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MÜŞEBBİHE Skip to content Allah’ı yaratıklara veya yaratıkları Allah’a benzetme sonucunu doğuran inançları benimsemiş gruplara verilen ad.
Sözlükte “benzetmek” anlamındaki teşbîh kökünden türeyen müşebbihe kelimesi “benzetenler” demektir. Terim olarak Allah’ı yaratıklara veya yaratıkları Allah’a benzeten yahut bu sonuçları doğurduğu ileri sürülen inançları benimseyenleri ifade eder. Şehristânî’nin Sıfâtiyye’nin ikinci fırkası olarak kabul ettiği Müşebbihe’nin (el-Milel, I, 103) ortaya çıkış sebeplerini şöylece özetlemek mümkündür: 1. Teşbih inancı yahudilerden müslümanlara İsrâiliyat yoluyla intikal etmiş ve bazı hadisçiler arasında kabul görerek Müşebbihe’yi meydana getirmiştir (Ahmed Emîn, I, 335-336; İrfan Abdülhamîd, s. 211). Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn devrinde Müslümanlığı benimsemediği halde müslüman görünen ve inançlarını Hz. Peygamber’e atfettikleri rivayetler yoluyla yaymaya çalışan hıristiyan ve Mecûsî din adamlarının faaliyetlerinin de Müşebbihe’nin ortaya çıkmasında etkili olduğu kabul edilmiştir. Uydurulan rivayetler Haşviyye içinde yer alan hadisçilerce sünneti savunmak düşüncesiyle nakledilmiştir (İbn Asâkir, neşredenin girişi, s. 10). 2. Cehmiyye ve Mu‘tezile’nin tenzih düşüncesinde aşırı giderek ilâhî sıfatları nefyetmesine karşı bir kısım hadisçinin ilâhî sıfatları teşbihe yol açacak şekilde ispat etmesi ve sahih olup olmadığına önem vermeden çeşitli rivayetleri delil kabul etmesinin yanı sıra nasları lafzî-zâhirî mânada yorumlaması da Müşebbihe’yi doğuran sebepler arasında zikredilir (İbn Kuteybe, s. 45-46; İrfan Abdülhamîd, s. 211). 3. Aşırı Şiîler’le bazı sûfî gruplarının liderlerini ifrat derecesinde yüceltmeleri ve bunlara ulûhiyyet nitelikleri nisbet etmeleri teşbih inancının yayılmasını hızlandırmıştır (Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, I, 639-642).
Sünnî yazarların çoğuna göre müslümanlar arasında teşbih inancı ilk defa Şîa içinde ortaya çıkmış ve Beyân b. Sem‘ân, Hişâm b. Hakem, Hişâm b. Sâlim el-Cevâlîkī gibi Şiî kelâmcıları tarafından ileri sürülmüştür (Bağdâdî, s. 225; Fahreddin er-Râzî, İʿtiḳādât, s. 63). Bazı Şiî ve Mu‘tezilî müelliflerine göre ise teşbih telakkisi çelişik rivayetleri Hz. Peygamber’e atfeden Sünnîler arasında görülmüş ve Mukātil b. Süleyman başta olmak üzere genellikle Sünnî hadisçilerin teşkil ettiği Haşviyye aracılığıyla yayılmıştır (Kāsım er-Ressî, Kitâbü’l-ʿAdl ve’t-tevḥîd, I, 105; Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, s. 266-267). Ehl-i hadîs grubuyla da ilişkisi bulunan Mukātil b. Süleyman’ın tarih itibariyle Hişâm b. Hakem’den önce yaşadığını dikkate alan bazı Sünnî yazarları da bu Şiî-Mu‘tezilî tezi göz ardı etmez (İrfan Abdülhamîd, s. 212-214).
