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MUSTAFA SÂDIK er-RÂFİÎ Skip to content Mustafâ Sâdık b. Abdirrezzâk b. Saîd b. Ahmed b. Abdilkādir er-Râfiî (1881-1937)
Mısırlı edip, şair ve yazar.
Kuzey Mısır’daki Kalyûbiye şehrinin Behtîm köyünde doğdu. Ailesi Trablusşam şehrinden olup soyu Hz. Ömer’e dayanır. Büyük dedesi Şeyh Abdülkādir, Mısır’da tahsil gördüğü sırada Halvetî şeyhi Mahmûd el-Kürdî’nin kendisine, “Sen ilim sancağını yükseltenlerden (râfi) olacaksın” demesi üzerine ailede Râfiî nisbesini ilk alan kimsedir. Ailenin önceki nisbesi Beysarî’dir. Babası Abdürrezzâk er-Râfiî, Mısır’ın çeşitli bölgelerinde şer‘iyye mahkemesi kadılığı yapmış ve Tanta’da vefat etmiştir.
İlk dinî bilgileri babasından öğrenen ve özel hocalardan ders alan Mustafa Sâdık’ın gördüğü tek resmî öğrenim ilkokuldan ibarettir. İlkokuldan mezun olduğu yıl yakalandığı tifo hastalığı kalıcı bir ses kısıklığı ile kulak tıkanıklığına ve ileriki yıllarda sağırlığa sebep olmuştur. Daha sonra babasının zengin kütüphanesinde kitap okuyarak kendini yetiştirdi. Ayrıca Batı dillerinden Arapça’ya tercüme edilmiş edebiyat, felsefe ve ahlâka dair eserleri okuyup belli başlı yazarlarla bunların fikrî temayülleri, özellikle Fransız edebiyatı hakkında zengin bir birikime sahip oldu. Kesintisiz olarak sürdürdüğü okuma ve yeteneği sayesinde klasik Arap dilini mükemmel bir şekilde kullanan Mustafa Sâdık, henüz otuz yaşındayken Târîḫu âdâbi’l-ʿArab gibi üslûp ve içerik bakımından orijinal bir eser ortaya koymayı başardı. 1899’da Talha Şer‘iyye Mahkemesi, iki yıl sonra da Tanta Hukuk ve Ceza Mahkemesi (el-mahkemetü’l-ehliyye) kâtipliğine getirildi. Sonuncu görevi hayatının sonuna kadar devam etti. 10 Mayıs 1937’de bir kalp krizi sonucu öldü ve Tanta’daki aile kabristanına defnedildi.
Râfiî teliflerinde edebî üslûbu tercih ettiğinden bilimsel konuları da zengin teşbih, mecaz, istiare, kinaye gibi mâna sanatları ve tıbak, tevriye, seci, cinas gibi lafız sanatlarıyla süslemiş, dolayısıyla üslûbu kapalı ve anlaşılmaz hale gelmiştir. Bu sebeple ilmî ve edebî birikimi olmayanların onun eserlerini anlaması kolay değildir. Üslûbunun zorluğunu kendisi de farkederek Ḥadîs̱ü’l-ḳamer adlı eserinde bazı kelime ve ifadeler için açıklayıcı dipnotları koyma mecburiyetinde kalmıştır. Yazarlık hayatına şiirle başlayan Râfiî ilk yıllarda “Ömerî”, “Fârûkī”, “Necm” gibi takma adlar kullanmış, olgunluk dönemine girince kendi adını koymakta bir sakınca görmemiştir. Onun es-Seḥâbü’l-aḥmer, Ḥadîs̱ü’l-ḳamer, Resâʾilü’l-aḥzân, Evrâḳu’l-verd gibi edebî denemelerinde bir tür mensur (serbest) şiir üslûbu hissedilmektedir.
