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MUSTAFA İZZET, Yesârîzâde Skip to content (ö. 1849)
Osmanlı hattatı, celî ta‘lik üstadı.
İstanbul’da dünyaya geldi, kesin doğum tarihi belli değildir. Ancak ta‘lik hattında babası Yesârî Mehmed Esad Efendi’den 1202 (1787-88) yılında icâzet aldığı (TSMK, Güzel Yazılar, nr. 324/17) ve 1792’de babasıyla beraber hacca gittiği göz önüne alınarak 1770’li yılların başında doğduğu söylenebilir. Babasından icâzet aldığı yıl Mehmed Emin Bey, 1203’te de (1789) Osman el-Üveysî ayrı kıtalarla bu icâzeti tasdik ettiler. Hat sanatında kazandığı üstün başarısı sebebiyle kendisine mollalık, müderrislik, kadılık, kazaskerlik pâyesi, 1839’da fiilen Anadolu kazaskerliği verildi. Mustafa İzzet Efendi, 1842’de Takvîm-i Vekāyi‘in basıldığı Takvimhâne’nin nâzırlığına getirildiyse de ertesi yıl azledildi. Bu vazifesi sırasında Matbaa-i Âmire’nin idaresini de yürüttü. Türkiye’de hurde ta‘lik hattı ile kitap basımına Yesârîzâde’nin yazdığı harflerden dökülen kalıplarla ve onun nezaretiyle 1842’de başlandı. İlk basılan eser Kasabbaşızâde İbrâhim Efendi’nin Risâle-i İ‘tikādiyye’sidir. 1846’da fiilen Rumeli kazaskerliğine getirilen Mustafa İzzet Efendi 2 Şâban 1265’te (23 Haziran 1849) vefat etti ve Fâtih medreselerinin arkasında kalan Tûtî Abdüllatif Efendi Medresesi’ndeki küçük hazîrede gömülü bulunan, 1213’te (1798) kabir kitâbesini yazdığı babasının yanına defnedildi. Bu semtin 1917’de yangın geçirmesinin ardından caddenin genişletilmesi esnasında hazîrenin de yola gitmesi üzerine tahminen 1925 yılında mezar kitâbeleri Türk ve İslâm Eserleri Müzesi’ne kaldırıldı, bir müddet sonra da Fâtih Camii hazîresine getirilip dikildi. Ancak her iki üstadın nakledilmeyen kemik bakiyeleri günümüzde adı Yesârîzâde olan caddenin altında kalmıştır. Yesârîzâde’nin mezar kitâbesi talebesi Ali Haydar Bey tarafından celî ta‘lik hattıyla yazılmıştır.
Önceleri babası Mehmed Esad tavrında celî ta‘lik yazan Mustafa İzzet Efendi harfleri babasından aktardığı yolundaki sözler üzerine giderek üslûbunu değiştirmiş ve mektep kabul edilen kendine has üslûbu tam olarak 1815’ten itibaren teşekkül etmiştir. 1824’ten sonra hattatlığının zirvesine ulaşan ve Türk ta‘lik hattını bilhassa celîde erişilmezlik noktasına çıkaran Yesârîzâde altmış yıl kadar devam eden sanat hayatında sürekli yazmıştır. Vefatından sonra terekesinden 65.000 satır celî ta‘lik kalıbı çıktığını Hattat Sâmi Efendi rivayet etmektedir. Kalem hâkimiyetine misal olarak da Hattat Filibeli Ârif Efendi’nin anlattıkları zikre değer: Nûn gibi ta‘lik hattında miyar sayılan bir harfi birbiri üstüne bindirerek kâğıda önce sağdan sola, sonra aksi yönde birçok kere süratle yazar, hat meraklıları bunları dikkatle ölçtüklerinde her harfin birbirine mutâbık gelişine hayran kalırlarmış. Yesârîzâde’nin, düz satıra göre yazılması hayli müşkül olan dâirevî (deveboynu) satırlı (Alay Köşkü [1235/1820]; Nusretiye Sebili [1242/1826]) kitâbeleri de devrinin mimarisiyle hoş bir uyum sağlamıştır.
