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MUSTAFA III Skip to content (ö. 1187/1774)
Osmanlı padişahı (1757-1774).
14 Safer 1129’da (28 Ocak 1717) Edirne’de doğdu. Babası III. Ahmed, annesi Mihrişah Emine Sultan’dır (bazı yerlerde yanlışlıkla Mihrimah olarak geçer, Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi , V, 2552; İA , VIII, 700). Edirne Vak‘ası (1703) neticesinde tahttan indirilen II. Mustafa’nın, III. Ahmed’den sonra tahta çıkan oğulları I. Mahmud ve özellikle III. Osman devirlerine rastlayan şehzadelik dönemi, bu hükümdarların kendi çocukları olmamasına rağmen III. Ahmed’in oğullarına karşı olan düşmanca tavırlarından ötürü sıkıntılı ve hatta hayatî tehlikeler içinde geçti. Nitekim III. Osman’ın ortadan kaldırmak üzere girişimlerde bulunduğu bilinen Şehzade Mehmed âni ve şüpheli bir şekilde muhtemelen zehirlenmiş olarak öldü (29 Rebîülevvel 1169 / 2 Ocak 1756). Kendisinden birkaç gün büyük olan kardeşinin ölümü III. Mustafa’ya hükümdarlık yolunu açtı ve 16 Safer 1171 (30 Ekim 1757) Pazartesi günü tahta çıktı, 4 Kasım Perşembe günü kılıç alayı yapıldı. Cülûsun onuncu günü eşkinci ve emekliler dahil olmak üzere askere bahşiş dağıtıldı. Tahta çıkışı Petersburg, Viyana ve Berlin’e yollanan özel elçilik heyetleri vasıtasıyla resmen duyuruldu (Vâsıf, I, 93 vd.).
III. Mustafa’nın ilk icraatı geniş kitleleri memnun edecek izler taşır. Mukātaa ve zeâmet rüsûmunun affı ve yenilenmesi gereken berat harçlarının yarıya indirilmesi bu anlamdadır. Ardından hac yolunun güvenliğini tehdit eden gelişmelere son vermek üzere sert önlemler aldı, bilhassa kötü idare edilmekte olan Evkāf-ı Haremeyn Mukātaası’na düzen vermeye çalıştı. Bunların tâliplerine defterdar vasıtasıyla satılması kararlaştırılarak yolsuzluklara karışan Eski Saray Baltacı Ocağı’nı kaldırdı. Dârüssaâde ve Silâhdar ağalarının haslarını ilga etti. Böylece 1000 keseden fazla tasarruf sağlandı. Bu meblağ 1172’de (1759) 2000 keseye çıktı (a.g.e. , I, 103, 147). Saray masraflarını kıstı. Ancak bu tedbirleri kendisini hasislik töhmeti altında bırakmıştır. Tasarruf ve hesabını bilme arzusu, döneminde defterdarlık kurumuna önem kazandırmıştır (Cevdet, I, 78).
Tahta çıktığında, 1739 Belgrad Antlaşması’ndan itibaren Avrupa yakasında barış dönemine giren devletin geniş coğrafyası içinde zaman âdeta durmuş gibidir. Osmanlı Devleti uzun barış devrinin de etkisiyle malî bir yeterlilik içinde görülmekteydi. Ancak bu dönem gerekli yenilenmelerin yapılmadığı kayıp yıllar olarak geçmiştir. Askerî sahada olduğu gibi ekonomik alanda da yapılanlar, meselâ III. Mustafa’nın kalitesiz fakat ucuz Avrupa mallarının iç pazarları doldurmasına karşı çıkması ve bunların yerli imalâtını önemsemesi genelde yasaklamalar dışında tutarlı bir ekonomik plandan yoksun kalmıştır. Yaşanan uzun barış ve istikrar belirli bir iktisadî genişlemeye, özellikle Akdeniz üzerinden yapılan ticarette önemli artışlara ve malî şartlarda iyileşmelere yol açmakla beraber Rus savaşının patlamasıyla bunların hepsi süratle