Eserleri. 1. Dîvânü’r-Râfiʿî (I-III, Kahire 1903-1905). Divanda medih, tasvir, gazel, nesîb, hikmet, mersiye gibi klasik temalar işlenmiştir. Eser daha sonra Üsâme M. Seyyid tarafından tahkiki ve şerhi yapılarak tekrar yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1414/1993). 2. Dîvânü’n-naẓarât. İlk cildi 1908’de Kahire’de yayımlanan, II. cildi ise henüz neşredilmemiş bulunan divanda vatan şiirleri, tabiat tasvirleri ve hâtıralar gibi temalara yer verilmiştir. Râfiî, 1907’de yazdığı Meleketü’l-inşâ adlı eserinden bu divanına bazı inşâ örnekleri almıştır. 3. Târîḫu âdâbi’l-ʿArab. Üç ciltten oluşan eserin I. cildinde “edeb” kelimesinin anlam gelişimiyle diller ve Arap dili, rivayet ve râviler etrafında çeşitli konular ele alınmış (Kahire 1911), II. cilt Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in i‘câzı ve Hz. Peygamber’in belâgatıyla ilgili meselelere ayrılmıştır (Kahire 1914). Eserin III. cildinde Arap şiirinin tarihi, ekolleri, çeşitleri, muallakāt ve şairleri, Endülüs edebiyatı, müteahhir şairlerin çok önem verdiği bazı lafız sanatları incelenmiştir (Kahire 1941; I-III, Beyrut 1394/1974). 4. Ḥadîs̱ü’l-ḳamer (ayla sohbet) (Kahire 1912; Sûse 1988). 1912’de Lübnan’a seyahati esnasında Bihamdûn’da tanıştığı, güzelliğine hayran kaldığı, şiirini övdüğü ve kendisine “es-sehâbü’l-ahmer” lakabını verdiği hıristiyan bir Arap kızı için edebî üslûpta inşâ numuneleri olarak yazılmış olup mensur şiir biçimindedir. 5. İʿcâzü’l-Ḳurʾân* (Kahire 1914). Târîḫu âdâbi’l-ʿArab’ın II. cildinin bazı değişikliklerle müstakil olarak basılmasından meydana gelmiştir. Eserde Ebû Süleyman el-Hattâbî’nin Beyânü iʿcâzi’l-Ḳurʾân’ında ortaya koyduğu ve Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî’nin Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz’ında geliştirdiği, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in i‘câzının nazmında olduğu teorisi ana fikir olarak işlenmiştir. Fethî Abdülkādir Ferîd, Belâġātü’l-Ḳurʾân fî edebi’r-Râfiʿî adlı bir çalışma yapmıştır (Kahire 1985). 6. Kitâbü’l-Mesâkîn (Kahire 1917, 1929; Beyrut 1402/1982). 1915’te yazılan eserde fakirlik, zenginlik, cimrilik, fakirlere sabır tavsiyesi ve teselli gibi konular ele alınmıştır. 7. en-Neşîdü’l-vaṭanî el-Mıṣrî (Kahire 1917). 8. Resâʾilü’l-aḥzân (Kitâbü’l-Aḥzân; Kahire 1924). Mektuplar halinde olması ve umutsuz aşk temasını işlemesi bakımından Goethe’nin Kitâbü Âlâmi’l-fetâ Verter (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers / The Sufferings of Young Werther, Leipzig 1774) adlı eserinin tesiriyle yazıldığı anlaşılan kitap, Râfiî’nin Lübnan’da tanıştığı hıristiyan Arap kızına duyduğu platonik aşkın felsefesini yapar. Kitâbü’l-Aḥzân adlı eserinde de Goethe’nin etkisi görülür. 