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MÜSTENCİD-BİLLÂH Skip to content Ebü’l-Muzaffer el-Müstencid-Billâh Yûsuf b. el-Muktefî-Liemrillâh el-Abbâsî (ö. 566/1170)
Abbâsî halifesi (1160-1170).
1 Rebîülâhir 510’da (13 Ağustos 1116) doğdu. Babası Muktefî-Liemrillâh, annesi Rum asıllı bir câriyedir. 542 (1147) veya 547 (1152) yılında veliaht ilân edilen Müstencid babasının ölümünün (2 Rebîülevvel 555 / 12 Mart 1160) ardından hilâfet makamına geçti. Babasının politikasını devam ettireceğinin işareti olarak başta Vezir Ebü’l-Muzaffer İbn Hübeyre olmak üzere eski devlet adamlarını ve valileri görevde bıraktı, İbn Hübeyre’ye de hayat boyu görevde kalacağına dair söz verdi (İbnü’l-Cevzî, X, 193).
Müstencid-Billâh, Irak Selçuklu Sultanı Süleyman Şah tahta geçtikten hemen sonra Hemedân’a bir elçi göndererek babasının ona yaptığı iyilikleri hatırlattı; kendisine itaat etmesini ve sahip olduğu yerlerde adına hutbe okutmasını istedi. Süleyman Şah, Sultan Muhammed b. Mahmûd döneminde (1153-1159) oldukça gergin olan ilişkilerin yumuşayacağını, halifenin Bağdat’ta kendi adına hutbe okutacağını, böylece Irak’ta Selçuklu nüfuzunun tekrar kurulabileceğini düşünerek bu teklifi kabul etti ve Kadı Nebîhüddin el-Hemedânî başkanlığındaki bir heyeti Bağdat’a gönderdi. Vezir İbn Hübeyre tarafından kabul edilen heyet üyeleri Bağdat’a sultanın adına hutbe okunmasını sağlamak için geldiklerini söylediler. Vezir onların bu talebini reddetti. Bunun üzerine heyettekiler vezire halifenin elçisi Sevinç en-Nizâmî’nin Süleyman Şah’a bu konuda vaadde bulunduğunu ve buna uyulması gerektiğini belirttiler. Bu görüşmelerden kısa bir süre sonra halifenin elçisi Sevinç en-Nizâmî ile sultanın elçisi Nebîhüddin el-Hemedânî meçhul kişilerce öldürüldü. Anlaşıldığına göre olay Vezir İbn Hübeyre tarafından planlanmıştı. Halife, sultanın kendisine verilen sözlerin uygulanmasını sağlamak üzere Bağdat’a elçi olarak gönderdiği Nebîhüddin el-Hemedânî’yi öldürtmek suretiyle Süleyman Şah’ın gözünü korkutup Bağdat’a karşı herhangi bir sefere kalkışmasını önlemeyi amaçlamıştı.
Irak Selçukluları’nın son güçlü hükümdarı Arslanşah b. Tuğrul, 555’te (1160) tahta geçtikten sonra saltanatını meşrulaştırmak ve Irâk-ı Arab’da Selçuklu hâkimiyetini tekrar kurmak için faaliyete geçti. İlk iş olarak da Müstencid-Billâh’a bir elçi gönderip adına hutbe okunmasını ve idarî düzenlemelerin Sultan Mes‘ûd b. Muhammed Tapar’ın zamanındaki (1134-1152) şekline dönüştürülmesini talep etti. Halife, Irak’ın hâkimiyetini Arslanşah’a vermeye niyetli olmadığı için bu istekleri reddetti. Gönderdiği elçiye kötü davranarak Irak Selçukluları Devleti’ni tanımadığını ve Selçuklu nüfuzunun Irak’ta artık tamamen bittiğini Arslanşah’a göstermek istedi.
Hafâce kabilesi 556 Ramazanında (Eylül 1161) Hille ve Kûfe’de toplanıp erzak, hurma gibi mallardan paylarına düşen vergilerin hac emîri Erkuş tarafından kendilerine verilmemesi ve Hille şahnesi Emîr Kaysar’ın da onu desteklemesi üzerine isyan etti. Erkuş ve Kaysar’ın gönderdikleri birlikler Hafâce kabilesini Rahbetüşşâm’a kadar kovaladı. Zor durumda kalan bedevîlerin barış talebi kabul edilmeyince savaş kaçınılmaz oldu. Emîr Kaysar savaşta öldürüldü, Emîr Erkuş ağır yaralı olarak Rahbe’ye kaçtı. Yenilgi haberi Bağdat’a ulaşınca Vezir Ebü’l-Muzaffer İbn Hübeyre bir ordu ile Hafâce kabilesinin peşine düştü. Basra’ya kadar takibini sürdüren vezir sonunda Bağdat’a geri dönmek zorunda kaldı. Bu takip sırasında oldukça yıpranan ve yaptıklarından pişmanlık duyarak bağışlanmalarını isteyen bedevîler halife tarafından affedildi.
