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MÜŞTEREK Skip to content Birden çok anlamı olan kelime kategorisi, bu tür kelime ve ifadelerin şiir ve nesirde kullanılması.
1/2 Müellif: İSMAİL DURMUŞ Bölüme Git
Sözlükte iştirâk “ortak olmak”, müşterek “ortak olunan şey” demektir. Birden çok anlamı bulunan kelimeye müşterek denir. Bunun karşıtı olan müterâdift…
2/2 Müellif: FERHAT KOCA Bölüme Git
FIKIH USULÜ. Fıkıh usulünde müşterek, her biri ayrı vaz‘ ile olmak üzere birden fazla mânaya gelen lafzı ifade eden bir terimdir. Öte yandan iştirâk v…
Sözlükte iştirâk “ortak olmak”, müşterek “ortak olunan şey” demektir. Birden çok anlamı bulunan kelimeye müşterek denir. Bunun karşıtı olan müterâdifte ise iki veya daha fazla kelimenin aynı mânaya gelmesi söz konusudur. Müşterek lafzın bütün anlamlarının gerçek anlam olması gerekir. Bu sebeple mânasından biri hakikat, diğeri mecaz veya kinaye olan kelimeler müşterek olarak kabul edilmez. Ayn (göz, göze/pınar, güneş, altın …), ḫâl (dayı, ben, bulut …), ḥûb (günah, hüzün, kız, kız kardeş …) kelimelerinin anlamları gerçek olduğundan bunlar müşterek lafızlardır. Buna karşılık, esed (arslan, cesur insan [mecaz]), kesîrü’r-remâd (külü bol, cömert [kinaye]) sözlerinin mânalarından biri gerçek, diğeri mecaz ve kinaye olduğundan müşterek lafız sayılmaz. Karşıt anlamlı kelimeler de (ezdâd) müşterek lafızlar kategorisinden sayılmıştır.
İbn Dürüsteveyh başta olmak üzere bir grup dil âlimi, bir kelimenin birden çok anlama gelmesi dilin varlık sebebi olan iletişimi aksatacağından Arap dilinde müşterek lafızların bulunamayacağını savunmuştur. Bu âlimler müşterek kelimelerin mânalarından birini hakikat, diğerini mecaz kabul ederek her iki anlamı onları kapsayan daha genel ve tek bir anlama bağlamak veya anlamlardan her birini farklı masdar ve mef‘ullerle irtibatlı saymak suretiyle müşterek lafızlar kapsamından çıkarmaya çalışmışlardır. Çok anlamlı, karşıt anlamlı ve eş anlamlı kelimeler bütün dillerde mevcuttur. Ancak dilde asıl olan, bir kelimenin hem tek anlama gelmesi hem de kullanımda tek anlamının kastedilmiş olmasıdır.
Arap dilinde bir kelimenin birden çok anlamının ortaya çıkmasının sebepleri konusunda çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. 1. Bu tür kelimelerin çoğu kadim Arap kabilelerinin onları farklı mânalarda kullanması neticesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu anlamlar, daha sonraki devirlerde yazılan sözlüklerde kabilelere nisbet edilmeden kelimenin farklı mânaları şeklinde tesbit edilmiştir. Bir kelimenin bütün kabilelerde tek anlamda kullanılırken zamanla bazılarında asıl anlamı unutularak başka mânada kullanılmaya başlanmış olması da mümkündür. 2. Mecazi mânalar yaygın kullanım neticesinde zamanla gerçek anlamlar derecesine yükselmiştir. Ayn kelimesinin “göz” anlamı dışındaki “göze/pınar, casus, altın” vb. mânalar kazanması bunun bir örneğidir. 3. Dönüşme (ibdâl), düşme (hazif) ve ziyâde gibi sebeplerle bir kelimenin diğer bir kelimeyle aynîleşmesi (fonetik evrim). 4. Bir kelimenin anlamının zamanla unutularak başka bir anlamda kullanılmaya başlanması ve bu durumun sözlüklere kelimenin iki farklı mânada kullanılmakta olduğu şeklinde yansıması. 5. Sosyal ve kültürel değişim ve gelişimlerin neticesinde kelimelere yeni anlamların yüklenmesi. İslâm’dan önce salât “dua”, zekât “artış”, hac “kast” mânasında kullanılırken İslâm’ın gelişiyle birlikte bu kelimelere “namaz”, “malî ibadet”, “Kâbe ziyareti” anlamları yüklenmiştir. Bilimsel ve teknik terimlerde de aynı durum söz konusudur. 6. Hatalı kullanım sonucunda kelimeye yeni anlamların verilmiş olması.