Müşebbihe’nin, ulûhiyyete dair naslardan mânası açık bulunanları öne çıkarıp kapalı olanları bunların ışığı altında anlamak yerine aksi bir yöntemle mânası kapalı bulunan naslara lafzî anlam veren ve bu anlayışı uydurma rivayetlerle destekleyen Haşviyye kanalıyla ortaya çıktığını söylemek mümkündür. Haşviyye’nin ise hem Sünnî hem Şiî hadisçilerce beslenmesi kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Ca‘fer es-Sâdık döneminde Şîa içinde görülen hadis uydurma faaliyetinin Sünnî hadisçiler arasında zemin bulması da bunu teyit etmektedir.
Hasan-ı Basrî’nin derslerine devam edenler arasında teşbih inancını benimseyenlerin bulunduğuna ilişkin rivayetlerden başka ilk temsilcilerinin yaşadığı dönem dikkate alınarak Müşebbihe’nin II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ilk yarısında ortaya çıkmaya başladığı söylenebilir. Nitekim ilk temsilcileri içinde yer alan Mudar b. Muhammed, Ebû Muhammed el-Esedî, Kehmes b. Hasan el-Basrî ve Mukātil b. Süleyman gibi şahsiyetlerin 150 (767) yılı civarında vefat ettiği bilinmektedir. Her ne kadar bazı yeni araştırmalarda Mukātil b. Süleyman’ın Müşebbihe’den kabul edilemeyeceği görüşü ileri sürülmüşse de (Çelik, s. 119) mezhepler tarihi ve kelâma dair eski ve yeni kaynaklarda bu görüş doğrulanmamakta, aksine Mukātil Müşebbihe’nin ilk temsilcileri arasında zikredilmektedir (Eş‘arî, s. 152-153; Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, I, 635-638). Esasen Mukātil b. Süleyman’ın ilk bakışta teşbihi andıran te’viller yaptığının kabul edilmesi de (Çelik, s. 119) onun Müşebbihe’nin ilk temsilcileri arasında bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca Mukātil’in, Kur’an’ı tefsir etmek amacıyla Allah’ı insana benzeten tasvirleri içeren Tevrat’tan yararlandığı bilinmektedir. Kendisinden sonra teşbih içeren inançları Huşeyş b. Esrem benimseyip nakletmiş ve Müşebbihe’nin oluşmasına katkıda bulunmuştur.
Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî başta olmak üzere Selef’e tâbi olduklarını söyleyen hadis âlimleri te’vile başvurmadan ulûhiyyete ilişkin naslara inanmayı gerekli görmekle birlikte Allah’ın yaratıklara benzemediğine inanmanın zorunluluğunu açık bir şekilde vurgulamış, naslarda geçen “yed” (el) ve “ısba‘” (parmak) kelimelerine sözlük anlamı verenlerin el ve parmaklarının koparılmak suretiyle cezalandırılması gerektiğini söylemişlerdir. Lugavî istimal ve aklî istidlâllere dayanılarak yapılan te’viller zannî bilgi ifade ettiğinden ilgili nasların insanlarca bilinmeyen bir anlam taşıdığını ve gerçek mânalarını Allah’ın bilgisine havale etmek gerektiğini ısrarla belirtmelerine rağmen (Şehristânî, el-Milel, I, 103-104) Selefiyye âlimlerinin bu tutumu teşbihe kapı açan bir yöntem olarak görülmüştür. Çünkü daha sonra Sıfâtiyye ve Selefiyye’ye mensup olan bazı âlimlerce Allah’a had (sınır, hacim) ve cihet (yön, mekân) nisbet edilmiştir (Osman b. Saîd ed-Dârimî, s. 23-24). Müşebbihe Kerrâmiyye, Sâlimiyye, Hulmâniyye gibi itikadî ve sûfî fırkalarca temsil edilmiş, Şîa’nın aşırı grupları da bu mezhebin içinde mütalaa edilmiştir.
