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MÜSTAHFIZ Skip to content Osmanlı askerî teşkilâtında kale muhafızları için kullanılan terim.
Sözlükte “korumak; ezberlemek” anlamlarındaki hıfz kökünün “istif‘âl” kalıbından türeyen müstahfız kelimesi “koruyan, muhafaza eden” demektir. Bir terim olarak Ortaçağ İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında kale kumandanını ve emrindeki askerleri ifade eder (Aksarâyî, s. 14). Nitekim İbnü’l-Esîr, Sultan Alparslan’ı hançerle yaralayan ve ölümüne sebep olan Yûsuf el-Hârizmî’nin bir kalenin müstahfızı olduğunu söyler (el-Kâmil, X, 73). Osmanlılar döneminde ise kale kumandanının emrindeki askerler için kullanılmıştır. Osmanlılar’da asayiş ve güvenliği sağlamakla yükümlü olan, ayrıca serhad kalelerinde düşman hücumlarına karşı muhafazada bulunan askerler resmî kayıtlarda müstahfız terimiyle anılır. Bunun yanı sıra “merdân-ı kal‘a, kale erenleri, kale erleri, hisar erleri” tabirleri de kullanılır.
Osmanlı askerî teşkilâtında ülke içinde ve sınırlardaki bütün kalelerde muhafaza ve savunma hizmetinde vazifeli askerî gruplar bulunurdu. Bunlar kalelerin önemine göre bölükler halinde teşkilâtlanmıştı. Önceleri “hünkâr kulu” diye de anılan kale erleri genellikle Anadolu gençlerinden seçiliyor ve ücretleri hazineden karşılanıyordu. Bazan bunlara başlangıç timarları da tahsis ediliyordu. Osmanlı Devleti’nin genişlemesine paralel olarak yeni kalelerin ele geçirilmesiyle sistemde bazı değişiklikler olmuş, özellikle stratejik öneme sahip serhad kalelerine yeniçeri gruplarından muhafız gönderilmiştir. Ancak bunlar belli sürelerde kalelerde görev yapıyordu. XVI. yüzyılda bu gibi muhafaza ve savunma hizmetlerindeki yeniçeri bölüklerine müstahfız deniyordu. Asıl müstahfız olarak kalelerde sürekli kalan askerî gruplar ise genellikle “yerli kulu” diye anılan civar bölgelerin gençlerine dayanıyordu. İstanbul’daki ocaktan yollanan yeniçeriler ortalar halinde belli bir süre kalede bulunuyor, ardından başka bir kaleye naklediliyordu. Macar sınır kalelerinde bir yeniçeri ortasının en çok üç yıl kaldığı tesbit edilmiştir. Kalelerdeki muhafız yeniçerilere nöbetçi de denirdi. Sonradan bunlar “yamak” adıyla anılmıştır. XVIII. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde yamaklığa geçiş konusunda bazı suistimaller ortaya çıkmıştır (Çelebizâde Âsım, s. 489). Kalelerde muhafızlık yapan bu yeniçerileri diğer yerli kulu müstahfızlardan ayırmak için onlara “odalı yeniçeri” denirdi. Bunlar merkezdeki mevâcib defterinde kayıtlıydı.
Sınır bölgeleri dışında iç kesimdeki kalelerde yerleşen muhafızlar hem daha az sayıdaydı hem de görev itibariyle askerî bir fonksiyon icra etmekten çok bulunduğu şehir ve bölgenin asayişiyle yükümlü idi. Meselâ XVI. yüzyılda Manisa Kalesi’nde kırk yedi muhafız bulunuyordu ve bunlara timar tahsis edilmişti. Müstahfız timarları asker götürme ve beslemekle yükümlü olmadıklarından düşük oranlarda idi (Manisa Kalesi müstahfızlarına XVI. yüzyılda 1000 akçe dolayında timar geliri ayrılmıştı).
Müstahfız timarları belirli köy gruplarından tahsis olunur, gelirleri müşterek olarak ilgili tahrir kayıtlarında tesbit edilir, timar defterlerinde ise her birine düşen hisseler ayrı ayrı belirtilirdi. Kale müstahfızları genellikle kale içinde aileleriyle birlikte oturur, kaleden ayrılmamaları istenirdi. Görevleri arasında değerli eşyaların, paraların, vergi gelirlerinin saklandığı ve suçluların kapatıldığı hapishanenin bulunduğu kaleyi beklemek yanında vergi toplayanlara refakat etmek, şehrin asayişini teminde yardımcı olmak, eşkıya takibinde bulunmak gibi hizmetler başta geliyordu. Zamanla iç kesimdeki bazı kalelerin işlevsiz kaldığı gerekçesiyle terkedildiği, müstahfızlarının başka yerlere nakledildiği, ancak bazılarının şehirde yerleşerek eski timarlarından tahsisatlarını almayı sürdürdükleri görülür. Anadolu beylerbeyine yollanan 13 Şevval 1050 (26 Ocak 1641) tarihli bir fermanda Anadolu vilâyeti sancaklarından iç kesimlerde kalıp artık askerî fonksiyonlarını yitirmiş olan on dört kalenin timarlı müstahfızlarından askerî masrafları karşılamak üzere 1000’er akçe bedel alınması kararlaştırılmıştı (Emecen, s. 45). Bu durum, zamanla söz konusu kalelerin terkedilmesine yol açan sebeplerin başında gelmiştir. Ancak müstahfızlık bu şehir ve kasabalarda ismen sürmüş, bunlar mahallî güç odaklarından biri olmuştur.
