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MUSTAFA İZZET, Kazasker Skip to content (1801-1876)
Osmanlı hat ve mûsikisinin XIX. yüzyıldaki büyük isimlerinden.
1/2 Müellif: M. UĞUR DERMAN Bölüme Git
Tosya’da doğdu. Babası Bostanoğulları ailesinden Seyyid Mustafa Ağa’dır. Kādiriyye tarikatının Rûmiyye kolunun pîri İsmâil Rûmî’nin torunlarından olan…
2/2 Müellif: NURİ ÖZCAN Bölüme Git
MÛSİKİ. Kazasker Mustafa İzzet hat sanatındaki ustalığı yanında hânendeliği, neyzenliği ve bestekârlığı ile de tanınmıştır. Küçük yaşlarda bestekâr Kö…
Tosya’da doğdu. Babası Bostanoğulları ailesinden Seyyid Mustafa Ağa’dır. Kādiriyye tarikatının Rûmiyye kolunun pîri İsmâil Rûmî’nin torunlarından olan annesi, daha küçüklüğünde yetim kalan oğlunun istidadını sezerek onu tahsil için İstanbul’a gönderdi. Annesinin akrabası bir müderrisin yardımıyla Fatih’teki Başkurşunlu Medresesi’nde tahsiline başlayan Mustafa İzzet bu dönemde Kömürcüzâde Hâfız Mehmed Efendi’den dinî mûsiki dersleri aldı. II. Mahmud’un musâhiplerinden olan Kömürcüzâde padişahın, Bahçekapı’daki Hidâyet Camii’ne 22 Temmuz 1814 Cuma günü selâmlık merasimi için gelişinde talebesi Mustafa’ya evvelden meşkettiği bir na‘t-ı şerifi okuttu. II. Mahmud, henüz on üç yaşındaki bu çocuğun sesini ve tavrını beğenerek yanına çağırtıp takdirlerini bildirdi ve eğitimine itina gösterilmesini istedi. Doğrudan doğruya Enderûn-ı Hümâyun’a kabulü mümkün olmadığından Silâhdar Ahmedpaşazâde Ali Paşa’nın dairesinde yetiştirilmesine karar verildi. Burada gördüğü sıkı bir eğitimin yanı sıra hüsn-i hat ve mûsiki dersleri aldı. Üç yıl sonunda Ali Paşa’nın dairesinden Galata Sarayı’na nakledildi.
Halen Kubbealtı Akademisi Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı koleksiyonunda bulunan iptidai seviyede sülüs-nesihle yazılmış bir kıtayı rikā‘ hattıyla “Sevvedehü’s-Seyyid Mustafa el-İzzetî fî Sarây-ı Galata behâne-i ser 23 Rebîülevvel 1233 (31 Ocak 1818)” şeklinde imzaladığına göre onun bu tarihten daha önce, muhtemelen Ali Paşa dairesinde iken sülüs-nesih-rikā‘ hatlarından icâzet aldığı ve kendisine İzzetî mahlası verildiği söylenebilir. Ancak Çömez Mustafa Vâsıf Efendi’den alınan bu icâzetnâme günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Mustafa İzzetî imzasıyla 1241 (1826) tarihli kıtası görülen hattat daha sonra mahlasını İzzet’e çevirmiştir. Yukarıdaki imzasından Galata Sarayı’nın son sınıfına (hâne-i ser) doğrudan alındığı anlaşılan Mustafa İzzet 1820’de Enderûn-ı Hümâyun’a kabul edildi. Sarayda Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede Efendi’den Şâkir Ağa’ya kadar devrin en büyük mûsiki üstatlarıyla beraber bulundu. Sermüezzinlik vazifesinin dışında sesi ve neyi ile huzur fasıllarına iştirak etti. Enderûn-ı Hümâyun’da Yesârîzâde Mustafa İzzet Efendi’den ta‘lik hattını meşkedip icâzet aldı. Necmeddin Okyay onun sermüezzinliği sırasında İmâd el-Hasenî’yi taklit yerine kendi tertiplediği, “Nazar-ı şehle kıt‘a-i garrâ / Levha-i mihre nâz ederse sezâ / Şâh-ı asrın ki sermüezziniyim / N’ola eyler isem İmâd’a salâ” kıtasıyla aldığı icâzetin aslını XX. asrın ilk yıllarında gerçekleştirilen Muhsinzâde Abdullah Hamdi Bey’in tereke müzayedesinde gördüğünü, fakat icâzetnâmenin tarihini hatırlamadığını beyan etmiştir.