bozulmaya başlamıştır. Bu dönemde Anadolu ve Rumeli’nin merkezden uzak bölgelerinde idare yerel güçlerin (mütegallibe) elinde kalmıştır. Anadolu’da özellikle kapusuz levent eşkıyasının sebep olduğu huzursuzluklar ortadan kaldırılamadığından merkezî otoritenin buralardaki zafiyeti sürmüştür. Bulutkapan Ali Bey’in kendi idaresini kurduğu, III. Mustafa’nın yanında kendi adının da kazılı olduğu sikkeler bastırdığı Mısır ve başta yine darphânesinde riyaller basılan Tunus olmak üzere Cezayir gibi Garp ocakları diye bilinen deniz aşırı uzak vilâyetlerde merkezden âdeta bağımsız olan yerel idareler kontrol altına alınamamıştır. Otuz bir eyalet, elli bir elviye, otuz altı üç tuğlu vezirlikten oluşan devlet (Şem‘dânîzâde, II/A, s. 58-59), Aydınlanma dönemini yaşamakta ve büyük fikrî ve ekonomik değişim geçirmekte olan Avrupa’daki gelişmelerden tamamen uzak, hatta habersiz bir hayat sürmekteydi. Eski dönemleri aşan fikrî bir tekâmül gözlenmemekte, gelişen çevre şartları ve istikbalde bunun getireceği siyasî tehlikelerin hesabı yapılmamaktaydı. Tasarrufa özen göstermesi, bakiye vergilerin toplanmasındaki hassasiyet ve uyguladığı müsâderelerle oluşan, zaman içinde biriktirmiş olduğu büyük hazineyi savaşma kabiliyeti için yeterli gören III. Mustafa devleti yeniden yapılandıracak bir eğitim ve asabiyete sahip değildi. Bu bağlamda “Cihangir” mahlasıyla yazdığı şiirlerinde de görüldüğü üzere devlet adamlarının yetersizliğinden ve iyi yetişmiş olanların azlığından şikâyet eder ve devletin eski gücüne kavuşturulmasını pek imkân dahilinde görmez. Askerî durumun, özellikle Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın düzeltilmesindeki zarureti idrak etmekle beraber bunun için ciddi bir girişimde bulunma cesaretini gösterememiş, bu konunun açılmasını bile tehlikeli saymıştır. Nitekim bir görüşme anında böyle bir zarureti ağzından kaçırdığı defterdar Hilmi Efendi’yi bunu başkalarına ifşa edebileceği tedirginliğiyle önce hemen azletmiş ve ardından idam ettirmiştir (Cevdet, I, 79). Askerî sahada yaptıkları Boğaz kalelerinin tahkimi, bazı yeni gemiler yapımı, Tophane ve Topçu Ocağı’nın ıslahı ve yeni toplar dökümüyle sınırlı kalmıştır. Askerî sahalardaki bu gibi işlerde Fransa’nın yardımlarından, dolayısıyla Baron de Tott’un teknik hizmetinden istifade etmiştir. Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nın (1768-1774) ortasında açılan (Ekim 1772) Topçu Mektebi ancak bir yıl kadar faaliyet gösterebilmiş, ölümünden kısa bir zaman önce kurulan (26 Şevval 1187 / 10 Ocak 1774) Sürat topçularının da savaşın gidişine bir etkisi olmamıştır. III. Mustafa, yeni toplarla yapılan atış denemelerine Şehzade Selim’i de yanına alarak katılmış ve tahta geçtiğinde topçulukla ilgili küçük bir eser yazacak kadar uzmanlaşan oğlunun bu sahada yetişmesini sağlamıştır. Kendi dönemine mal edilen ve kuruluş tarihi 1773 olarak gösterilen Mühendishâne-i Bahrî-i Hümâyun’un açılması 29 Nisan 1775’te halefi I. Abdülhamid zamanında gerçekleşmiştir (Kaçar, IX/54 [1998] s. 7).
