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MUSTAFA IV Skip to content (ö. 1223/1808)
Osmanlı padişahı (1807-1808).
26 Şâban 1193’te (8 Eylül 1779) doğdu. Babası I. Abdülhamid, annesi Ayşe Sîneperver Sultan’dır. Şehzadelik yıllarında sarayda klasik eğitimle yetiştirildi. Kardeşi Mahmud ile beraber babasının şehirde yaptığı teftiş gezilerine katıldı ve saray dışındaki dünyayı tanımaya çalıştı. Babasının vefatıyla tahta geçen amcası III. Selim’in çocuksuz olmasından dolayı ondan şefkat gördü ve rahat bir şehzadelik hayatı sürdü.
III. Selim tarafından girişilen düzenlemelerin ve özellikle askerî sahada yapılan yeniliklerin yeniçeri ve ulemâ muhalefetiyle sonuçsuz kalması ve tertiplenen bir ayaklanma (Kabakçı Mustafa isyanı) neticesinde Selim’in Nizâm-ı Cedîd’e son vermiş olarak tahttan indirilmesiyle padişah oldu (21 Rebîülevvel 1222 / 29 Mayıs 1807). İsyanın ardından kaymakam Köse Mûsâ Paşa, Şeyhülislâm Topal Atâullah Mehmed Efendi, kazaskerler ve önde gelen ulemâdan Ayıntâbî Mehmed Münib Efendi ile Kabakçı Mustafa başta olmak üzere bütün ocak yöneticilerinin iştirakiyle yapılan bir toplantıda kendilerinden isyan sebebiyle hesap sorulmayacağına dair bir “hüccet-i şer‘iyye” düzenlendi ve karşılığında bundan böyle yeniçerilerin devlet işlerine karışmayacağına ve emirlere riayet edeceklerine dair onlardan taahhüt alındı (31 Mayıs 1807). IV. Mustafa bu hücceti tasdik etti ve isyancılardan hesap sorulmayacağına dair yeminle teminat verdi (Beydilli, Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi , sy. 4 [2001], s. 33-48). Ancak çok geçmeden bunun hiçbir faydasının olmadığı görüldü ve saltanat değişikliğini gerçekleştirenlerin devlet işlerine karışmaları ve istediklerini zorla yaptırmalarının önü alınamadı. Böylece IV. Mustafa’nın saltanatı, kısa zamanda Selim’in tahttan indirilmesine pişmanlık duyulmasına yol açacak kadar büyük bir kargaşa, asayişsizlik, devlet yapısındaki çözülme ve nihayet reform ve karşıtları arasındaki amansız mücadeleler içinde geçti.
O sırada 1806’da başlayan Rus savaşı devam etmekte, savaş sebebiyle sadrazam İbrâhim Hilmi Paşa orduyla beraber cephede bulunmaktaydı. İstanbul’daki olaylar buraya da sirayet ederek ihtilâle sebebiyet vermiş, yeniçeriler isyan etmiş, sadrazam kovalanmış, ordu erkânı kaçışmış, bu işleri düzenleyen yeniçeri ağası Pehlivan Ağa kendi yoldaşları tarafından öldürülmüş, sadârete Çelebi Mustafa Paşa getirilmiş, ancak düzen sağlanamamıştı. Ordunun içinde bulunduğu kargaşa Ruslar karşısında büyük bir zafiyete yol açtı. 24 Ağustos 1807’de Slobosia’da yapılan bir yıllık mütareke, savaşın başarıyla bitirilebilmesi için gerekli önlemlerin alınmasından ziyade saltanat değişikliğinin yol açtığı iç hesaplaşma için kullanıldı. İstanbul’da ise III. Selim’e karşı tertiplenen isyanın mimarlarından olan sadâret kaymakamı Mûsâ Paşa ve Şeyhülislâm Atâullah Mehmed Efendi duruma hâkim olamamaktaydı. Mûsâ Paşa’nın istifası ile yerine eski padişahın can düşmanı Tayyar Mahmud Paşa’nın getirilmesi (Ramazan 1222 / Kasım 1807), Selim’i tekrar tahta çıkarmak için eski devir önde gelen ricâlinin (Rusçuk yâranı) etrafında toplandığı Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’yı harekete geçirirken Atâullah Mehmed Efendi ile geçinemeyen Tayyar Mahmud Paşa kısa zaman içinde azledildi (Muharrem 1223 / Mart 1808). Alemdar’ın orduyla birlikte İstanbul’a gelmesi üzerine (25 Cemâziyelevvel 1223 / 19 Temmuz 1808) şehirde asayiş sağlandı, kendisinin verdiği emirle Kabakçı Mustafa öldürüldü ve Atâullah Mehmed Efendi azledilerek şeyhülislâmlığa Arapzâde Mehmed Ârif Efendi