Sarayda kayıt altına girmekten hoşlanmayan ve sanatkâr ruhu gitgide bunalan Mustafa İzzet, sûfiyâne bir ömür sürmeyi arzuladığından asker zâbitliği vazifesiyle saraydan ayrılmak istedi. Ancak kendisine olan teveccühü bilindiği için hiç kimse bunu padişaha arzetme cesaretini gösteremedi. Bunun üzerine Mustafa İzzet hacca gitmek için izin talep etti. 1831 yılında mürşidi Nakşibendî şeyhi Kayserili Ali Efendi ve hocası Kömürcüzâde Hâfız Mehmed Efendi ile beraber hac yolculuğuna çıktı. Haccı eda ettikten sonra Nakşibendî-Müceddidî şeyhi Abdullah ed-Dihlevî’nin halifelerinden Şeyh Mehmed Can Efendi’den feyiz almak için bir müddet daha Mekke’de oturdu, yedi ay kadar da Mısır’da kaldı. İstanbul’a gelince Mahmud Paşa Hamamı civarında bir ev satın alarak saray çevresinden uzakta sûfiyâne bir hayat yaşamaya başladı.
Ramazan 1247’de (Şubat 1832) bir gün ikindi vakti Beyazıt Camii’nin müezzin mahfilinde başında Nakşî tacı ve sırtında Dihlevî hırkası kendi hatmini sürdürmekte olan Mustafa İzzet’ten kāmet getirmesi rica edilmiş, padişahın ekseriya bu camiye geldiğini, sesini işitmesinin kendisi için iyi olmayacağını söylemesine rağmen ısrar üzerine kāmet getirmeye başladığı sırada II. Mahmud camiden içeri girmiştir. Cumhur müezzini olarak namaz ve tesbih dualarını da Mustafa İzzet okumuştur. Padişah namazdan sonra yaverinden kāmet getirenin kim olduğunu öğrenmesini istemiş, müezzinbaşı yavere Mustafa İzzet’i göstermiş, eski arkadaşı olmasına rağmen onu tanıyamayan yaver padişaha kāmet getirenin bir Özbek dervişi olduğunu arzetmiştir. Görüp işittiğini kolay unutmayan II. Mahmud bu sesin İzzet Efendi’ye ait olduğunu anlamış, hizmetini terkedip bu kıyafetle dolaşmasına çok öfkelenerek en ağır şekilde cezalandırılmasını emredince padişahın yanında bulunan Hüsrev Paşa ve musâhip Said Efendi tarafından yatıştırılmıştır. Mustafa İzzet, Kömürcüzâde’nin de araya girmesiyle ramazan bayramından sonra saraydaki huzur fasıllarına ney üfleyerek yeniden dahil olmuş, bu durum II. Mahmud’un vefatına kadar yedi yıl sürmüştür. O yıllarda yazdığı eserlerindeki imzasında padişah müezzinlerinden olduğunu belirtmesi ezan okumayı ancak saraya çağrıldığı zamanlarda sürdürdüğünü göstermektedir.
Mustafa İzzet, Abdülmecid padişah olunca (1839) o devirde mühim bir vazife sayılan Eyüp Sultan Camii hatipliğine tâlip oldu. Bu vazifenin yanı sıra Lâleli Camii Vakfı’nın idaresi de kendisine verildi. Mustafa İzzet’in hayatının bu döneminde cuma günlerini hutbe hazırlığına ayırıp bu güne hürmeten yazı yazmadığı için, “Cumartesi günü yazdığım yazıları aradan kırk yıl geçse ensesinden tanırım” dediği bilinmektedir.
1261 (1845) yılı başında bir cuma günü Eyüp Sultan Camii’ne giderek Mustafa İzzet’in hutbesini dinleyen Sultan Abdülmecid onu kendisine ikinci imam tayin etti. 1846’da Selânik, Mekke ve İstanbul pâyeleri, 1849’da önce Anadolu, aynı yıl padişahın birinci imamlığına getirildiğinde Rumeli kazaskerliği pâyeleri verildi. Ertesi yıl şehzadelerin yazı muallimliğine ve Veliaht Abdülaziz Efendi’nin müzakereciliğine tayin edildi. 1849’da hocası Yesârîzâde’nin vefatı üzerine onun Bebek’teki yalısını satın alarak burada ikamet etmeye başladı.