III. Mustafa, Prusya’nın Avusturya ve Rusya ile kalkıştığı zorlu mücadelede Osmanlı Devleti’ni yanına çekmek ve resmî ilişkiler kurmak üzere giriştiği faaliyetleri yakından takip etmiştir. Bu devletlere karşı Prusya ile bir ittifak içinde bulunma isteği, ancak Koca Râgıb Paşa’nın takip ettiği tedbirli politika ve onun ileri sürdüğü, böyle bir ittifakı sonuçsuz bırakmaya da yarayacak olan akılcı şartların yerine getirilmemesiyle önlenebilmiştir (Beydilli, s. 33-78). Râgıb Paşa’nın ihtiyatlı yaklaşımına bir savaş için yeterli hazineye mâlik olduğunu söyleyerek karşı çıkması olaylara bakış açısını göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Prusya’nın düşmanları ile olan savaşı başarılı bir şekilde bitirmiş olmasına rağmen (15 Şubat 1763) Râgıb Paşa’nın vefatından sonra (7 Nisan 1763) Ahmed Resmî Efendi’yi Berlin’e yollaması ve kralın eski tekliflerinin hâlâ geçerli olup olmadığının tahkiki, verilen “artık çok geç” tarzındaki cevaptan da anlaşılacağı üzere siyaset bakımından da zayıf bir devlet adamı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu tutumu dikkate alındığında III. Mustafa’nın 1768’de başlayan Rus savaşının açılmasında büyük bir sorumluluk taşıdığı anlaşılır. Savaşa taraftar olmakla beraber ricâl ve ulemânın karşı görüşü savunması halinde bunda ısrarcı olmayacağı ise kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Ancak burada da son sözü söyleyecek bir hükümdar olarak belirleyici rolünü iyi oynamamış ve hadiselerin gelişmesini kendi arzusunun tahakkukuna bırakmıştır. Bu anlamda, önce sınır kalelerinin takviye edilmesini ve sefer hazırlıkları görülmeden savaşa hemen girişilmemesini tavsiye eden Sadrazam Muhsinzâde Mehmed Paşa’nın gerekçelerini dikkate alması icap ederdi. Ciddi hiçbir askerî hazırlık yapılmadan ve altı ay öncesinden ilân edilen savaşın baştan itibaren kötü bir gidiş arzetmesi, ordunun ehil olmayan ellere teslimi, Rus donanmasının Akdeniz’e gelmesi ve Çeşme’deki Osmanlı filosunu yakması (6-7 Temmuz 1770), Rus kuvvetlerinin Memleketeyn’i ve Kırım’ı istilâ etmesi (Temmuz 1771), Tuna’yı aşması (Temmuz 1773), yaşanan bozgun ve ağır yenilgiler, askerin içinde bulunduğu düzensiz haliyle savaşmaktan kaçınması, yağmacılığı ve isyanı bir dizi felâkete yol açmıştır. Memleketeyn’in Rusya’nın işgaline uğramasından tedirginlik duyan Avusturya ile nakdî ödemeler dışında Küçük Eflak’ın bırakılmasını öngören bir ittifak antlaşmasının yapılması ise (23 Rebîülevvel 1185 / 6 Temmuz 1771) bu devlete külliyetli para kaptırılmasından, Rusya-Avusturya ve Prusya arasında Lehistan’ın taksimini (1772) kolaylaştırmaktan başka bir işe yaramamıştır. Savaş esnasında yapılan Fokşan (Ağustos 1772) ve Bükreş (Kasım 1772) görüşmelerinde ortaya çıkan, barışın az kayıplarla yapılması fırsatlarından da istifade edilememiştir. Zira Rusya ele geçirdiği Kırım’ı ilhak etmek istemekte ve bunu barışın vazgeçilmez şartı diye ileri sürmekteydi. Alınacak siyasî kararların belirlenmesinde güçlü bir etkisi olan ulemâ da esasen Rusya’nın öne sürdüğü şartlar dahilinde barış yapılmasına kesinlikle karşı çıkmaktaydı. Kırım’daki müslüman halkın aynı zamanda dinî lideri durumunda olan III. Mustafa’nın halifelik sıfatının Rus temsilcileriyle yapılan görüşmelerde gündeme gelmesi ve devletlerarası siyasette tartışma konusu yapılması önemli bir süreç başlatmıştır. Bu sıfat, önce bağımsız hale getirilecek olan Kırım için 1774 Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması’nda resmen yer alacak olmakla beraber savaş sırasında Ruslar’la yapılan görüşmelerin başarısız kalmasının en önde gelen sebebini teşkil etmiştir. Vaktiyle Râgıb Paşa’ya, İstanbul’dan Rusçuk’a iki sıra halinde para keseleri dizebilecek kadar maddî yönden bir savaşa hazır olduğunu söyleyen III. Mustafa, Rus seferinin daha ilk yıllarında iç ve dış hazinedeki bütün birikimlerin tükendiğini görüp savaş masraflarını karşılamak için oğlu Selim ile kızı Şah Sultan’dan borç almak zorunda kalmıştır (Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi , IV/1, s. 429).