Yesârîzâde Hicaz, Mısır, Rumeli gibi yerlerde yeniden inşa veya tamir edilen âbidelere kitâbe yazmıştır. Bunlardan Şumnu, Kavala ve İskenderiye şehirlerindeki kitâbeleri devrimize kadar gelmiştir. Zamanla yok olanlar hesaba katılmasa bile bugün İstanbul âbideleri üzerinde imzasıyla 100’den fazla kitâbesi kalan yegâne hattat Yesârîzâde’dir. Kendisi ilm-i menâzıra da (perspektif) vâkıf olduğundan yükseklere asılacak celî ta‘lik yazıların harf cesâmetini ayarlamasını ve konulacağı yere göre harf ölçülerini genişletmesini çok iyi bilirdi. III. Selim, II. Mahmud ve Sultan Abdülmecid devirlerinde yazılan celî ta‘lik kitâbelerin pek çoğu onun kaleminden çıkmıştır. Rastlanan en eski imzalı eseri, Tersâne-i Âmire’deki 1209 (1794-95) tarihli yetmiş dört beyitlik darağacı (maçuna) kitâbesidir (Deniz Müzesi, nr. 168). 1264 (1848) tarihli Sünbül Efendi kitâbesi de bilinenlerin sonuncusudur. Topkapı Sarayı dahilinde halen mevcut olanlar dışında yıkılan bazı âbidelerin Yesârîzâde’ye ait kitâbeleri de sarayın taş kitâbeler bölümünde korunmaktadır. Okmeydanı’nda onun yazdığı birçok nişan taşı ise kırılıp yok edilmiştir. Halen İstanbul’da mevcut kitâbelerinden bazıları tarih sırasına göre şöyledir: Eyüp’te Şah Sultan Sebili (1215/1800), Üsküdar Çiçekçi’de Selimiye Çeşmesi (1217/1802), Beşiktaş Ihlamur’da iki baş taşı (1226/1811), Topağacı’nda ve Teşvikiye Camii avlusunda bunların ayak taşları (tüfek atışı kitâbeleri), Eminönü’nde Hidayet Camii (1229/1814), Bendler’de Sultan Mahmud Bendi (1233/1818), Fatih’te Nakşıdil Sebili (1233/1818), Cevri Kalfa Mektebi ve Sebili (1235/1820; bu kitâbe 1928’de kısmen kazınmıştır), Nusretiye Camii (1241/1825), Bâbıâli (1243/1827), Beyazıt Yangın Kulesi (1244/1828), Beylerbeyi Tüneli ve Sultan Mahmud Çeşmesi (1245/1829), Eminönü’nde Arpacılar Camii (1246/1830), Cağaloğlu’nda Hadım Hasan Paşa Medresesi (1247/1831), Darphâne, Arnavutköy’de Tevfîkiye Camii, Bağlarbaşı’nda Kuruçeşme (1248/1832), Galata Mevlevîhânesi, Sünbül Efendi Camii, Selimiye Tekkesi (1251/1835), Büyük Çamlıca Çeşmesi, Selimiye Tekkesi (1251/1835), Merkez Efendi Camii, Beşiktaş’ta Ali Bey Çeşmesi (1252/1836), Arnavutköy’de Tevfîkiye Camii (1254/1838), Sultan Mahmud Türbesi hazîresi (1255/1839), Bâbıâli (1259/1843).
