr” veya “mutarraf terbî‘” adını alır. Son bendde hem gazel şairinin hem de onu musammata dönüştüren şairin mahlasının yer aldığı terbî‘lerde bazan gazel beyitlerinden birkaçının atlandığı da olur. Mehmed Aydî Baba’nın (ö. 1865) tanınmış şairlerin gazellerine yaptığı terbî‘ler meşhurdur. c) Şarkı. Türk halk şiirindeki türkünün karşılığı olup yalnız Türk edebiyatında görülür. Genelde dört mısralı bendler halinde ve bestelenmek için yazılan şarkılarda daha çok aşk ve ayrılık konuları işlenir. Mûsiki literatüründe bu bendlerin ilk mısraına “zemin”, üçüncü mısraına “miyan” (miyanhâne), sonda tekrarlanan mısraına “nakarat” denir. Bestelenmek maksadıyla yazıldığı için şarkıların dili oldukça sadedir. Bend sayısı çoğunlukla iki-beş arasında değişir. Aruzun işlek kalıplarından “mef‘ûlü mefâîlü mefâîlü feûlün” veya “feilâtün feilâtün feilâtün feilün” kalıbıyla yazılanlar çoğunluktadır. Şarkı adıyla yazılan ilk musammatlar XVII. yüzyılda ortaya çıkmış, daha önceki dönemlere ait aşk konulu mütekerrir murabbaların gittikçe daha yalın dille söylenmesi ve besteye uygun şekle dönüşmesi şarkının yaygınlaşmasına yardımcı olmuştur. Murabba ile şarkıların kafiye düzeni aynıdır. XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren şarkıların ilk bendindeki kafiyeleniş biçiminde büyük bir zenginlik görülür. Nakarat olarak tekrarlanan mütekerrir mısra her bendin sonunda sabit kalmak şartıyla şarkıların ilk bendinde altı ayrı kafiye tarzı (aaaA, aaaa, abab, aBaB, aAaA, aaxa) tesbit edilmiştir. Türk edebiyatında şarkı formuna uyan ilk şiirleri Nâilî, en güzel şarkıları Nedîm, şarkı formunda en çok musammatı (211 adet) Enderunlu Vâsıf kaleme almıştır. Şeyh Galib, Enderunlu Fâzıl, İlhâmî (III. Selim), Leylâ Hanım, Şeref Hanım, Osman Nevres şarkı formunda musammatlar yazan diğer şairler arasında sayılabilir. Bazı şairlerin özellikle iki-üç bendden oluşan şarkılarında mahlas kullanmadıkları olmuştur (ayrıca bk. ŞARKI ).
3. Beş mısralı bendlerden oluşan musammatlar. a) Muhammes. Aynı vezinde ve genellikle dört-sekiz bend halinde yazılır. Konuları çeşitli olmakla birlikte felsefî, tasavvufî düşünceleri, aşkı ve övgüyü ele alan muhammesler çoğunluktadır. Altmış bir şiirle Edirneli Nazmî Türk edebiyatında en çok muhammes yazan şairdir. Muhibbî, Ubeydî, Râzî, Bursalı Feyzî, Aynî, Şeref Hanım, Üsküdarlı Aşkî, Hoca Neş’et, Enderunlu Vâsıf muhammesleri olan diğer şairler arasında zikredilebilir. b) Tahmîs. Bir gazelin her beytinin önüne aynı vezinde üç mısra ilâve edilerek yazılır. Tahmîsin başarısı, esas alınan beyitlerle ilâve edilen mısralar arasındaki anlam bütünlüğünün derecesine göre ölçülür. Tahmîsler genellikle beş-yedi bend arasında tertiplenir ve son bendle her iki şairin de mahlası yer alır. Kasidelere yapılan tahmîslerde bend sayısı beyit sayısı kadar olabilir. Musammatlar içerisinde en çok örneği bulunan nazım şekli olan tahmîse XV. yüzyıldan itibaren hemen her şairin divanında rastlamak mümkündür. Şeyh