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MÜSTAZHİR-BİLLÂH Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs el-Müstazhir-Billâh Ahmed b. Abdillâh el-Muktedî-Biemrillâh el-Abbâsî (ö. 512/1118)
Abbâsî halifesi (1094-1118).
19 Şevval 470’te (5 Mayıs 1078) Bağdat’ta doğdu. Babası Halife Muktedî-Biemrillâh, annesi Türk asıllı Altun adlı bir câriyedir. Babasının ölümü üzerine (487/1094) Vezir Amîdüddevle İbn Cehîr veliaht Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed’i çağırıp vefat haberini verdi ve kendisine biat etti. Ardından o sırada Bağdat’ta bulunan Selçuklu Sultanı Berkyaruk’a durumu bildirerek ondan da yeni halife için biat aldı. Muktedî-Biemrillâh’ın ölümü üç gün sonra açıklanıp Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed, Müstazhir-Billâh lakabıyla halife ilân edildi (18 Muharrem 487 / 7 Şubat 1094). Cülûs merasimine İbn Cehîr, Sultan Berkyaruk’un veziri İzzülmülk b. Nizâmülmülk, kardeşi Bahâülmülk, Selçuklu emîrleri, Abbâsîler’in nakibi Tarrâd b. Muhammed, Alevîler’in nakibi Muammer el-Alevî, Kādılkudât Ebû Bekir eş-Şâmî, Gazzâlî, Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ahmed eş-Şâşî, Ebü’l-Vefâ İbn Akīl ve diğer meşhur âlimler katıldı. Müstazhir-Billâh’ın ilk icraatı kardeşlerini tutuklamak oldu.
Halife Muktedî-Biemrillâh’ın son dönemlerinde Büyük Selçuklu Veziri Nizâmülmülk ve Sultan Melikşah’ın bir ay içerisinde ölmelerinin (485/1092) ardından Büyük Selçuklu Devleti taht kavgaları yüzünden sarsılmaya başladı. Bu karışık ortamda halife olan Müstazhir-Billâh, en güçlü konumdaki taht iddiacısının saltanatını tasdik edip Bağdat’ta onun adına hutbe okutmak zorunda kalıyordu. 487 (1094) yılında Berkyaruk’u meşrû sultan ilân ederek adına hutbe okutan ve kendisine saltanat hil‘atleri gönderen Halife Müstazhir Tutuş’un Harran, Urfa, el-Cezîre, Diyarbekir, Ahlat, Azerbaycan ve Hemedan’a hâkim olup Berkyaruk’u yenmesi üzerine Fahrülmülk Ali b. Nizâmülmülk ve Bağdat Şahnesi Aytekin Ceb’in ısrarıyla Tutuş adına hutbe okuttu (Şevval 487 / Ekim-Kasım 1094). Ertesi yıl Tutuş Berkyaruk karşısında mağlûp olarak öldürülünce hutbe tekrar Berkyaruk adına okunmaya başlandı. Daha sonra Muhammed Tapar’ın saflarına katılan Bağdat Şahnesi Sa‘düddevle Gevherâyin’in isteği üzerine Halife Müstazhir, hutbeyi Muhammed Tapar adına (17 Zilhicce 492 / 4 Kasım 1099), Berkyaruk’un 17 Zilkade 494’te (13 Eylül 1101) Bağdat’a girmesiyle onun adına okuttu. Hille Emîri Sadaka b. Mansûr’un baskısıyla, Muhammed Tapar adına okunan hutbe Sultan Berkyaruk’un Bağdat Şahnesi Gümüştegin’in 496’da (1102) Bağdat’a hâkim olmasıyla tekrar Sultan Berkyaruk adına okundu (23 Rebîülevvel 496 / 4 Ocak 1103). Bu mücadele Muhammed Tapar’ın tek başına tahta geçişine kadar sürdü (498/1105). Müstazhir’in Bağdat’ta sadece kendi adına hutbe okuttuğu ve hiçbir taht iddiacısının adına yer vermediği dönemler de olmakla birlikte Selçuklular’ın içinde bulunduğu bu karışık ortamdan istifade edip Abbâsî halifeliğinin kaybettiği siyasî güç ve iktidarı lehine kullanamamış, Bağdat’ı Selçuklu sultanlarının tayin ettiği şahneyle birlikte yönetmenin dışında hiçbir siyasî faaliyette bulunamamıştır.
