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MÜSTA‘LİYYE Skip to content İsmâiliyye mezhebi bünyesinde 487 (1094) yılındaki bölünme sonrasında ortaya çıkan iki önemli fırkadan biri.
Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh’ın 487’de (1094) ölümünün ardından İsmâiliyye hareketi sırasında imâmet konusundaki en büyük bölünme ortaya çıkmış, Efdal’in Müsta‘lî’yi imâmete getirme gayretleri ve Nizâr’ın mâruz kaldığı kötü âkıbet sebebiyle İsmâiliyye Müsta‘liyye (Müsta‘leviyye) ve Nizâriyye olmak üzere birbirine düşman iki fırkaya ayrılmıştır. Bu iki fırka daha sonraları bulundukları yerler itibariyle Batı İsmâilîleri ve Doğu İsmâilîleri diye de anılmıştır.
Müsta‘lî-Billâh vefat edince Efdal onun beş yaşındaki oğlu Mansûr’u Âmir-Biahkâmillâh unvanıyla halife ilân etti. Âmir-Biahkâmillâh’ın 524’te (1130) vâris bırakmadan ölmesi, daha önce Fâtımîler’de imâmete vâris aranması gibi bir problemle karşılaşılmadığından Müsta‘lîler içinde yeni bir bunalıma sebep oldu. Ölümü esnasında hanımlarından birinin hamile olduğunu söylemesi durumu daha karmaşık hale getirdi. Doğacak çocuğu beklerken İsmâilî tarihinde ilk defa aile içinde yaşça en büyük olan Âmir’in amcasının oğlu Ebü’l-Meymûn Abdülmecîd emanetçi imam (el-imâmü’l-müstevda‘) olarak tayin edildi. Bir süre sonra doğan çocuğun kız yahut Kufeyfe adı verilen bir erkek olduğu, fakat Abdülmecîd tarafından ortadan kaldırıldığı belirtilmektedir (Makrîzî, İttiʿâẓü’l-ḥunefâʾ , III, 146). Bu arada Âmir-Biahkâmillâh’ın vefatından birkaç ay önce doğan Tayyib isimli bir oğlu olduğu da bilinmektedir. Abdülmecîd’in imâmet makamına getirilmesini istemeyen askerler Efdal’in oğlu Ebû Ali Ahmed Küteyfât’ı vezirlik makamına getirmiş, Abdülmecîd’i hapsederek İsmâiliyye’yle ilgili bütün faaliyetleri durdurmuş ve İmâmiyye tarafından gelmesi beklenen on ikinci imam adına davette bulunmaya başlamışlardı. Ancak bu durum uzun sürmedi. Ebû Ali’nin 16 Muharrem 526 (8 Aralık 1131) tarihinde öldürülmesi üzerine hapisten çıkan Abdülmecîd’e Âmir taraftarlarınca tekrar biat edildi. Kısa bir müddet sonra Abdülmecîd kendini Hâfız-Lidînillâh unvanıyla halife ilân etti (3 Rebîülevvel 526 / 23 Ocak 1132). Yeni halife kendi durumunu kuvvetlendirmek amacıyla Hz. Peygamber’in, amcazadesi Ali’yi halife tayin ettiği yolundaki iddiaya benzer bir şekilde Âmir-Biahkâmillâh’ın da kendisini halife tayin ettiğini bir sicille ortaya koymaya çalıştı. Ardından resmî dairelerde “Hâfıziyye devleti” ve “Hâfıziyye imâmeti” gibi ibareler sık sık kullanılmaya başlandı. Bu gelişmeler üzerine Müsta‘lî İsmâiliyye bünyesinde Hâfıziyye (Mecîdiyye) ve Tayyibiyye olarak adlandırılan büyük bir bölünme meydana geldi. Daha önceki imamın neslinden gelmemesine rağmen Hâfız’ın iddiaları, Fâtımî Devleti’nin Eyyûbîler tarafından ortadan kaldırılmasına kadar Mısır ve Suriye’de bulunan Müsta‘lîler, Aden’de Zürey‘îler ve San‘a’da Hemdânî ailesinin bir kısım mensupları tarafından benimsendi. Abdülmecîd ve daha sonra gelen üç halefi Zâfir-Bia‘dâillâh (1149-1154), Fâiz-Binasrillâh (1154-1160) ve Âdıd-Lidînillâh (1160-1171) Hâfıziyye’nin hak sahibi ve gerçek imamları olarak kabul edildi, önceki devirlerden beri devam eden İsmâilî geleneği sürdürüldü, Kahire’de görevli başdâî davetin yöneticisi olma özelliğini devam ettirdi. Böylece Hâfıziyye Fâtımîler’in son devrinde devletin resmî mezhebi oldu. Ancak Fâtımîler’in yıkılışını müteakip Hâfıziyye Mısır’daki desteğini kaybederek kısa sürede ortadan kalktı. Bu devrede Hâfızî âlimlerinin, Tayyibî ve Nizârîler’in ortaya koydukları çalışmalara paralel eserler bırakmadıkları yahut bunların günümüze intikal etmediği dikkate alınırsa onların daha ziyade edebî faaliyetlerde bulundukları düşünülebilir.