Mezhepler tarihi literatüründe Müşebbihe’nin Hişâmiyye, Mukātiliyye, İbn Ebü’l-Azâfir’e nisbet edilen Azâfire, Cevâlîkıyye, Cevâribiyye, İbrâhimiyye, Beyâniyye, Hubbiyye, Mugīriyye, Mübeyyiza, Minhâliyye, Zürâriyye, Yûnusiyye, İbnü’ş-Şelmegānî veya Muhammed b. Ali eş-Şelmegānî’ye nisbetle anılan Şelmegāniyye, Kerrâmiyye gibi fırkalardan oluştuğu belirtilir. Bunların birçoğu Gāliyye içinde yer alan gruplardır (Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, s. 20; Makrîzî, II, 348-349).
İnanç konularının hepsine dair özgün fikirleri bulunmayan ve müstakil bir ekol hüviyeti taşımayan Müşebbihe, Allah’ın zâtı ve sıfatları hakkında ileri sürülen görüşler etrafında değişik fırkalara mensup âlimlerden oluşan bir mezhep görünümündedir. Teşbih inancını benimsediği kabul edilen veya bu statüde görülen fırkalar dikkate alınarak Müşebbihe’ye nisbet edilen görüşleri üç ana grupta toplamak mümkündür: 1. Allah’ın zâtını yaratıklara benzetmek. Buna göre Allah insan şeklinde olup sınırlı bir varlıktır; baş, yüz, göz, ağız, el, ayak ve bedeni vardır; cinsel organı ve sakalları ise yoktur. Hareket eder, aşağı iner, yukarı çıkar, gider gelir, sâlih müslümanlarla dünyada görüşür ve kucaklaşır. Bu yaklaşımı benimseyen Dâvûd el-Cevâribî, Kehmes b. Hasan et-Temîmî, Mudar b. Hâlid gibi Haşviyye mensupları Allah’ın cisim olduğunu ve tıpkı insan gibi et, kan ve kemikten ibaret bulunduğunu iddia etmiştir. Hişâm b. Hakem ve Hişâm b. Sâlim el-Cevâlîkī’ye göre ise Allah insan şeklinde olmakla birlikte et, kan ve kemikten oluşmuş değildir, O parlayan bir nurdur (Eş‘arî, s. 209, 518, 521). Allah aynı zamanda bir yönde ve mekânda bulunan bir varlık olup yedinci kat göğün üstündeki tahtında (arş) oturur. Arşını melekler taşır ve zâtı arşla sınırlıdır. Allah’ın zâtı yaratıklarla temasta bulunabilir ve hâdis olaylara konu teşkil edebilir. Yûnusiyye, Kerrâmiyye ve Sâlimiyye mensupları bu görüştedir (Bağdâdî, s. 227-228; Fahreddin er-Râzî, İʿtiḳādât, s. 64-66). Selefiyye içinde Allah’ın yaratılmış varlıkların en üstündeki arşın ötesinde zâtıyla bulunduğunu ve dolayısıyla sınırlı bir varlık konumunda olduğunu kabul edenler de vardır (Osman b. Saîd ed-Dârimî, s. 23-24). Allah’ın insan şeklinde olduğuna ve göklerin üstündeki tahtında oturduğuna inanan değişik fırkalara mensup âlimler görüşlerini Kur’an ve hadislerde Allah’tan bahseden bazı nasların (müteşâbihat) lafzî mânalarına dayandırmışlardır. Bu yaklaşım kelâmcılarca Allah’ın benzerinin bulunmadığını, dolayısıyla yaratıklara asla benzetilemeyeceğini bildiren açık anlamlı naslara aykırı bulunmuş, müteşâbih naslara lafzî mânaları dışında dilbilimsel ve aklî anlamlar verilmesi gerektiği belirtilmiş, teşbih inancı ise tevhide aykırı bulunmuştur (Mâtürîdî, s. 104-118; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, s. 8, 663-664). Cehmiyye, Mu‘tezile ve bazı Şîa kelâmcıları, Sünnîler’in, Allah’ın âhirette müminlerce görüleceğine inandıkları gerekçesiyle O’nu sınırlı bir varlık konumuna indirgediklerini, bundan dolayı da gerçek anlamda Müşebbihe içinde yer aldıklarını ileri sürmüşlerdir (İbn Kuteybe, s. 34; Hayyât, s. 43, 55; Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, s. 20; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, s. 8).