Selçuklu hânedanı mensuplarının taht kavgalarıyla meşgul olmasını ve İslâm dünyasının güçlü bir siyasî iradeden mahrum bulunmasını fırsat bilen Haçlı orduları bu dönemde Ortadoğu’yu istilâ ederek Urfa (1098), Antakya (1098) ve Kudüs’te (1099) birer Haçlı devleti kurdular. Haçlılar’ın müslüman topraklarını ele geçirip Kudüs’e doğru ilerlediklerini haber alan Müstazhir-Billâh, 491 (1098) yılında Sultan Berkyaruk’a elçi göndererek Haçlı ordularına karşı yardım istedi. Sultan Berkyaruk bütün emîrlerin Bağdat’ta toplanıp Haçlılar’a karşı Vezir İbn Cehîr ile birlikte sefere çıkmalarını emretti. Aralarında Hille Emîri Seyfüddevle Sadaka ve Sa‘düddevle Gevherâyin gibi ünlü şahsiyetlerin de bulunduğu kumandanlar Bağdat’ta toplandı. Ancak daha sonra azimleri kırıldı ve sefere çıkmadan dağıldılar (İbnü’l-Cevzî, IX, 105). Trablusşam Emîri Fahrülmülk İbn Ammâr 501’de (1108) Bağdat’a gelip halifeden Haçlılar’a karşı yardım istediyse de bu yardım gerçekleşmedi. Üç yıl sonra Suriye’nin çeşitli şehirlerinden gelen bir heyet ağlayıp feryat ederek cuma namazının kılınmasına engel oldu ve Haçlılar’a karşı âcil yardım istedi. Halife Müstazhir bu olaya çok öfkelendi ve olaya katılanların şiddetle cezalandırılmasını istedi. Ancak Sultan Muhammed Tapar halifeyi bundan vazgeçirdi. Musul Valisi Mevdûd b. Altuntegin, Muhammed Tapar’ın emriyle Haçlılar’a karşı sefere çıktı. Dımaşk Atabegi Tuğtegin de Receb 509’da (Kasım-Aralık 1115) Bağdat’a giderek Muhammed Tapar ve Halife Müstazhir ile görüşüp Haçlılar’ın Dımaşk’ı istilâ tehdidlerine karşı yardım talep etti.
Bâtınîler’le mücadele Müstazhir-Billâh döneminin önemli olaylarından biridir. Selçuklu sultanları Bâtınîler’le siyasî ve askerî sahada mücadele ederken Halife Müstazhir halkı bu konuda aydınlatmak amacıyla Gazzâlî’den Bâtınî gruplarının görüşlerine reddiye mahiyetinde bir eser yazmasını istemiş, Gazzâlî de bu amaçla Feḍâʾiḥu’l-Bâṭıniyye ve feżâʾilü’l-Müstaẓhiriyye adlı kitabını kaleme almıştır. Müstazhir-Billâh döneminde Selçuklu sultanları Bâtınîler’in faaliyetlerini ciddiyetle takip etmiş, Bâtınîlik’le ilgisi olduğu söylenen şahısları şiddetle cezalandırmıştır. Devrin meşhur âlimlerinden Kiyâ el-Herrâsî bir yanlışlık sonucu Bâtınîlik’le itham edilmiş, 504’te (1110-11) Sultan Muhammed Tapar tarafından öldürülecekken Halife Müstazhir-Billâh’ın lehinde şehadetiyle ölümden kurtulmuştur (a.g.e. , IX, 129-130).