Hâfızîler’e muhalif Müsta‘lîler’i teşkil eden Tayyibîler, Halife Âmir’in ölümünden birkaç ay önce doğan, adı geçen halifenin Suleyhîler’in melikesi Hürre es-Suleyhıyye’ye 4 Rebîülâhir 524 (17 Mart 1130) tarihinde doğduğunu yazdığı (Umâre el-Yemenî, s. 127-129), doğumu münasebetiyle Kahire’de büyük şenlikler düzenlenen Ebü’l-Kāsım et-Tayyib’i (Makrîzî, İttiʿâẓü’l-ḥunefâʾ , III, 128; el-Münteḳā , s. 109-110) imam olarak kabul ettiler. Mısır ve Suriye’de bulunan bazı Müsta‘lî grupları ile Yemen Müsta‘lîleri’nin çoğunluğu Tayyib’in imâmetini benimseyerek Hâfız-Lidînillâh’ın iddialarını reddettiler. Bununla birlikte Tayyib’in âkıbetiyle ilgili hiçbir şey bilinmemektedir. İdrîs İmâdüddin’e göre Âmir’in ölümünün ardından Efdal harekete geçip Abdülmecîd’i hapsettirdiğinde Tayyib ve dâîleri gözden kaybolup uzaklaşmışlardı, böylece İsmâiliyye bünyesinde ikinci bir gizlilik (setr) dönemi başlamıştır (Eymen Fuâd Seyyid, Târîḫu’l-meẕâhibi’d-dîniyye , s. 186; ayrıca bk. MESTÛR ). Âmir’in vefat haberi Yemen’e ulaştığında Hürre es-Suleyhıyye, dâî Züeyb b. Mûsâ el-Vâdiî ve yardımcısı Sultan Hattâb b. Hasan b. Ebü’l-Hıfâz el-Hacûrî ile, ülkesindeki İsmâilî cemaatinden Tayyib adına ahid ve biat alarak davet işini devlet işinden ayırdıktan sonra setr durumundaki imama niyâbeten Tayyibî Müsta‘lî davetini yürütmekle mükellef olmak üzere ilk dâî-yi mutlak olarak Züeyb b. Mûsâ’yı görevlendirdi. Böylece Hâfıziyye’yi benimsemeyen Tayyibî Müsta‘lî hareketi bünyesinde imâmeti temsil edip yetkilerini taşıyan dâî-yi mutlaklık müessesesi kurulmuş oldu. Daha önce Âmirî olarak bilinen Müsta‘lîler müstakil Tayyibî daveti ortaya çıkınca bu ekole intisap ettiler. Güçlü bir teşkilât halinde kurulan dâî-yi mutlaklık müessesesi, Suleyhîler’in ve Fâtımîler’in yıkılmasından sonra da bazı bölünmelere rağmen zamanımıza kadar varlığını sürdürdü. Züeyb b. Mûsâ’nın 546 (1151) yılında ölümünü takiben dâî-yi mutlaklık makamına gelen ve Resâʾilü İḫvâni’ṣ-ṣafâʾ ı Yemen Tayyibî literatürü arasına sokan İbrâhim b. Hüseyin el-Hâmidî, San‘a’da daha önce Hâfıziyye’ye mensup olan Hemdânî Valisi Hâtim b. Ahmed’den önemli ölçüde yardım gördü. İbrâhim el-Hâmidî’nin 557’de (1162) ölümünden sonra iyi bir organizatör, velûd bir yazar ve şair olan oğlu Hâtim b. İbrâhim, uzun süren dâî-yi mutlaklık devresinde Fâtımîler devrindeki dâi’d-düât gibi hareket ederek başta Hindistan ve Sind olmak üzere çeşitli yerlere dâîler gönderdi, Yemen’in özellikle San‘a ve çevresinde mezhebin hâkim kılınması yönünde büyük başarılar elde etti. Hâtim b. İbrâhim’in 596’da (1199) ölümünün ardından oğlu Ali b. Hâtim bu görevi devam ettirdi. Dâî-yi mutlaklık görevi VII. (XIII.) yüzyıldaki iki kesinti dışında 605-946 (1209-1539) yılları