Galib (17), İzzet Molla (12) ve Leylâ Hanım (12) en çok tahmîs yazan şairlerdir. Fuzûlî ve Bâkî gibi şairlerle I. Süleyman ve III. Selim gibi şair padişahların şiirleri çokça tahmis edilmiştir. Kaside tahmîsi olarak XVI. yüzyıl şairlerinden Mansûr Âgehî’nin denizcilik terimleriyle yazdığı “Kasîde-i Keştî”sine yapılan tahmîsler ünlüdür (Tietze, IX [1951], s. 113-138). c) Taştîr. Bir gazelin beyitlerinin mısraları arasına aynı vezinde ve anlam bütünlüğünü koruyacak şekilde üçer mısra ilâvesiyle yapılır. “Tahmîs-i mutarraf” da denilen taştîr XVIII. yüzyıldan sonra pek kullanılmamıştır. Dört mısra ile yapılmış taştîrler beş mısralı taştîrler kadar yaygın değildir. Türk edebiyatında Nedîm’in Nedîm-i Kadîm’e, Yahya Kemal’in Bâkî’ye ait gazeller üzerindeki taştîrleri meşhurdur. İslâm edebiyatında pek çok şair Kâ‘b b. Züheyr’in Ḳaṣîdetü’l-bürde ’sine tahmîs ve taştîr yazmıştır. d) Tardiyye (tard u rekb). Aslında bir mesnevi içinde gazel veya kaside yazmanın adı iken Şeyh Galib’in Hüsn ü Aşk ’ında musammat şekliyle kullanılmış ve bu isimle anılır olmuştur. Muhammesin özel bir şekli olup aruzun yalnız “mef‘ûlü mefâilün feûlün” vezniyle nazmedilir. Kafiye düzeni aaaab, ccccb … biçiminde olup âşıkane konularda yazılmıştır. Tardiyye farklı bir vezinle de olsa ilk olarak İznikli Hümâmî (XV. yüzyıl) tarafından kaleme alınmış, Nedîm divanında on iki bendlik bir örneği muhammes başlığıyla yer almıştır (Nedîm Divânı , s. 106). Şeyh Galib’in divanındaki bir, Hüsn ü Aşk ’ındaki dört örnekle edebiyat tarihlerine giren tardiyye Abdülhak Hâmid’in Eşber ’ine iki ayrı manzume halinde yansımıştır.
4. Altı mısralı bendlerden oluşan musammatlar. a) Müseddes. Aynı vezinde ve genellikle beş-yedi bend halinde tertiplenir. Bazan on iki bende kadar uzatılmış müseddeslere de rastlanır. Müseddesin mütekerrir şekli yaygın olup terkibibend gibi son iki mısraı kendi arasında kafiyeli olanlar daha çok tercih edilmiştir. Hemen her konuda yazılabilirse de tasavvufî düşünceleri işleyen müseddesler daha fazla itibar görmüştür. Muhammes ve murabbadan sonra en çok kullanılan musammat şekli olarak müseddesin hemen her divanda örnekleri bulunabilir. Türk edebiyatında en çok müseddes yazan şair yirmi iki manzume ile Şeref Hanım’dır. Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî’nin ve Cevrî’nin divanlarında yedişer, Şeyh Galib’in divanında sekiz müseddes yer alır. Arap ve Fars şiirlerinde de müseddes nazım şekli mevcuttur. Özellikle İran şiirinde müsemmenle birlikte çok kullanılmıştır. Menûçihrî Fars şiirinde müseddes şeklinde şiir yazan ilk şairdir. Meşrutiyetten sonra Eşrefeddîn-i Gîlânî, Edîbü’l-Memâlik Ferâhânî ve Meliküşşuarâ Bahâr müseddes tarzı millî ve vatanî şiirler kaleme almışlardır. b) Tesdîs. Bir gazelin her beytinin önüne aynı vezinde dört mısra ilâvesiyle düzenlenen tesdîs, çok kullanılan bir musammat şekli olmayıp örneklerine nâdiren rastlanır. Türk şiirinde bu nazım şeklini Fevrî meşhur etmiştir.