2. Müşebbihe’ye nisbet edilen ikinci görüş ilâhî sıfatları ve özellikle fiilî olanlarını yaratıkların sıfat ve fiillerine benzetmektir. Buna göre Allah’ın iradesi insanın iradesi gibi hâdistir, kelâm sıfatı da zâtı dışında herhangi bir nesnede yarattığı harf ve seslerden ibarettir. Bu görüşlerinden dolayı Basra Mu‘tezilesi’nin yanı sıra Kerrâmiyye ekolü de Müşebbihe’den sayılmıştır. Bunların dışında bütün ilâhî sıfatların hâdis olduğunu ileri süren Zürâriyye ve ilâhî ilmin hâdis olduğunu iddia eden Şeytâniyye gibi Şiî fırkaları da Müşebbihe’ye dahil edilmiştir (Bağdâdî, s. 229-230; İsferâyînî, s. 121). İbn Teymiyye ve İbn Ebü’l-İz gibi Selefiyye âlimleri ilâhî sıfatları zât-ı ilâhiyyeye nisbet etmenin, özellikle kelâm sıfatının kadîm olduğuna ve Allah’ın âhirette görüleceğine inanmanın teşbih sonucunu doğurduğunu, dolayısıyla Sünnî âlimlerinin Müşebbihe’den sayıldığını ileri süren Mu‘tezile ve Şîa kelâmcılarının bu iddialarını reddetmiştir. Zira bu iki âlime göre kesin biçimde teşbih inancına karşı olan Sünnîler’i Müşebbihe’den saymak sadece bir ithamdan ibarettir. Konuya bu açıdan yaklaşıldığı takdirde her mezhebin bir şekilde Müşebbihe’den sayılması mümkündür (Minhâcü’s-Sünne, II, 105-106, 552, 598-599; Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳīdeti’ṭ-Ṭaḥâviyye, s. 60-61). Şîa ve Mu‘tezile’yi bu şekilde eleştiren İbn Teymiyye, kulları hakkında en uygun olanı yapmasını (aslah) zorunlu görmenin Allah’ı insana benzetmeyi gerektirdiğini söyleyerek bu görüşü savunan Mu‘tezile’yi Müşebbihe’ye nisbet etmiştir (Minhâcü’s-sünne, III, 153; VI, 396).
3. Müşebbihe’ye atfedilen üçüncü görüş, yaratıkları Allah’a benzetip insanda ulûhiyyet niteliklerinden birinin yahut tamamının bulunduğuna veya Allah’ın ya da bir niteliğinin yahut zâtının (cüzü) insana hulûl ettiğine ve böylece O’nda bedene dönüştüğüne inanmak tarzında özetlenebilir. Bu görüşler Gāliyye içinde yer alan Sebeiyye, Beyâniyye, Mugīriyye, Mansûriyye, Hattâbiyye, Mukannaiyye, Bâtıniyye gibi aşırı fırkalarca benimsenmiştir. Allah’ın güzel insanlara hulûl ettiğini ve bundan dolayı her güzel insana secde edilmesi gerektiğini iddia eden Ebû Hulmân ed-Dımaşkī ve diğer bazı aşırı sûfî gruplarca temsil edilen Hulûliyye de Müşebbihe fırkaları arasında zikredilir (Bağdâdî, s. 225; İsferâyînî, s. 119-120).