arasında Emevî asıllı Benü’l-Velîd el-Enf ailesinden Ali b. Velîd diye de tanınan Ali b. Muhammed b. Ca‘fer ve neslinden gelen torunları vasıtasıyla devam ettirildi (bu devrede dâî-yi mutlak olanlar için bk. Hollister, s. 266-267). On dokuzuncu dâî-yi mutlak İdrîs İmâdüddin’in kırk yılı aşan bir süre görevini yürüttükten sonra oğlu Hasan, Hüseyin, torunları Ali b. Hüseyin ve kısa bir süre Muhammed b. Hasan tarafından devam ettirilen bu vazife, 946 (1539) yılından itibaren aslen Hindistan’ın Sidhpûr şehrinden olan ve burada yerleşen Yûsuf b. Süleyman’a intikal etti. Bu dönemden sonra mezhep mensuplarının ağırlık merkezi Yemen’den Müsta‘lî Tayyibiyye’nin Hindistan’da bulunduğu yere kaymış oldu (mezhep bünyesinde bu devreden sonraki gelişmeler için bk. BOHRÂ ). Dâî-yi mutlakın davet işlerini yürütme konusunda “me’zûn” ve “mükâsir” unvanlarıyla tayin edilmiş yardımcıları vardır. Yardımcılarından bazıları me’zûn tayinini üstlenmişse de normal olarak dâî-yi mutlak me’zûnu kendisine halef olmak üzere seçer. Mükâsir, Fâtımîler’deki me’zûn el-mahsûr ve me’zûn el-mahdûd gibi sınırlı otoriteye sahip olan görevlidir. Bu arada daveti kabul ederek mezhep toplumuna girmiş olan “mümin” ve mezhebe girmeye aday olan “müstecib” Müsta‘lî Tayyibî hiyerarşisi içindeki en son dereceleri teşkil eder.
Müsta‘lî Tayyibî toplumu Fâtımî dinî literatürünü büyük ölçüde muhafaza etmiş, Fâtımîler’de olduğu gibi dinin zâhir ve bâtınını aynı ölçüde değerlendirerek biri olmadığı takdirde diğerinin de olmayacağı düşüncesini benimsemiştir. Fâtımî devresinin gnostik âlem ve devrî tarih anlayışına ilgiyi devam ettiren fırka, Fâtımîler’ce kabul edilen önceki İsmâilî Neo-Platonik sistem yanında ikinci dâî-yi mutlak İbrâhim el-Hâmidî tarafından yapılan bazı mitolojik değişikliklerle Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî’nin Râḥatü’l-ʿaḳl adlı eserinde belirtilen on akıl (el-ukūlü’l-aşere) sistemini benimsemiştir. Bu sistem, Dâî en-Nesefî’nin İsmâilî düşüncesine soktuğu Neo-Platonik kozmoloji anlayışının ıslah edilmiş son şeklidir. İlk defa İbrâhim el-Hâmidî tarafından açıklanan ve sonraki müelliflerce de benimsenen eski İsmâilî ve gayri İsmâilî geleneklerle gnostiklerin düşüncelerinin sentezi olan kozmolojik doktrin “Tayyibî hakāik” diye anılan sistemi teşkil eder. Astronomik ve astrolojik kurgularla eski İsmâilî tarih anlayışına birtakım yenilikler katan Yemen Tayyibîleri, yedi nübüvvet devri yanında başlangıçtan itibaren kıyamete kadar insanlığın kutsal tarihini teşkil eden sayısız devir tasavvur etmektedir. Tayyibî hakāik sistemi, bütün yönleriyle bâtınî doktrinlerin geniş bir özeti olan İdrîs İmâdüddin’in Zehrü’l-meʿânî adlı eserinde yer almaktadır. Tayyibî kozmolojik