Ta‘lik ve bilhassa celî ta‘likle eserler veren Yesârîzâde çok çabuk yazardı. II. Mahmud, Okmeydanı’nda ok ve Ihlamur gibi o zamanın meskûn olmayan semtlerinde tüfek atışları yaptığında devrin şairleri tarafından hemen o gün yazılarak sonunda da tarih düşürülmüş olan en az yirmi otuz beyitlik manzumeler Yesârîzâde’ye gönderilir, kendisi de bunların celî ta‘likle yazdığı kalıplarını ertesi günü mermere işleyecek taşçıya teslim ederdi. İki hafta sonraki cuma günü padişah nişan taşını dikilmiş olarak yerinde görürdü. Acele yazılmış olmasına rağmen mükemmelliğinden bir şey kaybetmeyen bu tarz kitâbe kalıplarında Yesârîzâde’nin siyah kâğıda zırnık mürekkebiyle yazdığı satırların tashihini is mürekkebiyle kapatarak değil, kalıbın iğnelenmesi sırasında iğneyi harfin içinden veya dışından batırma yoluyla yaptığı takdirle müşahede edilmiştir. Yazı kalıplarından bazıları Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’ndedir. Aslında harekesiz yazılan ta‘lik hattının celîsinde Arapça şiirler için gerektiği zaman zarif hareke işaretleri ihdas ettiği de kalıplarında görülmektedir.
Yesârîzâde talebe yetiştirmeye de zaman ayırmıştır; evinin, babasınınki gibi haftanın birkaç günü talebelerle ve hat malzemesi satanlarla dolduğu bilinmektedir. Bilhassa saray mensupları arasında birçok kimseye hat meşkettiği zamanımıza gelen icâzetnâmelerden anlaşılmaktadır. Hat sanatını yeni nesillere öğreten ve bu sahada eser veren talebeleri arasında Melekpaşazâde Ali Haydar ve hazine kâhyası Hasan Şevki beylerle Kazasker Mustafa İzzet, Kıbrısîzâde İsmâil Hakkı, Abdülfettah, Bursalı Ali Rızâ efendiler meşhur hattatlardandır. Üç oğlu arasında en meşhur olanı, Hamidiye Marşı’nın bestekârı ve Muzıka-yi Hümâyun kumandanı Ferik Necib Ahmed Paşa’dır.
Yesârîzâde mâil kıta yazmaya pek meyletmemiştir. Bu tarzda yazdığı, gençlik yıllarına ait “belega’l-ulâ” ve “lî hamsetün” kıtalarına rastlanır. Ancak talebe için hazırlanmış olan düz satırlı meşk kıtaları çoktur. Babası gibi hurde ta‘likle hilye yazmaya da rağbet etmiş, birbirinden farklı en az üç ebatta hilye yazmıştır. Hilye için hazırladığı hurde ta‘lik kalıbı mevcuttur. İs mürekkebiyle yazdığı birçok hilye dışında devrinin müzehhipleri Hezargradî Ahmed Atâ (İstanbul Divan Edebiyatı Müzesi, nr. 486) ve talebesi Hüsnü (TİEM, nr. 2718) efendiler de bu iğneli kalıbı kullanarak ilk defa 1237 (1821) yılında mükemmel zerendûd hilyeler hazırlamışlardır. Hatta zerendûd ta‘lik hilye hazırlamaktaki başarısından ötürü Ahmed Atâ Efendi’ye “Hattî” mahlasının verildiği 1237 (1821) tarihli bir başka hilyesinden (TSMK, Hırka-ı Saâdet, nr. 21/219) anlaşılmaktadır. İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal’in Yesârîzâde’ye atfettiği (Son Hattatlar, s. 569) 1253 (1837) tarihli hurde ta‘lik mushaf ise (Sabancı Üniversitesi, Sakıp Sabancı Müzesi Hat Koleksiyonu, nr. 281) Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin gençlik yıllarına aittir. Yesârîzâde’nin doğrudan is mürekkebiyle yazdığı yahut zırnıklı kalıbından müzehhiplerce hazırlanmış birçok celî ta‘lik levhasına müzelerde ve özel koleksiyonlarda rastlanmaktadır. Mûsiki ve kemankeşlik dışında ara sıra nazımla da uğraşan Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin yazdığı celî ta‘lik levha ve kitâbeleri elinden daima ölçü ve âhenk kaidelerine uygun olarak çıkmıştır. Ancak son yıllarında yazdığı meşklerde ve bazı kitâbelerinde (Serencebey’deki Bezmiâlem Çeşmesi [1262/1846]; Sünbül Efendi [1264/1848]) çanaklı harfleri ufaltıp uçlarını daha içe kıvırmak gibi alışılanın dışında bazı yazıları görülmekteyse de bunlar ilerleyen yaşından doğan ârızî farklılıklar olarak sayılabilir.