Kalelerdeki müstahfızların belirli bir teşkilâtlanması vardı. Bunların başında kale dizdarı bulunurdu. Ayrıca müstahfızlardan sorumlu bir ağanın mevcut olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Müstahfızlar kalenin stratejik önemine göre sayıları farklılık gösteren bölüklere ayrılmıştı. Normalde on kişiden oluşan bu bölüklerin bazan daha çok veya daha az sayıda askerden teşekkül ettiği de görülür. Macaristan sınırındaki kalelerde bölük sayıları oldukça yüksekti. Budin’de elli, İstolni Belgrad’da kırk beş, Peşte’de otuz sekiz bölük vardı. Büyük kalelerde müstahfızlar dışında müteferrik hizmet kıtaları, atlı muhafızlar, azebler, martoloslardan oluşan askerî gruplar mevcuttu. Resmî listelerde bu grupların bazan birbirinden ayrı ayrı yazıldığı, bazan tamamının müstahfız adı altında zikredildiği dikkat çeker. Timarlı olanlar dışında hazineden yevmiyeli olarak maaş alanların ulûfe miktarları Macar sınır kalelerinde XVI. yüzyılda günlük 6-7 akçe arasındaydı. Müstahfız ağası bulunduğu kalenin önemine göre 10, 12, 40, 60 akçe yevmiye alabiliyordu. Bunların yardımcısı olan kethüdânın yevmiyesi 8-12 akçe arasında değişiyordu (Römer, s. 24-25). Macar sınırındaki kalelerde XVI. yüzyıl ortalarında yeniçeriler ve timarlı olanlar dışında 10-12.000 dolayında müstahfız görev yapıyordu.
Askerî önemi azalmış olan iç kesimdeki kalelerde müstahfız sayısı daha azdı. Meselâ Manisa Kalesi’nde görev yapan kırk yedi kale erinin onu nöbetçi, yirmi altısı muhafız, diğerleri topçu, zemberekçi, terzi, imam, kapıcı, bölükbaşı, kethüdâ ve dizdardan müteşekkildi. 1527-1528 yılı kayıtlarına göre timarlı müstahfız sayısı Rumeli’de 6620, Anadolu’da 2614, Şam-Halep’te 419 olarak tesbit edilmiştir. Mısır’da hepsi de hazineden ücret alan müstahfızlar Mısır kalesinde 734, İskenderiye’de 219, Dimyat’ta otuz yedi, Reşid’de altmış üç kişi idi. Şam Kalesi’nde yeniçeri ortaları bulunuyordu ve sayıları 612 kadardı. Kerek’te altmış üç, Halep’te 212 müstahfız varken Diyarbekir bölgesi kalelerinde bu sayı 1858’e ulaşmıştı. Dikkati çeken bir husus özellikle kale müstahfız kadro sayısının sabit kaldığıdır. XVII. yüzyılda bilhassa yerli kulunun kale müstahfızlığı yoluyla yeniçeriliğe geçtiği, kendilerini yeniçeri olarak gören kişilerin şehirlerde nüfuz sahibi olduğu ve bunların ticaretle uğraştığı tesbit edilmektedir. Hezarfen Hüseyin Efendi’ye göre sınır boylarındaki kalelerde mevcut yeniçeri müstahfızlarının XVII. yüzyıldaki sayısı 21.428’dir. 1097’de (1686) otuz altı kalede 13.793 muhafız yeniçeri vardı ve bunların çoğu Kandiye, Bağdat, Belgrad, Kamaniçe, Hanya, Erzurum, Kefe, Van, Limni gibi önemli kalelerde toplanmıştı. 1136 (1724) yılına ait listelere göre bu sayı 30.000’e ulaşmıştı. 1164’te (1751) kale muhafazasındaki yeniçeri adedi 53.966 nefer nöbetçi olarak gösterilir.