doktrinine göre idrak edilebilen âlem (âlemü’l-ibdâ‘) bir defada ve ilk kemal tabir edilen hayat devrelerinde güç ve kapasitede birbirine eşit olan sayısız ruhanî şekillerle yaratılmıştır. Bu durum ilk mükemmeliyet olarak adlandırılmaktadır. İlk varlıklardan birinin sûreti kendini düşünerek yaratıldığının farkına varmış, yaratıcıyı (mübdi‘) tanıyıp ibadet etmiş, bu sebeple diğerlerinden ayrılarak özel bir istikamette hareket etmiş, bu akıl “ilk yaratılan” adını alarak Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki “kalem” terimiyle aynîleşmiştir. Bu ilk akıl diğer ilk varlıkları yaratıcıyı tanımaya davet etmiş, davete icâbet edenler, icâbetlerindeki sürat nisbetinde ruhanî âlem düzenindeki görevliler niteliğini kazanıp yerlerini almışlardır. İlk akıldan ortaya çıkan, ikinci ve üçüncü akıl olarak seçilmiş olan iki sudûr, ruhanî hiyerarşideki ilk akıldan sonraki ikinci hudûdla rakip olmuştu. İkinci akıl üstün gayreti ve daha çabuk icâbeti sayesinde bulunduğu yere ulaşmış, üçüncü akıl yaratıcısını bilmekle birlikte “en-nefsü’l-külliyye” yahut din lisanı ile “levh” diye isimlendirilen ikinci aklın üstün derecesini tanımayı reddetmiş, bunun cezası olarak üçüncü dereceden sonraki yedi derecenin sonuna düşmüş, ardından tövbe edip onuncu akıl ve müdebbir olmuştur. Fizik âlemi teşkil eden ruhanî sûretlerle onuncu aklın, beraber olup ikinci aklın üstünlüğünü tanımamaları sonucu ortaya çıkan günahtan zulmet teşekkül etmiştir. Ruhanî Âdem diye de isimlendirilen onuncu akıl günah işleyen ruhanî sûretleri tövbe etmeye çağırmış, onun yeryüzündeki davetinin ilk temsilcisi olan ilk ve küllî Âdem keşf devrini açarak setr devrini başlatan cüz’î Âdem’den ayrılmıştır. Bu sebeple her devrin kāimi yükselir ve onuncu aklın yerini alır, onuncu akıl da tedrîcen ikinci akılla birleşinceye kadar yükselir. Setr ve keşfin bu devreleri büyük devir denen “kıyâmetü’l-kıyâmât”a kadar sayısız olarak birbirini takip eder. Tayyibîler’in hesabına göre “el-kevrü’l-a‘zam” adı verilen büyük devir 360.000 × 360.000 yıl yani 130 milyar yıla yakın bir süreyi kapsamaktadır. Müminlerin ruhu bulundukları duruma göre bir nur noktasına ulaşır, bilgileri ölçüsünde bu nokta büyümeye devam eder. Sonunda kendisinden daha üstün mertebedeki mânevî dereceli kimsenin (had → hudûd) ruhu ile birleşmek için yükselir. Bu yükselmenin devamında devrin kāiminin sûreti şeklindeki bir nur heykeline intikal ederek onuncu akla kadar yükselir. İnanmayanların ruhları ise cesetlerinde kalır, sonra cesetlerin çözülmesiyle birlikte zararlı yaratıklar ve inorganik maddelere dönüşür. Neticede en büyük azabı tatmak üzere yerin en altında bulunan siccîne gönderilirler, burada büyük devrin bitimine kadar kalırlar.
