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MÜSTA‘RİB Skip to content İslâm hâkimiyeti ve etkisi altında kalan Endülüs hıristiyanları.
Sözlükte “Araplaşmış, Arap gibi görünen” anlamındaki müsta‘rib kelimesi, Araplaşan hıristiyanları böyle bir değişime uğramayan kuzeydeki hıristiyanlardan ayırmak için -tahkir edici bir vurgu da içerecek biçimde- İspanyol kaynaklarına girdiği mozarap (muzaraves, muztarabes, moçarabes, mozarabos) şeklinde bütün tarihçiler tarafından kullanılmıştır.
Gelenekçi İspanyol tarihçileri, Endülüs hıristiyanlarını bazan kendi dinlerini ve değerlerini kahramanca koruyan yurt sever İspanyol milliyetçileri, bazan da İslâm hâkimiyetinin mağdur duruma düşürdüğü bir topluluk olarak takdim etmekteyse de bu, gerçekleri saptıran bir görüştür. Çünkü müslüman yöneticileri, İslâm hukukuna göre hıristiyan azınlığa da yahudiler gibi Ehl-i kitap muamelesi yapmışlar ve onlara da kendi dinlerini muhafaza etme hakkı tanımışlardır; dolayısıyla ehl-i zimme özel statüsünde bulunan hıristiyanların din değiştirmeye zorlanmış olması söz konusu değildir. Her türlü ferdî ve içtimaî hakları güvence altına alınan müsta‘riblerin Endülüs Emevîleri döneminde “kûmis” (> Lat. comes) denilen ve kendileri tarafından seçilip devlete karşı cemaati temsil eden önderleri vardı. Aralarındaki ihtilâflara, kayıtlarda “kādı’n-nasârâ / kādı’l-acem” adıyla geçen hâkimler bakıyordu. Müsta‘ribler, hıristiyan inançlarına sahip çıkmakla beraber zamanla müslüman toplumuna büyük ölçüde entegre oldular ve Arap isimleri almanın dışında mahallî İbero Romans dillerin yanı sıra, hatta onlardan daha fazla Arapça kullanır hale geldiler. Gençlerin Arap edebiyatına, düzgün ve akıcı bir Arapça konuşmaya olan tutkuları IX. yüzyıl ortalarında bütün hıristiyan dünyasının dikkatini çekecek düzeydeydi. Yeme içme, giyim kuşam, ev düzeni gibi hususlarda da müslümanlar örnek alınıyordu; o kadar ki aristokrat aileler arasında erkek çocukların sünnet ettirilmesi âdeti dahi yaygınlaşmaya başlamıştı. Müsta‘ribler kuzeydeki hıristiyan krallıklarına ait topraklara göçtükten sonra da uzunca bir süre bu hayat tarzını sürdürdüler. Müslümanlarla yaptıkları antlaşmalar çerçevesinde dinlerini muhafaza eden, fakat sosyal yaşantılarında gittikçe Araplaşan yerli müsta‘riblerin yanında kendi istekleriyle kuzeydeki topraklardan gelip Endülüs’e yerleşen yeni müsta‘ribler de vardı.
Müsta‘ribler arasında İslâm dininin yayılması konusu değişik görüşlerin ileri sürülmesine yol açmıştır. R. Bulliet, şahıs isimleri üzerinde yaptığı araştırmalardan hareketle İslâmlaşma’nın tedrîcî bir şekilde gerçekleştiği tesbitinde bulunmuştur. Ona göre X. yüzyılın ortalarında Endülüs toplumunun yarısı hâlâ hıristiyanlardan oluşuyordu; ancak İslâmlaşma XI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren daha hızlı bir seyir takip etti. Aralarında Bulliet’in de yer aldığı bazı Amerikalı tarihçilerin yanıldığını söyleyen bir kısım İspanyol araştırmacı ise yapısal dinî ve politik sebeplerle Endülüs’te İslâmlaşma’nın VIII. yüzyılda ve aynı süreçte toptan gerçekleştiği görüşündedir. Onlara göre bu husus açıklanırken, müslümanların İber yarımadasına girişleri sırasında özellikle şehirlerden ve anayollardan uzak yaşayanlar gibi yerli halkın bir bölümünün henüz tam anlamıyla hıristiyanlaşmamış olduğu ve Mikel de Epalza’nın işaret ettiği gibi fetih sonrasında piskopos sayısındaki aşırı azalma sebebiyle vaftizlerin yapılamaması yüzünden hıristiyan toplulukların varlıklarını sürdürmede ciddi sıkıntılarla karşı karşıya kaldığı, neticede bu iki durumun toptan İslâmlaşma’ya yol açtığı göz ardı edilmemelidir. Ancak fetih sırasında yerli halkın bir bölümünün henüz