Halife Müstencid-Billâh, Selçuklular’ı destekleyen Mezyedîler’in mensup olduğu Şiî Benî Esed kabilesini Hille’den uzaklaştırmak için Yezden b. Kamâc’ı görevlendirdi. Büyük bir ordu hazırlayan Yezden, Benî Esed üzerine yürürken bir yandan da Basra’da bulunan Müntefiḳ kabilesinin reisi İbn Ma‘rûf’a haber yollayarak yardıma gelmesini istedi. Onun da gelmesiyle birlikte Esed kabilesi kuşatıldı. Kuşatma neticesinde aç ve susuz kalan kabile teslim olmak zorunda kaldı, buna rağmen 4000 kişi öldürüldü. Münâdîler Hille’de kalacak olanların tamamının öldürüleceğini duyurunca halk şehri terketti. Batîha ve çevresi yardımlarından ötürü İbn Ma‘rûf’a verildi (558/1163). Böylece Mezyedîler bertaraf edilmiş oldu. Vezir Ebü’l-Muzaffer İbn Hübeyre 560 (1165) yılında rakipleri tarafından doktoru İbn Reşâde vasıtasıyla öldürüldü. Yerine oğlu İzzeddin getirildi. Müstencid kısa bir süre sonra İzzeddin’i azledip Vâsıt nâzırı İbnü’l-Beledî’yi vezir tayin etti.
Hafâce kabilesinin Benî Hazn kolu Sevâd bölgesinin koruyuculuğunu elinde tutuyordu. Yezden b. Kamâc’ın Hille’yi Hafâce kabilesinin bir diğer kolu olan Benî Kâ‘b’a vermesine öfkelenen Benî Hazn Sevâd bölgesini yağmaladı. Bunun üzerine Yezden yanına Benî Kâ‘b reislerinden Gazbân’ı alarak onları cezalandırmak için harekete geçti. Ancak Gazbân, Sevâd’da kendisini sevmeyen askerlerinden biri tarafından öldürülünce hareket yarıda kaldı. Sevâd bölgesinin koruyuculuğu daha sonra Benî Hazn’a geri verildi (568/1172-73).
Hûzistan hâkimi Şümle’nin (Şemle) yeğeni İbn Şenkâ, Basra Valisi Mengü Bars ile akrabalık kurmuştu. Halife Müstencid-Billâh’ın Mengü Bars’ı öldürtmesi üzerine İbn Şenkâ Basra’ya yürüyerek çevredeki köyleri yağmaladı (559/1164). Halife Basra Valisi Gümüştegin’e elçi gönderip İbn Şenkâ ile savaşmasını istedi. Gümüştegin kendisinin ordu kumandanı olmayıp vali olduğunu söyleyerek isteği geri çevirdi. Bu durumdan cesaret alan İbn Şenkâ, Vâsıt’a yürüyüp çevresindeki köyleri yağmaladı. Vâsıt hâkimi Hatalpars ordu toplayarak onun üzerine yürüdü. İbn Şenkâ birtakım vaadlerle Hatalpars’ın emîrlerini kendi tarafına çekince Hatalpars yenildi ve öldürüldü.
Irak’a yürüyen Hûzistan Emîri Şümle, Bağdat yakınlarına kadar gelerek Mahikî Kalesi’ni kuşattı ve Müstencid’den bazı taleplerde bulundu. Bu talepleri reddeden halife elçi olarak gönderdiği Yûsuf ed-Dımaşkī aracılığıyla onu kınadı ve kendisini tehdit edip kuşatmaya son vermesini istedi. Şümle özür diledikten sonra Basra, Vâsıt ve Hille’nin Hûzistan’da yanında bulunan Sultan Melikşah’ın oğlu Melik Mahmud’a Sultan Arslan Şah tarafından iktâ edildiğini söyleyerek buna ait menşuru gösterdi ve kendisinin bu üç vilâyetten birine razı olduğunu belirtip bunlardan birini almadan gitmeyeceği izlenimini verdi. Yûsuf ed-Dımaşkī durumu halifeye bildirdi. Halife de Emîr Erkuş’un kumandasında bir orduyu Şümle’nin üzerine gönderdi (562/1166-67). Halifenin ordusuna mukavemet edemeyeceğini anlayan Şümle ülkesine geri döndü.