9. es-Seḥâbü’l-aḥmer (Kahire 1925; Beyrut 1421/2000). Resâʾilü’l-aḥzân’ın devamı gibi olup güzellik ve aşk felsefesi, kadınlar hakkında anılar, zamanın bazı ünlülerine yazdığı övgüler, kıssalar vb. konuları kapsayan makalelerden oluşur. Eserin bir bölümü (el-kamerü’t-tâli‘) yine Lübnanlı kızla ilgili olup ona lakap olarak verdiği “es-sehâbü’l-ahmer”i eserine isim yapmıştır. 10. Taḥte râyeti’l-Ḳurʾân: el-Maʿreke beyne’l-ḳadîm ve’l-cedîd (Kahire 1926). Tâhâ Hüseyin’e ait Fi’ş-şiʿri’l-Câhilî adlı eserin eleştirisine dair Kevkebü’ş-Şarḳ ile diğer bazı gazete ve dergilerde yayımladığı makaleleriyle başka makale ve konferanslarını kapsar. Râfiî bu eserinde Tâhâ Hüseyin’i, D. Samuel Margoliouth ve Ernest Renan gibi şarkiyatçıların Câhiliye şiiri hakkındaki görüşlerini çalmış olmakla itham eder, ayrıca onu inanç yönünden eleştirir. 11. Evrâḳu’l-verd. 1931’de yazılan eser, güzellik ve aşk felsefesi üzerine hayalî mektuplar tarzında olup Resâiʾlü’l-aḥzân ve es-Seḥâbü’l-aḥmer’in tamamlayıcısı niteliğindedir. Ayrıca dostluk, hastalık, yaşlılık, ölüm, acı ve zühd gibi konuların yer aldığı eser vezinli şiir, mensur şiir ve nesir parçaları biçimindedir. 12. ʿAle’s-seffûd. Abbas Mahmûd el-Akkād ve Abdullah Afîfî gibi bazı çağdaş yazarların eleştirisine dair 1929 yılında el-ʿUṣûr dergisinde yayımladığı makalelerden meydana gelmiştir (I, Kahire 1930). Eserin II. cildi, Câhiliye şiirinin tenkidi meselesinde Tâhâ Hüseyin’i destekleyen Zekî Mübârek’in Ebû İshak el-Husrî’ye ait Zehrü’l-âdâb’ın tashihi sırasında yaptığı hatalara dairdir (Kahire 1931). 13. Risâletü’l-ḥac (Kahire 1935). 14. Vaḥyü’l-ḳalem. Üç ciltten oluşan eser, 1934-1937 yıllarında er-Risâle dergisinde çıkan makaleleriyle 1910’da ez-Zühûr dergisine yazdığı edebî makaleleri içerir (Kahire 1374/1954). 15. Resâʾilü’r-Râfiʿî. 1912-1934 yılları arasında dostu Mahmûd Ebû Reyye’ye gönderdiği dinî, içtimaî ve edebî konulara dair 218 kısa mektubunu kapsar (der. Mahmûd Ebû Reyye, Kahire 1369/1950).
Râfiî’nin diğer eserleri arasında şunlar zikredilebilir: Min fevḳı’l-minber (Kahire 1385/1965), el-İslâm: Niẓâm insânî (Beyrut 1958), Ḥaḍâratü’l-ʿArab fi’l-ʿuṣûri’l-İslâmiyyeti’z-zâhire (Beyrut 1968), Kitâbü Fuṣaḥi’l-kelâm, Mevʿiẓatü’ş-şebâb, Meleketü’l-inşâ, Şuʿarâʾü’l-ʿaṣr ve ṭabaḳātühüm, el-Kitâbü’n-Nebevî, Esrârü’l-iʿcâz, Eġāni’ş-şaʿb, el-Fuʾâdiyyât (Kral Fuâd için methiyeler), Baḳāye’d-dîvân, Neşîdü Saʿd Bâşâ Zaġlûl, Eġārîdü’r-Râfiʿî (nşr. M. Nu‘man el-Bedrî, Bağdat 1980).