putperest olduğu doğru ise de piskopos sayısıyla ilgili görüş hatalıdır. Çünkü müslüman hâkimiyetinin ilk yüzyıllarında Kurtuba (Córdoba), İşbîliye (Sevilla), Tuleytula (Toledo), İlbîre (Elvira), Mâride (Mérida), Sarakusta (Saragoza) ve Mâleka (Malaga) gibi önemli yerleşim merkezlerinde piskoposların bulunduğuna dair kayıtlar mevcuttur. Esasen Emevî idarecileri müsta‘riblere dikkat çekici bir müsamaha göstermişlerdir. Bu müsamaha çerçevesinde müslümanlarla hıristiyanların bir arada yaşama irade ve tecrübesi, IX. yüzyılın ortalarında müslümanların toplu olarak bulunduğu yerlerde ve daha çok cami önlerinde küfürlü ifadelerle İslâm dinine ve Hz. Muhammed’e saldıran Kurtuba fedaileri gibi bağnaz grupların faaliyetleri dışında pek zedelenmemiştir. Fakat bu toplumsal âhenk, XI. yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren özellikle de Murâbıtlar ve Muvahhidler’in Endülüs’e geçmesiyle kısmen değişmeye başladı. Bu yeni süreçte müslüman ve hıristiyan devletler arasında birbiri ardına meydana gelen savaşlar sebebiyle kuzeye doğru gittikçe artan oranda bir müsta‘rib göçü yaşandı. Öte yandan müsta‘riblerin hıristiyan krallıklarla ilişkilerini arttırmaları ve Endülüs müslümanları aleyhine genişlemeleri sırasında onlara lojistik destek vermeleri üzerine bu cemaati bertaraf etmeye yönelik bazı uygulamalar yapıldı. Meselâ Murâbıtlar tarafından Gırnata’da bir kilise yıkıldı; 1126’da kalabalık bir müsta‘rib cemaati, bir yıl önce Aragon Kralı I. Alfonso’nun gerçekleştirdiği bir sefere verdikleri destek sebebiyle Kuzey Afrika’ya sürüldü. Bu süreç Endülüs’teki müsta‘rib varlığının büyük ölçüde ortadan kalkmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır.
Müsta‘ribler Endülüs’teki kültürel faaliyetlere iştirak ettiler. Onlardan bazılarının Dioskorides’in Materia Medica ’sının tercümesine, Piskopos Recemundus’un II. Hakem döneminde Calendar of Cordova ’nın (Kitâbü’l-Envâʾ ) telifine önemli katkıları oldu. Müsta‘ribler birden fazla dil bildiklerinden diplomatik faaliyetlerde de görevlendirildiler. Müslümanların Rebî‘ b. Zeyd dedikleri Piskopos Recemundus önce Germen İmparatoru I. Otto’nun (Büyük) sarayına, ardından III. Abdurrahman döneminde Medînetüzzehrâ’nın inşası için gerekli bazı malzemelerin temini amacıyla İstanbul ve Dımaşk’a gönderildi. Müsta‘riblerin, hıristiyan topraklarına göçmelerinden sonra da İslâm kültürünün hıristiyan Latin dünyasına aktarılmasında önemli rolleri oldu. Bazıları, Başpiskopos Raimundo tarafından kurulan Toledo tercüme okulunda Arapça yazmaların Latince ve İspanyolca’ya çevrilmesinde görev aldı. Günümüzde Toledo’da evlenme, boşanma, alım satım, miras vb. konulara dair Arapça belgelerden oluşan zengin bir müsta‘rib koleksiyonu bulunmaktadır. Kuzeye göç eden müsta‘riblerin beraberlerinde götürdükleri Endülüs İslâm sanatının etkisiyle X. yüzyılda en olgun halini alan bir mimari üslûp gelişmiş ve daha çok kilise ve manastırlarda (San Miguel de Escalada, San Sebrián de Mazote, San Millán de la Cogolla, Santiago de Peñalba vb.) tatbik edilen bu üslûba mozarap sanatı denilmiştir. Diğer sanat dalları arasında metal ve fildişi işçiliğiyle dinî yazmaların tezyininde uygulanan ve ilk defa Leibana Manastırı’nda Beatus adlı bir rahip tarafından başlatılan minyatürcülük önde gelmektedir. Müsta‘ribler kendilerine has bir âyin geleneğine sahiptiler. XI. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Cluny rahiplerinin zorlamasıyla terkedilen bu gelenek, XVI. yüzyılda Kardinal Cisneros’un gayretleriyle Toledo’daki bazı kiliselerde yeniden canlandırılmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 123-124 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.