getirildi. Alemdar’ın çevresinde toplananlar Selim’i tekrar tahta çıkarmanın fırsatını kollarken IV. Mustafa’nın adamları da (hazine vekili Nezir, kethüdâsı Ebe Selim, başçuhadar Abdülfettah) öldürülmesinin yollarını aramaktaydılar. Durumun vehameti karşısında Alemdar Mustafa Paşa Bâbıâli’yi bastı, sadrazamı tutuklayıp Selim’i tahta çıkarmak amacıyla saraya yöneldi. IV. Mustafa’dan Şeyhülislâm Mehmed Ârif Efendi vasıtasıyla Selim’in tahta çıkarılmasını istedi. Mustafa, saray kapılarını kapatarak amcası ve kardeşi Mahmud’un öldürülmesini emretti. III. Selim katledildiyse de Mahmud yaralı olarak hayatını kurtardı ve IV. Mustafa’nın yerine hânedanın hayatta kalan son ferdi olarak tahta çıkarıldı (4 Cemâziyelâhir 1223 / 28 Temmuz 1808). Mahmud’u öldürmek için bizzat Mustafa’nın da saldırdığı rivayet edilir (Mustafa Necib, s. 92). IV. Mustafa ve annesi darbeyi sessiz karşılamış, “Ben tahttan inmedim, Mahmud’u kim çıkarttı?” diye söylenen IV. Mustafa’yı İmâm-ı Şehriyârî Ahmed Kâmil Efendi teskin ederek Alemdar’ın hışmından kurtarmış, ağzına geleni söyleyen annesini de oradan uzaklaştırmıştır.
Bu olayın ardından sadârete getirilen Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’nın kısa iktidarı esnasında saraydaki dairesine kapatılan Mustafa kendisinin tekrar tahta çıkarılması için dışarıya haber salmaktan geri durmamıştır. Alemdar’ın üç ay kadar sonra baskına uğrayarak öldürülmesi ve isyancıların saraya yürümek istemesi üzerine Mustafa kardeşinin emriyle Abdullah Râmiz, Kadı Abdurrahman Paşa, Seyyid Ali Efendi ve İnce Mehmed Bey tarafından belindeki kuşakla boğularak öldürüldü (28 Ramazan 1223 / 17 Kasım 1808). Cenazesi merasimle kaldırılıp Bahçekapı’da babası Abdülhamid’in türbesine gömüldü. Âsiler arasında tabutun boş olduğuna ve askeri yatıştırmak için kendisinin ölmüş olarak gösterilmek istendiğine, Mahmud’un padişahlığının kabul edilmeyip gerekirse Kırım hânedanından birinin, Esmâ Sultan’ın veya Konya’daki Molla Hünkâroğlu’nun tahta çıkabileceğine dair söylentiler ortaya atılmıştır (Emecen, sy. 6 [2001], s. 63-76).
Mustafa’nın şehzadelik yıllarından beri Selim’e karşı yürütülen muhalefet içinde yer aldığı, kız kardeşi Esmâ Sultan dahil olmak üzere yakın adamları tarafından özellikle yeniçeriler arasında yürütülen bir faaliyetle tahta çıkmaya çalıştığı bilinmektedir. III. Selim’in de şehzadeliğinde bir an önce tahta çıkma özlemini gizleyemeyip bu anlamda çeşitli faaliyetlerde bulunmuş olduğu ve amcası I. Abdülhamid’in bunlara göz yumduğu, ancak gerektiğinde sert önlemler alarak gelişmeleri kontrol altında tuttuğu da mâlûmdur. Mustafa ve adamlarının bu tür faaliyetleri, son zamanlarda yumuşak karakteri ve gevşek idaresi genel bir zafiyet hali arzeden Selim tarafından önleyici tedbirler alınmadan takip edilmiş olmalıdır. Elinin altında uzun emekler ve muazzam masraflarla meydana getirdiği ve kendisine karşı düzenlenen isyanı rahatlıkla bastırabilecek derecede Avrupa tarzında eğitilmiş kuvvetler bulunmakla beraber bunları kullanmaktan çekinen ve buna rağmen tahtta kalabilmek ihtirasıyla, yapılmış olan bütün hayatî yenilikleri bir kalemde gözden çıkaran amcası Selim için de söylenebileceği gibi saltanat hırsına kapılmış olma hali, Mustafa’ya da iktidar zafiyetinin yol açtığı bu anlamdaki girişimler için cesaret verici olmuştur. Ancak IV. Mustafa’nın, yenilikler karşısındaki gerçek düşüncelerini ifade edecek bir icraatta bulunmasına fırsat verilmeden tahttan indirilmesi göz önüne alındığında her şey normale döndükten sonra amcasının izini takip edip etmeyeceği veya halefi II. Mahmud gibi reformist bir yol