1853’te padişahın imamlığından ayrılan Mustafa İzzet aynı yıl Meclis-i Vâlâ-yı Ahkâm-ı Adliyye âzalığına, 1857’de fiilen Rumeli kazaskerliğine getirildi. Müddeti dolduğunda ayrılmak suretiyle 1868’de dördüncü defa ve son olarak aynı vazifeye tayin edildi. 1860’ta kendisine reîsülulemâlık rütbesi tevcih edildi. Aynı yıl ayrıca nakîbüleşraflık makamına tayin olundu. Kazaskerlikten ayrıldığı devrelerde yeniden Meclis-i Vâlâ’ya ve iki defa Meclis-i Hâss-ı Vükelâ’ya seçildi. 15 Kasım 1876’da vefat ederek Tophane’deki Kādirîhâne Tekkesi’nin hazîresine defnedildi. Kabir kitâbesi, talebesinden Muhsinzâde Abdullah Hamdi Bey tarafından girift celî sülüsle mükemmel bir şekilde yazılmıştır. Mustafa İzzet’in, öğrencisi Mehmed Şefik Bey’in teyzesiyle yaptığı evlilikten Atâullah ve Tevfik adlı iki oğlu ile Emine adlı bir kızı dünyaya gelmiştir.
Mustafa İzzet Efendi, Çömez Mustafa Vâsıf Efendi’nin sülüs-nesih ve rikā‘ yazılarında en seçkin talebesidir; şiveli ve çok akıcı bir üslûba sahiptir. Altmış yıla yaklaşan hüsn-i hat hayatı boyunca nesih hattıyla on (veya on beş) mushaf yazmıştır (bunlardan görülebilen üçü şunlardır: TİEM, nr. 408 [1259/1843]; Demirören koleksiyonu [1262/1846]; TİEM, nr. 406 [1288/1871], II. Abdülhamid’in Müşfika Kadınefendi’ye evlilik armağanı olan bu son mushaf 1986’da bastırılmıştır). Mehmed Emin Âli Paşa için yazdığı mushafın Irak kral nâibi Abdülilâh tarafından alınıp Bağdat’a götürüldüğü ve 1958 Irak ihtilâlinde diğer kıymetli yazmalarla beraber yok edildiği bilinmektedir. Mustafa İzzet ayrıca Amme cüzü (TİEM, nr. 1191 [1257/1841]), on-on beş delâil, otuzdan fazla en‘âm-ı şerif, sülüs-nesihle kaside (Sabancı Müzesi, nr. 164, Ḳaṣîdetü’l-Bürde murakkaı, yirmi üç kıta [1265/1849]), 200’ün üstünde hilye (TSMK, Güzel Yazılar, nr. 475, 777, 813; TİEM, nr. 3241, 4407; İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Şehir Müzesi, nr. 2970, 3567), nesihle Hilye-i Hâkānî (TTK Ktp., nr. Y 278 [1259/1843]), sayısız kıta, murakka‘ (İÜ Ktp., İbnülemin, AY, nr. 6917, 6918) yazmıştır. Büyük boyda hilye-i şerif yazma geleneğini de o başlatmıştır (TSMK, Güzel Yazılar, nr. 1243, 106 × 84 cm. [1293/1876]; TİEM, nr. 3241, 140 × 100 cm. [1279/1862]). Nesih hattıyla basıma uygun olarak yazdığı harflerin hakkâk Ohannes Mühendisyan tarafından 1866’da kalıpları hazırlanmış, harf inkılâbına kadar Osmanlı matbaacılığında bu harfler tercih edilmiştir.