Kale müstahfızlığı timarları XVIII. yüzyıla ait belgelerde genellikle “gedik-i timar” şeklinde zikredilir. Bu durum söz konusu timarların belirlilik kazandığı (kadrolaştığı) ve eski uygulamaların sürdürüldüğü anlamına gelir; yani timar sisteminin bozulması ve değişmesinin ardından kale müstahfızlığı timarı bir nevi belirlenmiş ünite (ocak) oluşturmuştur. Özellikle XVIII. yüzyılda müstahfız timarlarına yönelik birçok problemin ortaya çıktığı, müstahfız tayinlerinde yetkili olan dizdarlarla timarları irsî hale getiren ve yerelleştiren müstahfızlar ve bunların aile fertleri arasında tartışmaların eksik olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Receb 1241 (Şubat 1826) tarihli bir kararla Rumeli’de ve Anadolu’daki timarlı sipahilerin önemli bir kısmı Lağımcı ve Humbaracı Ocağı içine alınırken yeni teşkilâtta her askerî cemaatin bir de müstahfız grubu oluşturulmuş, bunlar “müstahfız sipahiler cemaati” diye anılmıştır (Sahaflar Şeyhizâde Esad Efendi, s. 507-514). Yeniçeri Ocağı lağvedildikten sonra müstahfızlık tamamen ortadan kalkmıştır. Oluşturulan yeni askerî teşkilâta göre dört yıl muvazzaf, iki yıl ihtiyat askerliğinden sonra on dört yıl tâlim askerliğiyle mükellef tutulan rediflikle aynı kategoriye sokulan müstahfızlık, rediflikten sonraki askerlik hizmetiyle yükümlü olanların kastedildiği bir şekle dönüşmüştür. 1307 (1889-90) tarihli bir kanunnâmede redif taburları içinde müstahfız taburlarından söz edilir ve bunlar “müstahfız bulunan süvariler” diye de anılır.
Müstahfız kelimesi Osmanlılar’da diğer bazı kurumlarda görev yapanlar için de kullanılırdı. Topçular Kâtibi, İmâm-ı Âzam Ebû Hanîfe Türbesi’ne girip çıkanları kontrol eden, asayişi sağlayan görevliyi müstahfız diye anar (Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir [Kadrî] Efendi Târihi , II, 954). Müstakil binalara sahip Osmanlı vakıf kütüphanelerinde koruma hizmeti için müstahfız adıyla bir görevli bulunurdu. Meselâ III. Ahmed’in Yenicami Kütüphanesi ile Nuruosmaniye ve Veliyyüddin Efendi kütüphanelerinde bevvâblık ve müstahfızlık görevleri yapanlara rastlanır. Nuruosmaniye Kütüphanesi’nde altı müstahfız ve üç bevvâb vardı (Erünsal, s. 189). Yine koruma ve bakım hizmeti gören kişilerden müstahfız diye söz edildiği tesbit edilmektedir. Mühendishânede hendese odasındaki aletleri korumak için günlük 20 akçe maaşlı bir “müstahfız-ı âlât” vardı. Sadrazam Mustafa Reşid Paşa tarafından saraya sunulan arşiv oluşturulmasıyla ilgili tezkerede belgeleri gerektiği hallerde getirecek görevli “müstahfız-ı evrâk” diye anılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, VII, 497; VIII, 249; IX, 156, 178; X, 73; Aksarâyî, Müsâmeretü’l-aḫbâr, s. 14; Topçular Kâtibi Abdülkadir (Kadrî) Efendi Târihi (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), Ankara 2003, I, 20; II, 954; Hezarfen Hüseyin Efendi, Telhîsü’l-beyân fî Kavânîn-i Âl-i Osmân (haz. Sevim İlgürel), Ankara 1998, s. 152; Râşid, Târih, V, 153-156; Çelebizâde Âsım, Târih, İstanbul 1282, s. 489-490; Sahaflar Şeyhizâde Esad Efendi, Târih (haz. Ziya Yılmazer), İstanbul 2000, s. 507-514; Osman Nuri Ergin, Mecelle-i Umûr-ı Belediyye (İstanbul 1330-38), İstanbul 1995, IV, 1874; Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye, s. 529; a.mlf., Kapukulu Ocakları, I, 325-330; Mustafa Akdağ, Türkiye’nin İktisadî ve İçtimaî Tarihi, İstanbul 1974, II, 104, 108, 134, 421; Yusuf Oğuzoğlu, “Osmanlı Şehirlerindeki Askerlerin Ekonomik Durumuna İlişkin Bazı Bilgiler”, Birinci Askerî Tarih Semineri, Bildiriler, Ankara 1983, II, 173; Erünsal, Türk Kütüphanecileri Tarihi II, s. 189; Feridun M. Emecen, XVI. Asırda Manisa Kazâsı , Ankara 1989, s. 44-45, 293; İbrahim Güler, “XVIII. Yüzyılda Osmanlılarda Kale Mustahfızlığı Hakkında Bazı Bilgiler”, Prof. Dr. Bayram Kodaman’a Armağan (haz. Mehmet Ali Ünal), Samsun 1993, s. 389-412; Klára Hégyi, “The Ottoman Military Force in Hungary”, Hungarian-Ottoman Military and Diplomatic Relations in the Age of Süleyman the Magnificent (ed. G. David – P. Fodor), Budapest 1994, s. 131-148; Claudia Römer, Osmanische Festungsbesatzungen in Ungarn zur Zeit Murāds III, Wien 1995, s. 24-45; Ömer Lutfi Barkan, Osmanlı Devletinin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Tarihi (haz. Hüseyin Özdeğer), İstanbul 2000, I, 614-663.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 109-111 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.