Belâgat âlimleri ve şiir eleştirmenleri, müşterek konusunu edebî ürünlerde ve özellikle şiirlerdeki yansıması ve intihal (serika) noktasından ele almışlardır. Ebû Ali el-Hâtimî “lafzî iştirak”, Ebü’l-Hasan el-Cürcânî “müşterek mânalar” ifadesiyle şairler arasında yaygın biçimde kullanılan ortak tema, konu ve teşbih klişelerini kastetmişlerdir. Hâtimî şiirde rastlanan bu tür ifade benzerliklerini tevârüd (müvârede) olarak görmüş, Cürcânî ise bunların serika sayılamayacağını belirtmiştir (Ḥilyetü’l-muḥâḍara, II, 68; el-Vesâṭa, s. 183-184). Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî müşterek lafızla, şiirde birçok anlama çekilebilecek, farklı te’vil ve yorumlara açık olan (müphem) bir ifade ve tabirin yer almasını kastetmiştir (Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn, s. 42-45).
İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî iştiraki lafız ve mâna iştiraki olarak iki kategoriye ayırmış, lafız iştirakini de üç bölümde incelemiştir. 1. Şairler arasında yaygın ve ortak olan ifade, tema ve klişeler. O, şairlerin, bu tür klişelere yükleyecekleri mecazi (istiare) ve kinaî anlamlarla ifadeyi iştirak vasfından kurtarabileceklerini söyler. 2. Tam cinas. “Övülmüş” mânasına gelen ve özel isim olarak kullanılan mahmûd kelimesi gibi. 3. Şairin iki anlama da gelebilen bir kelime veya ifadeye yer vermesi. Şiirde şairin hangi mânayı kastettiğine dair bir karîne yahut beyan yoksa iştirak kötü ve çirkin, varsa iyi ve güzeldir. İbn Reşîḳ, iki bölüme ayırdığı mâna iştirakiyle iki şairin aynı temayı farklı ifade kalıpları içinde dile getirmesini ve şairler arasında ortak-yaygın ve anonim teşbih klişelerini kastetmiştir. Bu teşbihlerin kullanılması serika ve intihal sayılmaz. Ancak bir şair bu klişelere katacağı nüans ile onu kendi malı haline getirebilir (el-ʿUmde, II, 80). İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘ da konuyu lafız ve mâna iştiraki olarak iki bölümde ele almış, her birini kusurlu, kusursuz ve güzel diye üç kısma ayırmış, ayrıca ilk örneklerine eski Arap şiirinde rastlanan ve “temlît” adı verilen şiir türünü de güzel lafız iştiraki kategorisine dahil etmiştir. Bu türde beytin ilk mısraı bir şair, ikinci mısraı başka bir şair tarafından söylenir.
Müşterek lafızlara dair ilk çalışmalar Kur’an’da yer alan bu tür kelimelerle ilgilidir. “el-Vücûh ve’n-nezâir” genel başlığı altında telif edilen bu eserlerde “vücûh” ile Kur’an’daki müşterek lafızlar kastedilmiştir. Âzatlısı İkrime ile Ali b. Ebû Talha’nın Abdullah b. Abbas’tan bu isimde bir eser rivayet ettikleri söylenir. Bu başlığı taşıyan onu aşkın kitabın en eskilerinden olan Mukātil b. Süleyman’ın el-Vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir’i neşredilmiştir (bk. bibl.). Kutrub, Asmaî, Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistanî ve İbnü’s-Sikkît gibi eski dilcilerin el-Eżdâd adıyla yazdıkları eserlerle Yahyâ b. Sellâm’ın et-Taṣârîf’i, Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî’nin Şecerü’d-dür fî tedâḫuli’l-kelâm bi’l-meʿâni’l-muḫtelife’si bu sahadaki ilk çalışmalardandır. Süyûtî’nin de Muʿterekü’l-aḳrân fî-müştereki’l-Ḳurʾân adlı bir eseri vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Tehânevî, Keşşâf, II, 776-780; Mukātil b. Süleyman, el-Vücûh ve’n-neẓâʾir (nşr. Ali Özek), İstanbul 1993, neşredenin girişi, s. 26-29; Hâtimî, Ḥilyetü’l-muḥâḍara (nşr. Ca‘fer el-Kettânî), Bağdad 1979, II, 68; Ebü’l-Hasan el-Cürcânî, el-Vesâṭa beyne’l-Mütenebbî ve ḫuṣûmih (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim – Ali M. el-Bicâvî), Beyrut 1386/1966, s. 183-184; İbn Fâris, eṣ-Ṣâḥibî fî fıḳhi’l-luġa (nşr. Mustafa eş-Şüveymî), Beyrut 1382/1963, s. 201, 269; Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn (nşr. Müfîd M. Kumeyha), Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 42-45; İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1353/1934, II, 80, 92-95; İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 339-342; İbn Hicce, Ḫizânetü’l-edeb, Kahire 1304, s. 365; Süyûtî, el-Müzhir , I, 369-386; Mecdî Vehbe – Kâmil Mühendis, Muʿcemü’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-ʿArabiyye fi’l-luġa ve’l-edeb, Beyrut 1979, s. 27; Mîşâl Âsî – Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, el-Muʿcemü’l-mufaṣṣal fi’l-luġa ve’l-edeb, Beyrut 1987, I, 137-139.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 171-172 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
FIKIH USULÜ. Fıkıh usulünde müşterek, her biri ayrı vaz‘ ile olmak üzere birden fazla mânaya gelen lafzı ifade eden bir terimdir. Öte yandan iştirâk ve müşterek kavramlarının fıkhın değişik bölümlerinde özel anlamlarda kullanımına rastlanır. Meselâ birden fazla kişinin bir mal üzerinde mülkiyet hakkına sahip olma durumuna “müşterek mülkiyet” denir. Bu ortaklık mirasçılıkta olduğu gibi şeriklerin iradesi dışında oluşmuşsa “cebrî şirket / iştirak”, kendi iradeleriyle meydana gelmişse “ihtiyarî şirket / iştirak” adını alır. Miras taksiminde her vârisin hissesini kesirsiz bulmak üzere yapılan paydaları eşitleme işlemindeki ortak paydaya “müşterek mahreç” tabir edilir. Günümüz ceza hukukunda iştirak terimiyle ifade edilen, birden fazla kişinin suça katılması konusu fıkıhta farklı kavramlar çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır (bk. İŞTİRAK).
Fukaha metodunu benimseyen usulcüler müşterek terimini hâs, âm müşterek ve müevvel şeklindeki -vaz‘ olundukları mâna bakımından- lafız ayırımı içinde ele alırken mütekellimîn metodunu takip edenler, daha çok lafız ve mânanın tekliği ve çokluğu bakımından yaptıkları ayırımlar içinde incelemişlerdir. Meselâ Gazzâlî mânalarına (müsemmâ) izâfet açısından lafız türleri için müterâdif, mütebâyin, mütevâtı‘ ve müşterek lafızlarının kullanılabileceğini belirtir (el-Müstaṣfâ, I, 31-32; krş. Debûsî, s. 94; Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, I, 124; Şevkânî, s. 42-45). Hanefî usulcülerinin müşterek tanımlarında, özellikle umûmü’l-müşterek ve müşterek bir kelimenin zıt mânalar içermesiyle ilgili tartışmalardaki (aş.bk.) tercihlerini yansıtan ifadelere yer verdikleri görülür (Debûsî, s. 94; Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, I, 126; Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, s. 340). Arap dilinde müşterek için verilen en meşhur örneklerden ayn lafzı “göz, su pınarı, casus, altın” gibi mânalar içerir; kur‘ lafzı da “âdet dönemi ve iki âdet arasındaki temizlik dönemi” anlamlarına gelir. Türkçe’de bu tür kelimelere “çok anlamlı” denir; meselâ “görme organı, suyun çıktığı kaynak” gibi mânalara gelen göz kelimesi böyledir. Bir dilde isimler müşterek olabildiği gibi fiil ve harfler de (edatlar) müşterek olarak kullanılabilir (örnekler için bk. Abdülvehhâb Hallâf, s. 327-328; Atar, s. 203). Öte yandan bir lafzın tek vaz‘ ile küllî bir mânaya konup bu mânaya bedel yoluyla birçok ferdin iştirak etmesi haline “mânevî müşterek” adı verilir. “İnsan” kelimesinin değişik isimler taşıyan şahıslara eşit düzeyde, “beyaz” kelimesinin değişik tonlardaki beyazlıklara farklı düzeylerde delâlet etmesi böyledir. Fıkıh usulünde ele alınan asıl müşterek türü ise “her biri ayrı vaz‘ ile olmak üzere birden fazla mânaya gelen lafız” anlamındaki “lafzî müşterek”tir.