Mustafa İzzet’in, “Benim yazılarımda evâil-evâhir yoktur” şeklinde bir sözü nakledilirse de onun hattı ömrünün sonuna kadar tekâmülünü sürdürmüştür. Eserlerini inceleyen Necmeddin Okyay hattatın 1863’ten sonra yazdığı nesihleri uçan kelebeklere benzetir. II. Mahmud’un da hocası olan Mustafa Râkım’ın vefatında Mustafa İzzet yirmi beş yaşına erişmiş bulunduğuna göre kendisiyle Enderûn-ı Hümâyun’a girdikten sonra tanışmış olmalıdır. Onun II. Mahmud’un vefatına kadar yazdığı yazıları sülüs-nesih ve hurde ta‘lik nevindendir. Sultan Abdülmecid’in hat hocasının Mahmud Celâleddin’in talebesi Mehmed Tâhir olması dolayısıyla Celâleddin tavrını beğenir ve çevresindeki hat üstatlarının o yolda yazmalarını istermiş. Bu sebeple Mustafa İzzet’in celî sülüsleri padişahın 1861’de ölümüne kadar Celâleddin tavrıyla benzerlik gösterir. Ancak bu tarihten sonra Râkım üslûbunu araştırıp inceleyen İzzet Efendi’nin talebesi Muhsinzâde’ye, “Tutulacak yol Râkım yolu imiş, biz bunu anlamakta niye gecikmişiz?” dediği nakledilir. Onun, Fâtih Camii hazîre çevresindeki Râkım’a ait şaheser celî sülüs kitâbelerin önünde uzunca oturup bunları seyrettiği bilinmektedir ve dostlarına söylediği, “Şeyh (Hamdullah) gibi, Hâfız Osman gibi yazı yazdım. Lâkin Râkım’ın bir harfine bile yanaşamadım” sözü meşhurdur.
İzzet Efendi kitap ve kıta tarzında yazdığı eserlerine, hatta bazı celî sülüs levhalarına o sıradaki vazifesini belirten imzalar (Eyüp Camii hatibi, padişahın ikinci -sonra- birinci imamı, reîsülulemâ) atmayı âdet edinmiştir. Ara sıra kullandığı “hâk-i pây-i evliyâ Seyyid İzzet Mustafa” imzasını ömrünün sonlarında “bende-i Âl-i Abâ Seyyid İzzet Mustafa”ya çevirmiştir. Celî sülüste Râkım tarzında “Ketebehû Mustafa İzzet” istifini benimsemekle beraber celî tevkī‘ hattıyla sadece “İzzet” diye imza attığı da görülmektedir.
II. Mahmud, İstanbul’da bazı sahâbe kabirlerinin 1835 yılındaki onarımları sırasında buralara yeniden konulacak kitâbeleri Mustafa İzzet’in yazmasını isteyerek onun hattatlığını da takdir ettiğini göstermiştir. Mustafa İzzet, sanat hayatındaki bu ilk kitâbelerinde üslûp itibariyle hocası Yesârîzâde Mustafa İzzet’i takibe çalışmıştır. Ancak yazılarının adaşı Yesârîzâde’den ayırt edilebilmesi için farklı bir imzaya yönelmiş, bu hat nevi için satır halinde atılması âdet olan imzaları “İzzet Mustafa, Harrerehû Mustafa İzzet, Seyyid İzzet Mustafa” şeklinde farklı dairevî istiflerle satır arasına veya altına taşırmayı tercih etmiştir. Hocası ise Yesârîzâde’yi isminden önce daima belirtmiştir. Buna rağmen sahâbe kabirlerine dair şimdiye kadar yapılan bütün neşriyatta bu kitâbelerin Yesârîzâde Mustafa İzzet’e ait olduğu kaydedilmiştir. 1251 (1835) tarihini taşıyan bu altı kitâbe şunlardır: Eyüp’te Ebü’d-Derdâ; Ayvansaray’da Muhammed el-Ensârî, Ebû Şeybe el-Hudrî, Hamdullah-ı Ensârî; Eğrikapı’da Hâfir; Balat’ta Ca‘fer-i Ensârî ve Kāsım Mescidi. Mustafa İzzet tuğrakeş olmamakla birlikte II. Mahmud adına ta‘lik harfleriyle bir de tuğra tertiplemiştir. Ancak Mustafa Râkım’ın geliştirdiği sülüs ağırlıklı tuğra yanında onunki bir deneme niteliğinde kalmıştır.
Mustafa İzzet hurde ta‘lik hattıyla birkaç kitap yazmıştır: 1251’de (1835) bir delâilü’l-hayrât (İÜ Ktp., Yıldız, AY, nr. 5559); 1253’te (1837) bir Kur’ân-ı Kerîm (Sabancı Müzesi, Hat Koleksiyonu, nr. 281); 1254’te (1838) Mustafa Kâni’nin Telhîs-i Resâilü’r-rümât (İÜ Ktp., Yıldız, TY, nr. 6891). Bu yolda yazdıkları, kendisinden çok önce aynı yazı neviyle hacimli kitaplar istinsah eden Buharalı Derviş Abdî-i Mevlevî ve Durmuşzâde Ahmed efendiler ayarında değildir.