III. Mustafa, savaşın ilk aşamasında Ruslar’ın Hotin’i muhasara etmesi esnasında kazanılan bazı başarılar üzerine (Safer 1183 / Haziran 1769) “gazi” olarak ilân edilmiştir (Vâsıf, I, 326). İleriki yıllarda savaşın kötü gidişi sebebiyle Ayasofya Camii’nde selâmlık sırasında okunan hutbede bu unvanla anılması (16 Şevval 1184 / 2 Şubat 1771), içlerinde Mevlevîler’in de bulunduğu bazı dervişler tarafından yüksek sesle protesto edilmesine yol açmıştır (Mehmed Hasîb Rûznâmesi , vr. 6b ; Ahmed Resmî, Wesentliche Betrachtungen , s. 29). Cülûsunda sadrazam olarak bulduğu ve görevinde bıraktığı Koca Râgıb Paşa sayesinde saltanatının ilk döneminde bir problemle karşılaşmadan hüküm sürmüş olmakla beraber savaşın son yılında içine düşülen sıkıntılı durum sağlığını bozmuş, dengeli bir hayat sürmesine rağmen savaşın kahrı erken ölümüne sebep olmuş, geride ağır tahribata uğramış ve felâketli bir barışa mahkûm bir devlet bırakmış olarak 8 Zilkade 1187’de (21 Ocak 1774) vefat etmiştir. Lâleli Camii yanındaki türbede medfundur. Veliaht Abdülhamid’in zafiyetini ifadeyle Selim’in tahta çıkarılmasını vasiyet ettiği söylenir (Cevdet, I, 124; Sarıcaoğlu, s. 3-4).
III. Mustafa kaynaklarda meziyetli, sağlam bir değerlendirme yeteneği ve temyiz kabiliyeti olan, basiretli, faal ve hükümdarlık vecîbelerine eğitim ve yeteneği elverdiği ölçüde samimiyetle sarılan, iyi kalpli, merhametli, hayır sever ve cömert bir kişiliğe sahip olarak gösterilir. Gelenek ve âdetlere bağlı, âdil, düzenli ve tutumludur. Güzel konuşur. İyi bir hattattır. Kâtibzâde Mehmed Refî Efendi’den, özellikle ta‘lik olmak üzere Sadr-ı Rûm Ekşiaşzâde Veli Efendi’den de hat meşketmiştir. Önüne gelen raporları dikkatle okurdu. Küçük ayrıntılara kadar her şeyle ilgilenme eğilimi herhalde işlerin yoğunluğunda boğulma sakıncasını beraberinde getirmiştir. Talihe inanırdı. İlm-i nücûma aşırı derecede düşkün olup eşref saatsiz iş görmezdi (Şem‘dânîzâde, II/B, s. 35). İnsanın talihini keşfe çalışır, vezirlerini de yıldızı yüksek olduğuna inandıklarından seçerdi. 1763’te Berlin’e gönderilen Ahmed Resmî Efendi vasıtasıyla Prusya Kralı II. Friedrich’e bu anlamda başvurmuş ve kendisine, üç büyük devlete karşı verdiği savaştaki başarılarının arkasında olduğuna inandığı müneccimlerinden göndermesini istemiştir. Prusya kralının, başarılarının kaynağı olarak tarih bilgisiyle donanmış bulunma, eğitilmiş ordu ve dolu bir hazineye sahip olmayı göstermesi, dolayısıyla iyi talihin arkasında sadece ilâhî takdirin değil aynı zamanda insan becerisinin yatmakta olduğunun iması herhalde kendisini memnun etmemiştir (Ahmed Resmî, Wesentliche Betrachtungen , s. 15-16). Tarihten ders alacak kadar istifade etmediği de açıktır. Kudüs Prensesi Johanna ile evlenen (9 Kasım 1225) Hohenstufen hânedanından İmparator II. Friedrich’in bir erkek çocuğu olması için zifafı astrolojik kehanetlerin işaret ettiği üzere düğünün ertesi gününe ertelemesi gibi oğlu Selim’in cihangir olması için “kıran vakti”nde ana rahmine düşmesini tertipleyecek kadar bu ilmin müptelâsıdır. Devrin tarihçisi Şem‘dânîzâde’nin ifadesiyle “fenn-i nücûmun nühûseti üzerine çökmüştür” (Müri’t-tevârîh , II/B, s. 116). Şehzadeliği döneminde zehirlenerek öldürülme korkusuyla vücudunun direnişini arttırmak için küçük dozlarda zehir aldığı söylenir. Bu yüzden karakuru, sarı renk suratlı bir görünümü olduğu kaydedilir.