Müsta‘lîler’in Yemen’de yerleşip kurumlaşmasından sonra mezhep bünyesindeki Tayyibiyye hareketi güçlenmiş, bu arada önemli eserler telif edilmiştir. İlk dâî-yi mutlak Züeyb b. Mûsâ’nın eseri olup İskender Afrodisî’nin davetle uzlaşan fikirlerini ihtiva eden Risâletü’n-nefs ve Risâletü’d-derec fî maʿrifeti’l-mevcûdât (İsmâil b. Abdürresûl el-Üceynî, s. 200; Hüseyin b. Feyzullah el-Hemdânî, s. 269, 299), Resâʾilü İḫvâni’ṣ-ṣafâʾ yanında Hamîdüddin el-Kirmânî ve Müeyyed-Fiddîn eş-Şîrâzî’den etkilenen Züeyb b. Mûsâ’nın öğrencisi Sultan Hattâb b. Hasan b. Ebü’l-Hıfâz el-Hacûrî‘nin Münîretü’l-beṣâʾir ve ġāyetü’l-mevâlîd adlı eserleri bu dönemin önemli teliflerindendir (İsmâil b. Abdürresûl el-Üceynî, s. 198; Poonawala, s. 78-80). İbrâhim b. Hüseyin el-Hâmidî’nin Kenzü’l-veled ’i (nşr. Mustafa Gālib, Wiesbaden 1391/1971) Müsta‘lî Tayyibiyye’nin ana kitaplarından birini teşkil eder. Kirmânî, Müeyyed-Fiddîn eş-Şîrâzî ve önceki İsmâilî âlimlerinden nakiller yapılan eserde ilk defa Resâʾilü İḫvâni’ṣ-ṣafâʾ dan er-Risâletü’l-câmiʿa ’ya işarette bulunulmakta, ayrıca Tisʿun ve tisʿûne mesʾele ve cevâbâtühâ fi’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ adlı başka bir eseri de İsmâiliyye ile ilgili konuları ve cevaplarını kapsamaktadır (İsmâil b. Abdürresûl el-Üceynî, s. 304). Hâmidî’nin oğlu olan Hâtim b. İbrâhim’in tarihle ilgili Tuḥfetü’l-ḳulûb adlı eseri, mukaddimede Yemen’deki ilk dâîleri ele aldıktan sonra Müsta‘lî daveti ileri gelenlerinin Mısır’dan Yemen’e intikalleriyle ilgili önemli bilgiler vermektedir. Bu kitap İdrîs İmâdüddin’in Nüzhetü’l-efkâr ’ının kaynaklarındandır. Bunların dışında Muhammed b. Tâhir el-Hârisî’nin Mecmûʿu’t-terbiye ’si (a.g.e., s. 305), Ali b. Muhammed b. Ca‘fer’in Niẓâmü’l-vücûd ve tertîbü’l-ḥudûd ’u ile Dâmiġu’l-bâṭıl ve ḥatfü’l-münâḍıl adlı eseri Yemen Müsta‘lî Tayyibîleri’nin gerçekleştirdiği önemli çalışmalardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbrâhim b. Hüseyin el-Hâmidî, Kenzü’l-veled (nşr. Mustafa Gālib), Wiesbaden 1391/1971, s. 32-77, 163-164, 273-293.
İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Amedroz) , s. 128.
Umâre el-Yemenî, Târîḫu’l-Yemen (nşr. Hasan Süleyman Mahmûd), Kahire 1957, s. 81, 87-89, 127-130.
Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb , XXVI, 87.
Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , I, 357, 389, 390-391, 406.
a.mlf., İttiʿâẓü’l-ḥunefâʾ (nşr. Cemâleddin eş-Şeyyâl – M. Hilmî M. Ahmed), Kahire 1973, III, 128, 137, 146.
a.mlf., el-Münteḳā min aḫbâri Mıṣr (nşr. Eymen Fuâd Seyyid), Kahire 1981, s. 109-110, 113, 120.
İdrîs İmâdüddin, Zehrü’l-meʿânî (nşr. Mustafa Gālib), Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 17-63.
İsmâil b. Abdürresûl el-Üceynî, Fehresetü’l-kütüb ve’r-resâʾil (nşr. Ali Nakī Münzevî), Tahran 1344 hş./1966, s. 198, 200, 304, 305.
Hüseyin b. Feyzullah el-Hemdânî, eṣ-Ṣuleyḥiyyûn ve’l-ḥareketü’l-Fâṭımiyye fi’l-Yemen , Kahire 1955, s. 269-299.
Abdurrahman Bedevî, Meẕâhibü’l-İslâmiyyîn , Beyrut 1973, II, 356-360.
Ismail K. Poonawala, Biobibliyography of Ismāʿīlī Literature (ed. T. Joseph), Malibu 1977, s. 78-80.
J. N. Hollister, The Shi‘a of India , New Delhi 1979, s. 243-245, 265-271.
Hasan İbrâhim Hasan, Târîḫu’d-devleti’l-Fâṭımiyye , Kahire 1981, s. 171-178.
Eymen Fuâd Seyyid, Târîḫu’l-meẕâhibi’d-dîniyye fi’l-Yemen , Kahire 1408/1988, s. 171-206.
a.mlf., “Fâtımîler”, DİA , XII, 231-233.
Ârif Tâmir, Târîḫu’l-İsmâʿîliyye , London 1991, III, 224-242; IV, 69-74.
Farhad Daftary, The Ismā‘īlīs: Their History and Doctrines , Cambridge 1992, s. 256-323.
W. Madelung, “Ismāʿīliyya”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 204-205.
Mustafa Öz – Mustafa Muhammed eş-Şek‘a, “İsmâiliyye”, DİA , XXIII, 127-133.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 116-118 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.