Celî Ta‘lik Kitâbeleri. 1251 (1835) tarihli sahâbe kitâbeleri dışında istifli imzasını attığı, taşa mahkûk celî ta‘lik kitâbeleri şunlardır: Selimiye Kışlası yan kapısı (1258/1842), Çırağan Küçük Mecidiye Camii (1265/1849), Yenikapı Mevlevîhâne Muvakkithânesi, Ayasofya Camii hünkâr mahfili, Kahire Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa Türbesi, Çemberlitaş Türbedar sokağında Bezmiâlem Vâlide Sultan Mektebi (1266/1850), Hırka-i Şerif Camii (1267/1851), Washington Âbidesi kitâbe yazısı, on yedinci sırada (1269/1853), Dolmabahçe Sarayı (1272/1856), Kadıköy İskele Camii (1275/1859), Topkapı Sarayı Hazine Koğuşu, Cerrahpaşa Cambaziye sokağında Keçecizâde Kâzım Bey kabri (1276/1859), Beyazıt’ta Harbiye Nezâreti giriş kapısının iç tarafı (1283/1866), Mercan’da Ali Paşa Mescidi (1286/1869), Fındıklı’da Keşfî Câfer Efendi Türbesi (tarihsiz). İzzet Efendi’nin mâil ta‘lik kıtaları sayılı olup bunlarda da yukarıda bahsedilen istifli imzaları kullanmıştır. Celî ta‘lik levhalarında hurde ta‘likle sadece İzzet yazdığına rastlanmaktadır.
Celî Sülüs Kitâbeleri. Hırka-i Şerif Camii (1267/1851). Avluya giriş kapıları üstünde biri âyet (en-Neml 27/30) ve ikisi hadis olmak üzere üç kitâbe, sekizgen biçimli caminin her bir kenar penceresi üzerinde taşa mahkûk namazla ilgili âyetler (kısmen veya tamamen şu sırayla: Tâhâ 20/14; el-Bakara 2/3; Lokmân 31/17; el-Bakara 2/238; en-Nisâ 4/103; [iki bölüm]; en-Nisâ 4/142; el-İsrâ 17/78). Şerife Ümmükülsûm’un kabri (Kasımpaşa Büyük Piyâle Camii hazîresi; 1282/1865); namaz âyetinin (en-Nisâ 4/103) yer aldığı Nallı Mescid cümle kapısı (Bâbıâli; 1283/1866); Kasım Paşa Camii iç kapı üstü (farklı istifle aynı âyet, imzasız) ve mihrap âyeti (Âl-i İmrân 3/39; 1284/1867); Fındıklı’da yıkılan Perîzad Hatun Türbesi’nin kitâbesi (imzasız, ts., halen Türk İnşaat ve Sanat Eserleri Müzesi’ndedir).
Celî Sülüs Kubbe Yazıları. Ayasofya Camii’nin 1849’daki tamiri sırasında ilk olarak küçük boyda yazdığı Nûr âyeti (en-Nûr 24/35) caminin kubbesine göre satranç usulüyle büyütülüp varak altınla işlenmiştir. Aynı âyet daha sonra Kasım Paşa, Yahyâ Efendi, Küçük Mecidiye, Hırka-i Şerif ve Beşiktaş Sinan Paşa (son ikisinin kubbeleri zamanımız hattatlarınca yeniden yazılmıştır) camilerinin kubbelerine de uyacak şekilde küçüğünden büyütülerek aynı usulle işlenmiştir. Hiçbirinde imza ve tarih yoktur.