izleyip izlemeyeceği sorusuna kesin bir cevap vermek mümkün değildir. Kendisinin bu sorulara verilen olumsuz cevaplarla mahkûm edilmiş olması herhalde tashihe muhtaç bir konudur. Bu durumda, genelde hemen bütün tarihçilerin kendisini nitelemek üzere kullandığı “muhakeme ve zekâsı az, zamanın icaplarından habersiz, devletin bekasını tehlikeye düşürecek bir isyanı hazırlayanlarla iş birliği yapacak kadar saltanata haris ve merhametsiz” (Baysun, VIII, 713); “eski düzen taraftarı, aklen zayıf, cahil, haris, uzağı göremeyen, fitneci, düşüncesiz, saf, devletin genel durumundan habersiz, ahmak, âsilerin her istediğini yapan, saltanat sürmekten başka bir şey düşünmeyen” (Çelebizâde Âsım, II, 65; Mustafa Nûri Paşa, IV, 60; Cevdet, VIII, 185; Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi , V, 2819, 2826, 2829; Karal, V, 84; Danişmend, IV, 88) gibi sıfatların gerçekle bağdaşmadığı açıktır. Halbuki ayaklanma sonrasında başını Mustafa Refik, Mehmed Tahsin, Mehmed Emin Behiç, Abdullah Râmiz, Mehmed Said Galib efendilerin çektiği reform taraftarlarının (Rusçuk yâranı) ve gücünden istifade edilerek başarıyla kullanılan Alemdar Mustafa Paşa’nın Selim’i tekrar tahta çıkarma saplantısıyla müdahalede bulunmamış olmaları halinde IV. Mustafa’nın da yenilenme ve yeniden yapılanma işlerini sürdürmeye çalışacağına dair kuvvetli işaretler mevcuttur. Şehirde büyük huzursuzluk ve her türlü ahlâksızlığa tevessül edenlere karşı bunların yeniçeri olmalarına bakmadan aldığı sert önlemler, amcasının dönemindeki bazı şahsiyetleri (Sır Kâtibi Ahmed ve Kethüdâ Hacı İbrâhim) anarak sağ olmaları halinde bunlardan birini hemen sadârete getirebileceği beyanında bulunması ve çevresinde işe yarayabilecek evsafta devlet adamı kalmamış olmasına esef etmesi, Taksim’deki Topçu Kışlası’nda eğitilmiş asker yerleştirmeyi düşünmesi ve nihayet kısa süren saltanatı esnasında meselâ mühendishânenin durumuyla yakından ilgilenmiş olarak bu eğitim kurumunun yeniden düzenlenmesine teşebbüs etmesi, yeni ve ayrıntılı bir kanunnâme tanzim ettirmiş olması (Beydilli, Türk Bilim ve Matbaacılık Tarihinde Mühendishâne , s. 89 vd.) böyle bir ihtimali güçlendirmektedir. Ayrıca IV. Mustafa döneminde Nizâm-ı Cedîd’in tekrar ihya edilmesi fikrinden tamamen vazgeçilmediği ve padişahın el altından bunu desteklediği, hatta daha önce Levend Çiftliği’ndeki tâlimli askerlere eğitmenlik yapan Süleyman Ağa’yı bu konuda çalışmalarda bulunmak üzere görevlendirdiğinin bildirilmesi (Zinkeisen, VII, 552-553) dikkat çekicidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Meşhur Rumeli Âyanlarından Tirsinikli İsmail, Yılık Oğlu Süleyman Ağalar ve Alemdar Mustafa Paşa , İstanbul 1942, tür.yer.
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Cemal Erksan, Selim III ve Alemdar Mustafa Paşa , İstanbul 1950, tür.yer.
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a.mlf., “Kabakcı İsyanı Akabinde Hazırlanan Hüccet-i Şer‘iyye”, Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi , sy. 4, İstanbul 2001, s. 33-48.
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a.mlf., “Tüfengçibaşı Ârif Efendi Tarihçesi”, TTK Belleten , XXXVIII/151 (1974), s. 379-443.
Feridun M. Emecen, “Osmanlı Hanedanına Alternatif Arayışlar Üzerine Bazı Örnekler ve Mülahazalar”, İslâm Araştırmaları Dergisi , sy. 6, İstanbul 2001, s. 63-76.
M. Cavid Baysun, “Mustafa IV.”, İA , VIII, 708-714.
J. H. Kramers, “Muṣṭafā IV”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 709-710.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 283-285 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.