5. Yedi mısralı bendlerden oluşan musammatlar. a) Müsebba‘. Genellikle beş-yedi bend halinde tertiplenir. Türk edebiyatında örnekleri az olup bunlarda da nakaratla bağlanan mütekerrir şekli kullanılmıştır. b) Tesbî‘. Bir gazelin beyitleri önüne aynı vezinde beş mısra ilâvesiyle yazılır, ancak Türk edebiyatında hiç kullanılmamıştır. İzzet Molla Fuzûlî’nin, Leylâ Hanım da İzzet Molla’nın birer beytini tazmin yoluyla nakarat gibi kullanarak tesbî‘ etmişlerdir.
6. Sekiz mısralı bendlerden oluşan musammatlar. a) Müsemmen. Bend sayısı değişken olan müsemmenin müzdevic örnekleri pek azdır. Mütekerrir şekli daha çok terciibendlerle karıştırılmış ve divanlarda bu adla yer almıştır. b) Tesmîn. Bir gazelin beyitleri önüne aynı vezinde altı mısra ilâvesiyle yazılır. Nâdir rastlanan örneklerinde ise bir gazelin matlaının tazmin yoluyla tesmîn edildiği görülür.
7. Dokuz mısralı bendlerden oluşan musammatlar. a) Mütessa‘. Türk edebiyatında tek örneği Refî-i Kalâyî’ye aittir. b) Tetsî‘. Bir gazelin beyitleri önüne aynı vezinde yedi mısra ilâvesiyle yapılan tetsîin Türk edebiyatında örneği bulunmamaktadır.
8. On mısralı bendlerden oluşan musammatlar. a) Muaşşer. Aynı vezinde ve genellikle beş-yedi bend halinde tertiplenir. Çok mısralı musammatlar içerisinde müseddesten sonra en çok kullanılanıdır. Bunun bir sebebi de terciibend ile olan yakın benzerliği ve sürekli onunla karıştırılmasıdır. Pek çok şairin sonradan tertip edilen divanlarında terciibend başlığı altında yer alan manzumelerden bazıları gerçekte birer muaşşerdir. Türk edebiyatında Yahyâ Bey, Hayâlî Bey, Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî, Muhibbî, Üsküdarlı Aşkî ve Pertev Paşa’nın mütekerrir muaşşerleri bu şeklin güzel örneklerindendir. b) Ta‘şîr. Bir gazelin beyitleri önüne aynı vezinde sekizer mısra ilâvesiyle tanzim edilir. Bazan bir gazelin matla‘ beytini tazmin yoluyla da ta‘şîr elde edilebilir. Türk edebiyatında örneklerine nâdir rastlanır. Yahyâ Bey’in Muhibbî’ye ait “(devlet) gibi” / “(sıhhat) gibi” redifli gazeli ta‘şîri bu şeklin güzel bir örneğidir. Aynı vezinde gazel biçiminde dört-on beyitli bendlerin mütekerrir veya değişen bir beyitle birbirine bağlanmasından meydana gelen özel birer nazım şekli olan terciibend ve terkibibendler de musammat nazım şekillerinden sayılmıştır (bk. TERCİİBEND ; TERKİBİBEND ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Halil Erdoğan Cengiz, “Divan Şiirinde Musammatlar”, TDl. , LII/415-417 (1986), s. 291-429.
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G. Schoeler, “Musammaṭ”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 660-662.
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Öztuna, TMA , s. 267-268, 450.
Mustafa İsen – Zeynelabidin Makas, “Muhammes”, TDEA , VI, 421-422.
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a.mlf., “Musammat”, a.e. , VI, 447.
a.mlf., “Müseddes”, a.e. , VI, 482.
Ömer Faruk Akün, “Divan Edebiyatı”, DİA , IX, 408-411.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme (Muîn) , XII, 18455-18456.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 233-235 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.