Cami Yazıları. Ayasofya’nın tamiri esnasında lafza-i celâl, ism-i nebî, ilk dört halife ve Hasan-Hüseyin isimleri önce küçük boyda yazılmış (bunlar mihrabın üst duvarında hâlâ asılıdır) ve caminin azametine uygun olması için 7,5 m. çapında daire şeklinde büyütülünce kalem ağzı da 35 santimetreye çıkmıştır. Bu celîlerini daha sonra uzaktan seyrettiğinde, “Ah, kabil olsa da şu levhaları tekrar yazsam” dediği bilinmektedir. Dünyanın bu en büyük levhaları, muşamba üzerine varak altınla işlendikten sonra caminin içinde çatıldığı için bina 1934’te müzeye dönüştürülürken kapılardan çıkartılamadığından on beş yıl yerde duvara dayalı olarak tutulduktan sonra 1949’da tamir edilip tekrar yerlerine asılmıştır. Mustafa İzzet’in küçük ebattaki cami yazılarından akla ilk gelenler Kasım Paşa (buradakiler ahşaba hakkedilmiştir, 1284/1867), Altunîzâde (1288/1871), Aksaray Murad Paşa, Bâlâ Külliyesi ve Hacı Küçük (son üçü tarihsiz) camilerinde bulunmaktadır.
Celî Sülüsle Büyük Levhaları. Bursa Ulucamii’nde “Fa‘lem ennehû …” tevhid cümlesi (1279/1863) ve Yûsuf sûresinin 21. âyetinden bir bölüm (aynı tarih); Kasım Paşa Camii’nde “er-Râhimûne …” hadisi (1284/1867, tahta oyma); Hacı Küçük Camii’nde “Hayrü’l-mâli mâ ünfika …” hadisi (1289/1872); Türk Vakıf Hat Sanatları Müzesi’ndeki (nr. 2712) “Pîr-i Sânî İsmâil Rûmî” levhası (1285/1868). Son iki levha Mustafa Râkım yolunda yazdığı celî sülüslerdendir. Kasım Paşa Camii’ndeki “Tevekkeltü alellah” levhası da (1285/1868) celî ta‘likle yazılmıştır.
Hattatların içinde Kazasker Mustafa İzzet ayarında bir mûsikişinas olmadığı gibi mûsiki ile uğraşanların içinde de Kazasker İzzet derecesinde bir hattat bulunmamaktadır. Bu umumi hükmün dışında kalan neyzen ve hattat Mehmet Emin Yazıcı onun kadar velûd değildir. Mustafa İzzet’in az sayıda şiiri, Arapça grameriyle ilgili Keşfü’l-i’râb (İstanbul 1266) ve Avâmil Mu’ribi isimli iki telifi bulunmaktadır. İlm-i simyâya merak sarıp altın elde etmek için para ve zaman tükettiği de bilinmektedir.
Yetiştirdiği talebeler arasında Mehmed Şefik Bey, Muhsinzâde Abdullah Hamdi, Abdullah Zühdü, Hacı Hasan Rızâ, Kayışzâde Hâfız Osman, Mehmed İlmî, Mehmed Hilmi, Hasan Sırrı, Mehmed Şevket Vahdetî, Hasan Tahsin, Siyâhî Selim, Abdullah Hulûsi, Yûsuf Âgâh efendiler ve Selmâ Hanım (ta‘lik hattı) ilk hatırlanacak hattatlardır. Bu kadar tanınmış üstada hocalık edebilme şerefi XIX. asırda başka kimseye nasip olmamıştır. Ayrıca birçok icâzetnâmede hoca veya hocayı tasdik makamında Mustafa İzzet ismine rastlanmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi dosyası, Süleymaniye Ktp., Süheyl Ünver Arşivi, nr. 775; Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin Sülüs ve Nesih Meşk Murakkaası (haz. Muhittin Serin), İstanbul 1996; Hızır İlyas, Târîh-i Enderûn, İstanbul 1276, s. 189-190; Atâ Bey, Târih , III, 16-23; V, 402-404; Habîb, Hat ve Hattâtân, İstanbul 1305, s. 175-176; Sicill-i Osmânî, III, 462-463; Abdurrahman Şeref, Târih Musâhabeleri , İstanbul 1339, s. 314-318; Cl. Huart, Les calligraphes et les miniaturistes de l’Orient musulman , Paris 1908, s. 200-201; Osmanlı Müellifleri, II, 329-330; Balıkhane Nazırı Ali Rıza Bey, Eski Zamanlarda İstanbul Hayatı (haz. Ali Şükrü Çoruk), İstanbul 2001, s. 172-173; İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri, s. 747-755; a.mlf., Son Hattatlar, s. 154-162; Fethi İsfendiyaroğlu, Galatasaray Tarihi, İstanbul 1952, s. 527-531, 544-549; İ. Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Midhat Paşa ve Yıldız Mahkemesi, Ankara 1967, s. 101-103, 268, rs. 13; M. Uğur Derman, “Yazı San’atının Eski Matbaacılığımıza Akisleri”, Türk Kütüphaneciler Derneği Basım ve Yayıncılığımızın 250. Yılı Bilimsel Toplantısı (10-11 Aralık 1979), Ankara 1979, s. 97-118; a.mlf., Türk Hat Sanatının Şâheserleri, İstanbul 1982, rs. 28, 46; a.mlf., “Sultan II. Abdülhamîd Devrinde Hat ve Tezyînî San’atlarımız”, Sultan II. Abdülhamid ve Devri Semineri, İstanbul 1994, s. 85-86; a.mlf., Sabancı Üniversitesi Sakıp Sabancı Müzesi Hat Koleksiyonundan Seçmeler, İstanbul 2002, s. 152-157; a.mlf., “Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi ve Yazdığı Hilye-i Saâdet”, Hayat, sy. 47, İstanbul 1970, s. 23-26; a.mlf., “Pâdişah Tuğralarındaki Şekil İnkılâbına Dair Bilinmeyen Bazı Gerçekler”, TTK Bildiriler, VIII (1983), s. 491, rs. 14; a.mlf., “Osmanlının Amerika’daki Yâdigârı”, Antik Dekor, sy. 50, İstanbul 1999, s. 146-148; Şevket Rado, Türk Hattatları, İstanbul, ts. (Yayın Matbaacılık), s. 216-217, 222-224; Öztuna, BTMA, II, 79-81; a.mlf., Devletler ve Hanedanlar , Ankara 1990, II, 275; İslâm Kültür Mirâsında Hat San’atı (haz. M. Uğur Derman), İstanbul 1992, s. 210-211, 216; Erol Dönmez, Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin İstanbul Müze ve Kütüphanelerinde Bulunan Eserleri (yüksek lisans tezi, 1992), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; Ali Alparslan, Osmanlı Hat Sanatı Tarihi, İstanbul 1999, s. 137-138; Talip Mert, “Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi”, M. Uğur Derman Armağanı: Altmış Beşinci Yaşı Münasebetiyle Sunulmuş Tebliğler, İstanbul 2000, s. 399-416; Muhittin Serin, Hat Sanatı ve Meşhur Hattatlar, İstanbul 2003, s. 161-168; Ruşen Ferid Kam, “Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi”, TMD, sy. 28 (1950), s. 2-4; Hüseyin Sıdkı Köker, “Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi”, Selâmet, sy. 6, İstanbul 1962, s. 12-13, 18; sy. 7 (1962), s. 13; sy. 8 (1962), s. 9; sy. 10 (1963), s. 12; sy. 12 (1963), s. 14-17; Halil Can, “Kadıasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi”, MM, sy. 228 (1967), s. 12-13; sy. 229 (1967), s. 17-19.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 304-307 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MÛSİKİ. Kazasker Mustafa İzzet hat sanatındaki ustalığı yanında hânendeliği, neyzenliği ve bestekârlığı ile de tanınmıştır. Küçük yaşlarda bestekâr Kömürcüzâde Hâfız Mehmed Efendi’den dinî eserler meşketmekle başladığı mûsiki hayatını Galata Sarayı Mektebi’nde devam ettirdi. İrâde-i seniyye ile Enderûn-ı Hümâyun’a alınıp burada öğrenimini sürdürürken Şâkir Ağa’dan meşke başladı. Kısa zamanda güzel sesiyle şöhrete ulaşmasının ardından II. Mahmud’un huzurundaki fasıllara sesiyle katıldı. Bu arada ney çalışmalarını da ilerleterek bir müddet sonra devrinin en iyi neyzenleri arasına girmeyi başardı. Sarayda daha çok Neyzen Mustafa lakabıyla tanınan Mustafa İzzet, II. Mahmud’un vefatına kadar (1839) küme fasıllarının vazgeçilmez sanatkârlarından oldu. Bir defasında fasılda II. Mahmud’un şarkıları okunduktan sonra Mustafa İzzet’e şarkılar hakkında fikri sorulduğunda hükümdarın eserlerinin şarkıların padişahı olduğunu ifade etmesi padişahı çok memnun etti. Saray fasıllarında Hamâmîzâde İsmâil Dede, Dellâlzâde İsmâil Efendi, Şâkir Ağa, Tanbûrî Nûman Ağa, Zeki Mehmed Ağa, Suyolcuzâde Sâlih Efendi, Tanbûrî Necib Ağa, Kemânî Ali Ağa, Basmacı Abdi Efendi gibi ünlü mûsikişinaslarla birlikte hânende ve sâzende olarak bulundu. Dellâlzâde İsmâil Efendi, Hâşim Bey ve hânende Rifat Bey onun “hâce-i zaman” olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Hayatının sonlarına doğru sesinin kalınlaşmasına rağmen fasıllarda tiz perdelerde hiç zorlanmazdı. Tiz nağmelere gelindiğinde diğer hânendeler bir oktav peste inince onun tiz nağmelerdeki ustalığı kendini gösterirdi.