Müstencid-Billâh 9 Rebîülâhir 566’da (20 Aralık 1170) Bağdat’ta vefat etti. Ölümünden Üstâdüddâr Adudüddin İbnü’l-Müslime ile dönemin kudretli emîrlerinden Kutbüddin Kaymaz ve Yezden sorumlu tutulmaktadır (İbnü’l-Esîr, XI, 360). Yerine Müstazî-Biemrillâh lakabı ile oğlu Ebû Muhammed Hasan geçti. Müstencid-Billâh halka âdil ve müşfik davranmış, bazı örfî vergileri kaldırmış, rüşvetçi Kadı İbnü’l-Murahham’ı tutuklatmış, halktan zorla aldığı mallarına el koydurmuştur. Fitne ve fesat çıkaran bozgunculara, halkı jurnal edenlere karşı çok sert davranmıştır. Babasının siyasî emellerini devam ettirmiş, onun Irak’tan çıkardığı Irak Selçukluları’nın Batı İran’daki topraklarına da göz koymuştu. Ancak kabile isyanları ve Türk emîrlerinin baskılarıyla karşı karşıya kalınca bu konuda başarılı olamamıştı. Müstencid-Billâh devrin güçlü hükümdarlarından Atabeg Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî ile iyi münasebetler kurmuş ve onu Mısır’ın fethine teşvik etmiştir. Bundan dolayı Mısır’da Fâtımî hilâfetine son verilince hutbe Abbâsîler adına okunmuştur. İbn Hallikân, Nûreddin Mahmud’un İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî’yi Halife Müstencid-Billâh’ın sarayına elçi olarak gönderdiğini kaydeder (Vefeyât, V, 148-149).
Müstencid döneminde Hanbelîlik devlet nezdinde itibar görmeye devam etmiştir. Hanbelî âlimi Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin Müstencid’den övgüyle söz etmesinin sebebi budur (el-Muntaẓam, X, 194). İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin Kitâbü’l-Müstencid adlı bir eser yazdığı kaydedilmektedir (Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî, VIII/2, s. 487-488). Müstencid-Billâh, İbn Hamdûn’u et-Teẕkiretü’l-Ḥamdûniyye adlı eserinde Abbâsî Devleti aleyhindeki hikâyelere yer verdiği için hapse attırması ve onun da hapishanede ölmesi sebebiyle eleştirilmiştir (İbn Hallikân, IV, 380). Müstencid’in iyi bir şair, aynı zamanda astronomi hakkında mâlûmat sahibi olduğu belirtilmektedir. 1160’lı yıllarda Bağdat’ı ziyaret eden Tudelalı Benjamin, Müstencid-Billâh’ın başta İbrânîce olmak üzere birçok dil bildiğini, bütün müslümanlar tarafından sevilip sayıldığını, kendi el emeğiyle geçindiğini, doğru ve güvenilir bir insan olduğunu söyler ve onu bilgisi ve yahudilere hoşgörülü davranması sebebiyle över (Ortaçağ’da İki Yahudi Seyyahın Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika Gözlemleri, s. 61-62).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA İbnü’l-Kalânisî, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Amedroz), s. 330; İbnü’l-Ezrak el-Fârikī, Meyyâfârikîn ve Âmid Tarihi: Artuklular Kısmı (trc. Ahmet Savran), Erzurum 1992, s. 161-162; Tudela’lı Benjamin – Ratisbon’lu Petachia, Ortaçağ’da İki Yahudi Seyyahın Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika Gözlemleri (trc. Nuh Arslantaş), İstanbul 2001, s. 61-62; İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam, X, 192-194, 214-217, 232-233; Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye (Lugal), s. 117; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil (trc. Abdülkerim Özaydın), İstanbul 1987, XI, 212-214, 219, 221, 227, 234, 242, 260, 261-262, 266-267, 290-292, 316, 360; Bündârî, Zübdetü’n-Nusra (Burslan), s. 259-260, 261-262; Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî, Mirʾâtü’z-zamân, VIII/1, s. 233-235, 252, 255, 260, 262, 267, 268, 271, 282, 284-285; VIII/2, s. 487-488; İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât, IV, 380-382; V, 148-149; Hindûşah es-Sâhibî, Tecâribü’s-selef (nşr. Abbas İkbâl), Tahran 1934, s. 314-316; H. Mason, Two Statesmen of Mediaeval Islam, The Hague-Paris 1972, s. 69-76; Zekeriya Kitapçı, Abbasi Hilafetinde Selçuklu Hatunları ve Türk Sultanları, Konya 1994, s. 227-229; Eric J. Hanne, The Caliphate Revisited: The Abbasids of 11th and 12th Century Baghdad (doktora tezi, 1998), The University of Michigan, s. 362-399; Hüseyin Kayhan, Irak Selçukluları, Konya 2001, s. 228-229, 248-252; K. V. Zetterstéen, “Müstencid”, İA, VIII, 834-835; Carole Hillenbrand, “al-Mustand̲j̲id”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 726-727.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 143-145 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.