16 Rebîülâhir 512’de (6 Ağustos 1118) Bağdat’ta vefat eden Müstazhir-Billâh, veliahdı Müsterşid-Billâh tarafından kıldırılan namazdan sonra dârülhilâfedeki odasında gömüldü. Naaşı daha sonra diğer Abbâsî hânedanı mensuplarının kabirlerinin bulunduğu Rusâfe Mezarlığı’na nakledildi. Müstazhir-Billâh yumuşak huylu, güzel ahlâklı, hayır sever, halka iyi davranılmasını isteyen, ulemâyı koruyan, fesahat ve belâgat sahibi bir hükümdardı. Onun döneminde ilim hayatında büyük gelişmeler yaşanmış, kıymetli eserler kaleme alınmıştır. Fıkıhta Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ahmed eş-Şâşî, İbn Akīl, Kelvezânî, Kiyâ el-Herrâsî, Ebû Muhammed eş-Şîrâzî, Ebû Muhammed ed-Dâmegānî; tefsirde Rızkullah et-Temîmî ve Muhammed en-Nesefî; kelâm, fıkıh ve tasavvufta Gazzâlî; hadiste Muhammed b. Ebû Nasr, Ahmed b. Bündâr; tarihte Şücâ‘ b. Şücâ‘ ve Muhammed b. Abdülmelik el-Hemedânî, Hibetullah b. Mübârek; dinler ve mezhepler tarihinde Şehristânî; tıpta İbnü’l-Vâsıtî, Saîd b. Hibetullah, İbnü’t-Tilmiz; şiirde Hüseyin b. Ali et-Tuğrâî, Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Ebîverdî, Harîrî, İbnü’l-Hebbâriyye, İbnü’l-Hâzin el-Kâtib; dilde Ca‘fer es-Serrâc, Bâri‘ en-Nahvî, Ebü’s-Seâdât eş-Şecerî gibi âlimler yetişmiş, Gazzâlî ve Ebû Bekir eş-Şâşî bazı eserlerini ona ithaf etmişlerdir. Muhammed b. Abdülmelik el-Hemedânî Tekmiletü Târîḫi’ṭ-Ṭaberî ’de ondan övgüyle söz eder. Müstazhir-Billâh devrin önde gelen hattatlarındandı ve aynı zamanda şairdi.
Müstazhir-Billâh’ın halifeliği döneminde devlet işleri büyük ölçüde Benî Cehîr ailesine mensup vezirler tarafından idare edilmiştir. Büyük Selçuklu hânedanıyla siyasî ilişkileri güçlendirmek isteyen Müstazhir-Billâh, Sultan Melikşah’ın kızı ve Sultan Muhammed Tapar’ın kız kardeşi Seyyide Hatun ile evlenmiştir (10 Ramazan 504 / 22 Mart 1111). Halife Müstazhir-Billâh, Fâtımîler’e muhalefet amacıyla 494 Ramazanından (Temmuz 1101) itibaren namazda besmelenin Hanbelîler’e uyularak açıktan okunmasını istemiş, yine aynı amaçla Kunut dualarının da Şâfiî mezhebine göre okunmasını emretmiştir (İbnü’l-Esîr, X, 325).
Halife Müstazhir-Billâh, sadece Şark İslâm dünyasında değil Mağrib’deki bazı yöneticiler tarafından da halife olarak tanınmış, hükümdarlar ona başvurup saltanatlarının tasdik edilmesini istemiştir. Nitekim Murâbıt Hükümdarı Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn, Müstazhir-Billâh’a elçi gönderip hükümdarlığının onaylanmasını talep etmiş, o da sultanın bu isteğini kabul etmiştir. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn de ülkesinde onun adına hutbe okutmuş, giyim kuşam ve bayraklarında Abbâsîler’in resmî rengi olan siyahı benimsemiştir.
İmar faaliyetleriyle de yakından ilgilenen Müstazhir-Billâh 18 Rebîülâhir 488’de (27 Nisan 1095) Dârülhilâfe’deki Harîm’in çevresine sur yapılmasını emretmiş, surların etrafına hendek kazılmıştır. 503-507 (1109-1113) yılları arasında Dârürreyhâniyyîn adlı yeni bir saray yaptırmıştır. Ayrıca bu dönemde onun teşvik ve himayesiyle medrese, ribât ve türbeler inşa edilmiştir. Müstazhir-Billâh’ın ardından oğulları Müsterşid-Billâh ve Muktefî-Liemrillâh hilâfet makamına geçmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Abdülkerim Özaydın, Sultan Muhammed Tapar Devri Selçuklu Tarihi (498-511/1105-1118) , Ankara 1990, bk. İndeks.
a.mlf., Sultan Berkyaruk Devri Selçuklu Tarihi (485-498/1092-1104) , İstanbul 2001, bk. İndeks.
E. J. Hanne, The Caliphate Revisited The Abbāsid of 11th and 12th Century Baghdad (doktora tezi, 1998), The University of Michigan, s. 220-300.
K. V. Zetterstéen, “Müstazhir”, İA , VIII, 832.
Carole Hillenbrand, “al-Mustaẓhir Bi’llāh”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 755-756.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 127-128 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.