Mustafa İzzet dinî ve din dışı formlarda fazla eser bestelememiş, ancak her biri ayrı özellikte olan eserleriyle tanınmıştır. Dellâlzâde İsmâil bestelediği eserleri önce İzzet Efendi’ye okuyup onun görüşünü alır, daha sonra bir mûsiki toplantısında bestesi hakkında konuşmak isteyenlere de bu eserin İzzet Efendi tarafından beğenildiğini, dolayısıyla artık değiştirilemeyeceğini söylerdi. Tarz-ı cedîd adlı bir makam icat eden İzzet Efendi, birleşik makamlardan çok ana makam dizilerini tercih ederdi. Meselâ hüseynî makamı dururken gülizârı fazlalık görür, sabâ makamına zemzeme ilâvesini de birincinin daralması ve ikincinin genişletilememesi şeklinde yorumlardı.
El yazması güfte mecmualarında daha çok şarkı ve duraklarına rastlanmakta, İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde kendi el yazısıyla bir güfte mecmuasının bulunduğu kaydedilmektedir. Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun onun dört durak ve bir ilâhisinin güftesini (Türk Mûsikisi Antolojisi, II, 544-546), Yılmaz Öztuna günümüze ulaşan üç durak, bir ilâhi, birer peşrev, ağır ve yürük semâi ile on dokuz şarkıdan ibaret yirmi altı eserinin listesini (BTMA, II, 80) vermektedir. Türkiye Radyo Televizyon Kurumu repertuvarında on dört şarkı ve bir peşrevinin notası yer almaktadır. Bunlar arasında, “Doldur getir ey sâkî-i gül-çehre piyâle” mısraıyla başlayan segâh, “Ey serv-i nâzım reftâr-ı bâlâ” mısraıyla başlayan bestenigâr ve, “Bir sebeple sen gücenmişsin bana” mısraıyla başlayan eviç şarkısıyla, “Rûm’da Acem’de âşık olduğum” mısraıyla başlayan hümâyun ilâhisi günümüzde de okunan eserlerindendir.
Mustafa İzzet Efendi mûsiki sahasında birçok talebe yetiştirmiştir. Bunlar arasında Behlûl Efendi, Medenî Aziz Efendi ve Yeniköylü Hasan Sırrı Efendi özellikle zikredilmelidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Suphi Ezgi, Nazarî-Amelî Türk Musikisi, İstanbul 1940, IV, 243-245; Sadettin Nüzhet Ergun, Türk Mûsikisi Antolojisi, İstanbul 1943, II, 402-403, 544-546; İbnülemin, Hoş Sadâ, s. 225-228; İsmail H. Baykal, Enderun Mektebi Tarihi, İstanbul 1953, s. 109; Kip, TSM Saz Eserleri, s. 70; a.mlf., TSM Sözlü Eserler, s. 72, 97, 111, 116, 125, 136, 140, 141, 143, 151, 198, 228, 349; Şengel, İlâhîler, IV, 90-91; M. Nazmi Özalp, Türk Sanat Mûsikisinin Yakın Tarihçesi ve Rûşen Ferit Kam, Ankara, ts. (Yorum Matbaası), s. 145-153; a.mlf., Türk Mûsikîsi Tarihi, İstanbul 2000, I, 572-579; 99 Makamda İlâhîler (haz. Cüneyd Kosal), İstanbul 1994, s. 66-67; Öztuna, BTMA, II, 79-81.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 307 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.