Saltanatı boyunca sekiz sadrazam ve dokuz şeyhülislâm değiştiren III. Mustafa’nın bilinen eşlerinin sayısı altıdır. Bunlardan sadrazamın evinde kalan ve 10 Ramazan 1218’de (24 Aralık 1803) ölen Rifat Kadın ile önceleri saray dışında buluşmaktaydı. Daha sonra dördüncü kadın olarak hareme almıştır (mezar taşı için bk. Laqueur, s. 58-59). I. Mahmud ve III. Osman’ın çocukları olmadığından doğumlar sevinçle karşılanmıştır. Toplam sekiz kız ve iki erkek oğlu (III. Selim, Mehmed) olmuştur. 15 Receb 1172’de (14 Mart 1759) doğan ilk çocuğu Hibetullah ve 27 Cemâziyelevvel 1175’te (24 Aralık 1761) doğan Selim için hânedanda kırk yıldan beri sultan ve şehzade doğmamış olduğundan günlerce süren şenlikler yapılmıştır.
Huzur derslerine büyük önem vermiş ve bu dersleri âdet haline getirterek devletin sonuna kadar yaşamasına yol açmıştır. Sabah namazlarını tebdilen Ayasofya’da kılması alışkanlıkları arasındadır. Tebdil dolaşmayı hükümdarlığın görevlerinden sayardı (Şem‘dânîzâde, II/A, s. 35). Rus savaşının baştan itibaren kötü gidişi karşısında askerin ayaklanarak IV. Mehmed’i tahttan indirmesi (1687) gibi bir hadiseyle karşı karşıya gelebileceğinin tedirginliği içinde harp esnasında tebdilen halk arasında dolaşması, özellikle kamuoyunun düşüncesini ve hissiyatını tesbit etmek üzere daha da bir yoğunluk kazanmıştır (Mustafa Nûri Paşa, IV, 123-124). Geniş imar faaliyetlerinde bulunmakla beraber bu biraz da zorunluluktan kaynaklanmıştır. 12 Zilhicce 1179’da (22 Mayıs 1766) meydana gelen, artçı sarsıntıları ağustos ayına kadar devam eden ve büyük bir yıkıma sebep olarak 22.000 keselik muazzam bir masraf açan deprem felâketi karşısında bütün imkânlarını seferber eder. Bu depremde başta Fâtih Camii olmak üzere birçok bina yıkılmıştır. 1245 kese gibi bir masrafla yeniden yaptırdığı Fâtih Camii yanında Eyüp Sultan Camii, Dâvud Paşa Kasrı, Kapalı Çarşı, surlar, Baruthâne-i Âmire, Saraçhane, yeniçeri odaları, Tophane, Kızkulesi gibi yıkılan veya hasar gören yerlerin inşa ve tamirinde, dolayısıyla şehrin yeniden imarında büyük bir rol oynadığı muhakkaktır. III. Mustafa ayrıca şehrin iâşesi için 100.000’er kilelik üç ambar yaptırmış, Kâğıthane’de Lağımcılar için yer tahsis etmiş, halkın muhalefeti sebebiyle sonuçsuz kalmış olmakla beraber Sakarya nehrini Sapanca gölüne, Sapanca gölünü İznik körfezine bağlamak üzere kanal projesi üzerinde çalışmış, Süveyş berzahının açılması niyetini taşımıştır. Tamir ettirdiği camiler yanında yenilerini de yaptırmıştır; ancak bunların özellikle büyük olanları kendi adıyla anılmaz: Lâleli Külliyesi (1760-1764), ölen annesi ve büyük kardeşi Süleyman’ın ruhları için bina ettirmiş olduğu (Şem‘dânîzâde, II/A, s. 39), Mihrişah diye anılan Üsküdar’daki Ayazma Camii (1758-1761), Kadıköy’de (1761, kendi adıyla anılır) ve Paşabahçe’deki birer küçük cami (1763) bunlardandır. Zeyneb Sultan Camii’ni de tamamlatmıştır (1769). Tophane yangınında yanan Kādirî Tekkesi ve Galata Mevlevîhânesi’ni yeniden inşa ettirmiştir (1765). Ayrıca depremden hasar gören Atîk Bend’i onartmış ve yeni bir bend inşasıyla (Bend-i Cedîd) şehre gelen suyun miktarını arttırmıştır (1766).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 280-283 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.