Allah’ın zâtı ve sıfatlarına ilişkin nasların anlaşılması etrafında oluşmuş inanç ve görüşlerin vücut verdiği Müşebbihe’nin asıl hüviyetini belirlemekte teşbih kriterleri büyük önem taşır. Bu kriterler dikkate alındığı takdirde asıl Müşebbihe’yi birinci görüşü benimseyen grupların teşkil ettiğini söylemek gerekir. Bu fırkalar, Allah’ın insana benzeyen bir varlık olduğunu ileri sürerken görüşlerini bazı âyet ve hadislerle temellendirmeye çalışmışsa da tekfire varan şiddetli eleştirilerin konusu olmaktan kurtulamamıştır. Her şeyden önce Müşebbihe mensupları naslara yaklaşım yönteminde hata etmiştir, çünkü görüşlerini belirlerken müteşâbih naslarla istidlâlde bulunmuştur. Halbuki bunların açık ve kesin mânalı nasların ışığında anlaşılması ve dilbilimsel bilgilerin yanı sıra aklî delillere dayanılarak yorumlanması zorunludur. Ayrıca Allah’ı yaratıklara benzetmek onu yaratıklarla aynı varlık kategorisine indirgemek anlamına gelir, bu ise ulûhiyyeti temellendirmeyi imkânsız hale getirir (Kāsım er-Ressî, Kitâbü Uṣûli’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd, s. 97-98; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, s. 351; Şehristânî, Nihâyetü’l-iḳdâm, s. 105).
Selefiyye âlimleri, her ne kadar ilâhî sıfatlara dair naslara “şekil ve mahiyet belirlememe” (bilâkeyf ve bilâhad) ilkesi ışığında inanmanın teşbihi gerektirmediği tezini savunmuşlarsa da (İbn Kuteybe, s. 41-46; Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳīdeti’ṭ-Ṭaḥâviyye, s. 61) eski ve yeni kelâmcılar, en azından Allah’a yön nisbet etmekten kurtulamadıkları için Müşebbihe ile bazı ortak görüşleri paylaştıklarını kabul etme durumunda kalmıştır (İbn Kuteybe, neşredenin dipnotu, s. 39; Fahreddin er-Râzî, Esâsü’t-taḳdîs, s. 10-11). Rü’yetullah inancını benimsemelerinden ötürü bütün Sünnîler’in Müşebbihe’den sayılması gerektiği iddiası isabetsiz olup âhiret âlemini dünya şartlarına benzetme hatasından kaynaklanmıştır. Müşebbihe’ye atfedilen ikinci görüş daha çok farklı sıfat teorilerini kabul eden ekollerin birbirini teşbihe düşmekle suçlamasına dayanmaktadır. Muhalif mezhebi ilzam etme gayreti de içeren ikinci görüşün teşbihle irtibatı ise hudûs felsefesiyle alâkalıdır. Müşebbihe’nin üçüncü görüşü genellikle İslâm dışına çıktığı kabul edilen Gāliyye fırkalarınca temsil edildiğinden ve sadece insanın Allah’a benzetilmesi gibi dinî temeli bulunmayan bir inanca dayandığından teşbih problemiyle değil daha çok şirk ve yaratılmışı tanrılaştırma problemiyle ilgili görünmektedir.