Yesârîzâde’nin Bebek’te bir yalısının bulunduğu (Sedad Hakkı Eldem, Boğaziçi Anıları, İstanbul 1979, s. 112-113), bunun bahçesine bitişik olan karakolhânenin 1259 (1843) tarihli kitâbesini (İstanbul Deniz Müzesi, nr. 3167) yazdığı bilinmektedir. Muhtemelen yalıya yakınlığından dolayı Yesârîzâde’nin annesi, hanımı ve gelini de Rumelihisarı Kabristanı’na defnedilmiştir, fakat kitâbeleri zamanımıza gelmemiştir. Vefatından sonra bu yalıyı talebesi Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi satın almış ve yaz aylarını burada geçirmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Nûrullah Pertevoğlu Hat Mecmuası, M. Uğur Derman Özel Kitaplığı, s. 119-120; Hüseyin Hâşim Bey’in Hat Notları, Türkpetrol Vakfı Ktp.; Habîb, Hat ve Hattâtân, İstanbul 1305, s. 248; Sicill-i Osmânî, III, 459; Cl. Huart, Les calligraphes et les miniaturistes de l’Orient musulman , Paris 1908, s. 188, 191; Abdurrahman Şeref, Târih Musâhabeleri, İstanbul 1340, s. 314-318; İbnülemin, Son Hattatlar, s. 562-569; Şevket Rado, Türk Hattatları, İstanbul, ts. (Yayın Matbaacılık), s. 209; Abdülhak Şinasi Hisar, Geçmiş Zaman Fıkraları, İstanbul 1958, s. 25-28; M. Uğur Derman, “Yazı San’atının Eski Matbaacılığımıza Akisleri”, Türk Kütüphaneciler Derneği Basım ve Yayıncılığımızın 250. Yılı Bilimsel Toplantısı (10-11 Aralık 1979), Ankara 1980, s. 99-100, 110, 113; a.mlf., Türk Hat Sanatının Şâheserleri, İstanbul 1982, s. 31; a.mlf., “Medîne’de İki Osmanlı Kitâbesi”, Prof.Dr. Haluk Karamağaralı Armağanı, Ankara 2002, s. 107-112; a.mlf., “Kubâ Mescidi Kitâbesi”, KAM, XXV/4 (1996), s. 66-70; Öztuna, BTMA, II, 232; a.mlf., Devletler ve Hanedanlar , Ankara 1990, II, 103-105; İslâm Kültür Mirâsında Hat San’atı (haz. M. Uğur Derman), İstanbul 1992, s. 208, 209, 210; Ali Alparslan, Osmanlı Hat Sanatı Tarihi, İstanbul 1999, s. 173-177; Muhittin Serin, Hat Sanatı ve Meşhur Hattatlar, İstanbul 2003, s. 296-301; J. Deny – Ét. Combe, “Deux inscriptions turques de Mohammed Ali, relatives à la construction du canal Mahmoûdiyeh”, Bulletin de la société royale de géographie d’Egypte, XVI, Caire 1928, s. 173-187; M. J. Deny, “Au sujet des deux inscriptions-chronogrammes en langue turque du canal Maḥmoûdiyye”, BIFAO, XXX (1931), s. 619-623; Fahreddin Kerim Gökay, “Tarih Araştırmalarında Karakteroloji’nin Yeri”, TTK Bildiriler, III (1948), s. 280; “Sultan Mecid’in Mâbeyn Başkâtibi Âtıf Bey’in Hâtıraları”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası, sy. 7, İstanbul 1965, s. 32.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 307-309 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.