Mustafa Sâdık er-Râfiî hakkında birçok çalışma yapılmış olup başlıcaları şunlardır: Abbas Beyyûmî Aclân, Min edebi’r-Râfiʿî ve meʿârikih (İskenderiye 1989); Fârûk Sâlih Bâselâme, en-Naḳd ʿinde’r-Râfiʿî (Mekke 1402/1982); Fehd b. Abdullah el-Atram, Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî, ḥayâtühû ve edebüh (doktora tezi, 1407, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye); Mahmûd Turşûne, el-Edebü’l-ebyaż beyne’r-Râfiʿî ve Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn (Tunus 1989); Mahmûd Ali es-Semmân, Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî nâḳıden (Tanta 1985); Mustafa Nu‘mân el-Bedrî, er-Râfiʿî el-kâtib beyne’l-muḥâfaẓa ve’t-tecdîd (Amman 1411); el-İmâm Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî (Bağdat 1388/1968); Necâd M. Abdülmâcid el-Abbâsî, el-Cânibü’d-dînî fî edebi’r-Râfiʿî (yüksek lisans tezi, 1402/1982, Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ külliyyetü’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye); Erol Ayyıldız, XX. Yüzyıl Arap Edebiyatında Mustafa Sadık er-Râfiî’nin Yeri (doktora tezi, 1983 Uludağ Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi; diğer çalışmalar için bk. Abdülcebbâr er-Rifâî, VII, 82).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Brockelmann, GAL Suppl., III, 71-76; M. Saîd el-Iryân, Ḥayâtü’r-Râfiʿî, Kahire 1952, tür.yer.; Ni‘mât Ahmed Fuâd, Dirâse fî edebi’r-Râfiʿî, Kahire 1953, tür.yer.; Şevkī Dayf, el-Edebü’l-ʿArabiyyü’l-muʿâṣır fî Mıṣr, Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-maârif), s. 242-251; Kemâl Neş’et, Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî, Kahire 1968, s. 6-81, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; Mustafa Nu‘mân el-Bedrî, Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî, Bağdad 1388/1968; a.mlf., er-Râfiʿiyyü’l-Kâtib beyne’l-muḥâfaẓa ve’t-tecdîd, Amman 1411/1991; a.mlf., “en-Naḳd ʿinde’r-Râfiʿî”, el-Mevrid , IX/1, Bağdad 1980, s. 27-41; Ali Abdülhalîm Mahmûd, Naḥve edebi’l-İslâmiyyi’l-muʿâṣır: Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî, Riyad 1395; Haseneyn Hasan Mahlûf, Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî ḥayâtühû ve âs̱âruh, Kahire 1976; Hâmid M. Emîn Şa‘bân, Esrârü’n-niẓâmi’l-luġavî ʿinde Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî, Kahire 1979, s. 5-10, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; Ahmed İsmailoviç, Felsefetü’l-istişrâḳ ve es̱eruhâ fi’l-edebi’l-ʿArabiyyi’l-muʿâṣır, Kahire 1980, s. 367-373; Mustafa eş-Şek‘a, Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî, Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 15-32, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; Abdülkerîm Osman, Meʿâlimü’s̱-s̱eḳāfeti’l-İslâmiyye, Beyrut 1984, s. 457-461; Fethî Abdülkādir Ferîd, Belâġatü’l-Ḳurʾân fî edebi’r-Râfiʿî, Kahire 1985, s. 11-74; Mustafa el-Cûzû, Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî, Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 21-114, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; İbrâhim İvaz, Maʿreketü’ş-şiʿri’l-Câhilî beyne’r-Râfiʿî ve Ṭâhâ Ḥüseyn, Kahire 1987; Abdülazîz el-Mekālih, ʿAmâliḳa ʿinde maṭlaʿi’l-ḳarn, Beyrut 1988, s. 121-196; Abdüssettâr Ali es-Sütûhî, el-Cânibü’l-İslâmî fî edebi’r-Râfiʿî, Kahire 1990; Abdülcebbâr er-Rifâî, Mevsûʿatü meṣâdiri’n-niẓâmi’l-İslâmî, Kum 1417, VII, 82; M. Receb el-Beyyûmî, Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî, Dımaşk 1417/1997, s. 5-27, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; Ömer ed-Desûkī, “Maʿa’r-Râfiʿî el-Kâtib”, Ḥavliyyetü Külliyyeti dâri’l-ʿulûm, sy. 1, Kahire 1969, s. 17-50; a.mlf., “Min İslâmiyyâti’r-Râfiʿî”, Eḍvâʾü’ş-şerîʿa, VII, Riyad 1396, s. 66-100; G. Eliraz, “The Social and Cultural Conception of Mustafa Sādık al-Rāfiī”, AAS, XIII (1979), s. 101-129; Ahmed Mustafa Hâfız, “Muṣṭafâ Ṣâdıḳ er-Râfiʿî”, el-Ezher, LVI/4, Kahire 1983, s. 656-659; Erol Ayyıldız, “Mustafa Sadık er-Rafiî’nin Hayatı, Edebî Cephesi ve Eserleri”, UÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi Dergisi , II, Bursa 1989, s. 27-35; a.mlf., “Mustafa Sadık er-Rafiî’nin Arap Edebiyatı Tarihi Adlı Eserinin Tetkiki”, a.e., III (1991), s. 131-140.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 353-354 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.