Müşebbihe’nin eleştirisine dair çeşitli eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Hâdî-İlelhak Yahyâ b. Hüseyin’in er-Red ʿalâ ehli’z-zeyġ mine’l-müşebbihîn (Kahire 1971, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd’in II. cildi içinde), Kāsım er-Ressî’nin Kitâbü’l-ʿAdl ve’t-tevḥîd ve nefyü’t-teşbîh ʿanillâhi’l-vâḥidi’l-ḥamîd, İbn Kuteybe’nin er-Red ʿale’l-Müşebbihe, Ca‘fer b. Mübeşşir’in Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd ʿalâ eṣnâfi’l-Müşebbihe ve’l-Cehmiyye ve’r-Râfiża, Câhiz’in er-Red ʿale’l-Müşebbihe, Ebû Ca‘fer el-İskâfî’nin er-Red ʿale’l-Müşebbihe (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 86, 208, 210, 213) adlı eserleri bunlar arasında yer alır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Kāsım er-Ressî, Kitâbü’l-ʿAdl ve’t-tevḥîd ve nefyü’t-teşbîh ʿani’llâhi’l-vâḥidi’l-ḥamîd (nşr. Muhammed İmâre, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd içinde), Kahire 1971, I, 105-106, 109; a.mlf., Kitâbü Uṣûli’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd (a.e. içinde), I, 97-98; İbn Kuteybe, el-İḫtilâf fi’l-lafẓ (nşr. M. Zâhid Kevserî), Kahire 1349, s. 34, 41-46; ayrıca bk. neşredenin dipnotu, s. 34-35, 39; Osman b. Saîd ed-Dârimî, er-Red ʿale’l-Merîsî (nşr. M. Hâmid el-Fıkī), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), s. 23-24; Hayyât, el-İntiṣâr, s. 43, 55; Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî, Kitâbü’z-Zîne (nşr. Abdullah Sellûm es-Sâmerrâî, el-Ġulüv ve’l-fıraḳu’l-Ġāliyye fi’l-ḥaḍâreti’l-İslâmiyye içinde), Bağdad 1982, s. 266-268; Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter), s. 152-153, 209, 518, 521; Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd (nşr. Bekir Topaloğlu – Muhammed Aruçi), Ankara 1423/2003, s. 104-118; İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd), s. 86, 208, 210, 213; Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Hârizmî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm, Kahire 1342/1923, s. 20; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Müteşâbihü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Adnân M. Zerzûr), Kahire 1969, s. 8, 72-74, 87, 92, 94, 105, 119, 120, 205, 297-298, 351, 374, 403, 492, 641, 643, 663-664, 689, 706; Bağdâdî, el-Farḳ (Abdülhamîd), s. 225-230; İsferâyînî, et-Tebṣîr (Hût), s. 119-121; Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî), I, 103-113; a.mlf., Nihâyetü’l-iḳdâm fî ʿilmi’l-kelâm (nşr. A. Guillaume), London 1934, s. 103-105; İbn Asâkir, Tebyînü keẕibi’l-müfterî (nşr. M. Zâhid Kevserî), Dımaşk 1347, neşredenin girişi, s. 10; Fahreddin er-Râzî, İʿtiḳādât (Neşşâr), s. 63-66; a.mlf., Esâsü’t-taḳdîs, Kahire 1354/1935, s. 10-11; Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1406/1986, II, 105-106, 500, 517, 552, 598-599; III, 153; VI, 396; Şerḥu’l-ʿAḳīdeti’ṭ-Ṭaḥâviyye , s. 60-61; Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ, II, 348-349; Fenârî Hasan Çelebi, Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-Mevâḳıf, İstanbul 1311, III, 294-295; Seffârînî, Levâmiʿu’l-envâri’l-behiyye, Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), I, 91; Ahmed Emîn, Ḍuḥa’l-İslâm, Kahire 1964, I, 335-336; Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Neşʾetü’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm, İskenderiye 1966, I, 629-649; İrfan Abdülhamîd, Dirâsât fi’l-fıraḳ ve’l-ʿaḳāʾidi’l-İslâmiyye, Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 211-215; Şerîf Yahyâ el-Emînî, Muʿcemü’l-fıraḳı’l-İslâmiyye, Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 225; W. M. Watt, Early Islam, Edinburgh 1990, s. 86-93; İbrahim Çelik, Mukâtil b. Süleyman ve Tefsirdeki Metodu, Bursa 2000, s. 119; J. van Ess, “Tas̲h̲bīh wa-Tanzīh”, EI2 (İng.), X, 341-344.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 156-158 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.