Müşterek bir lafızda gerçekte müşterek (ortak) olan onun delâlet ettiği mânalardır, lafız sadece iştirak mahallidir. Bu ise iki kişinin müştereken mâlik olduğu bir eve “ortak ev” denilmesine benzer; bu örnekte esasen ortak olan ev değil o evin sahipleridir (Ali Haydar Efendi, s. 163). Müşterekin mânalarının birden fazla olması onu hâstan, bu mânalar için ayrı ayrı vazedilmiş olması âmdan ayırır. Hanefî usulünde “müevvel” terimi daha çok, zannî delile dayanılarak muhtemel mânalarından biri üstün kabul edilen müşterek lafzı ifade etmek için kullanıldığından ikisi arasında sıkı bir ilişki vardır. Öte yandan Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, müşterekin anlamının sözün sahibi tarafından bilinip işiten tarafından bilinmemesi sebebiyle mücmelin bir çeşidi sayıldığını, ancak her müşterek mücmel iken her mücmelin müşterek olmadığını belirtir (bu açıdan “mutlak”la yaptığı mukayeseyle birlikte bk. Mîzânü’l-uṣûl, s. 342-343; ayrıca bk. ÂM; HAS; MÜCMEL; MÜEVVEL). Bir lafzın biri hakikat, diğeri mecaz olmak üzere iki mânası bulunur da müştereke veya mecaza hamledilmesi hususunda tereddüde düşülürse mecaza yorulması daha uygun olur (Tehânevî, I, 779).
Arap dilinde müşterek kelimelerin varlığının imkânsız veya aksine kaçınılmaz olduğunu ileri sürenler de bulunmakla birlikte âlimlerin çoğunluğu bunun câiz ve mümkün olduğu kanaatindedir (bu görüşlerin gerekçeleri için bk. Fahreddin er-Râzî, I, 97-110; Bihârî, I, 198-200; Şevkânî, s. 45-46). Müştereki ortaya çıkaran başlıca sebepler şöylece sıralanabilir: 1. Arap kabilelerinin bir lafzı farklı mânalarda kullanması ve sonraki nesillere hangi kabile tarafından hangi mâna için konduğu zikredilmeksizin intikal etmesi. 2. Bir lafzın, iki farklı mânanın ortak noktasını oluşturan bir anlam için konulmuşken zamanla bu ortak mânanın unutulup o iki mânadan her biri için kullanılır hale gelmesi. Meselâ kur‘ lafzının sözlük anlamı “belirli bir durumla ilgili her türlü zaman devresi” demektir. Bu ortak anlamdan hareketle daha sonra kadının âdet gördüğü ve âdetten temizlendiği dönemlere de kur‘ adı verilmiştir. 3. Belirli bir mâna için konmuş lafzın bir alâka sebebiyle başka bir mânada mecazi olarak kullanılmasının örfî hakikat haline gelecek biçimde yaygınlık kazanması ve böylece sonraki nesillere her iki mânada da hakikat olarak intikal etmesi (Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, I, 42; Zekiyyüddin Şa‘bân, s. 360-361).
Dilde müşterek kelimelerin varlığını kabul eden âlimlerin tartıştığı meselelerden biri de bir kelimenin zıt mânalar için konulup müşterek hale gelmesi hususudur. Bazı âlimler iştirakin birlik, tezadın ise birbirinden ayrışma ve farklılaşmayı icap ettireceği gerekçesiyle buna karşı çıkarken bazıları bu durumda birlik ve farklılaşmanın tek bir yönden olmayıp birinin lafız/mahal, diğerinin mâna yönünden olduğunu, dolayısıyla ortada teâruzu gerektirecek bir durum bulunmadığını söylemişlerdir (Tehânevî, I, 778; bu konuda örnekler için bk. Gazzâlî, I, 32). Değişik mânalara vaz‘ın kaynağının farklı diller ve farklı kişiler olabilmesi yanında lafzın biri dil, diğeri din (şer‘) tarafından iki farklı (hakiki-mecazi) mânaya konulması halinde buna müşterek adının verilip verilmeyeceği de tartışılan meseleler arasında yer alır (Tehânevî, I, 777; Ali Haydar Efendi, s. 162).
Usulcüler, müşterekin hükmü konusunu incelerken önce lafızlarda müşterek olmamanın esas alınması, dolayısıyla bir lafzın müşterek olma ve olmama ihtimali varsa ikinci ihtimalin tercih edilmesi gerektiğini belirtirler. Bir kelimenin müşterek olduğunun anlaşılması halinde öncelikle iki durum birbirinden ayırt edilmelidir: 1. Eğer nasta yer alan lafız sözlük anlamı ve dinî terim anlamı arasında ortak ise aksi yönde karîne bulunmadığı sürece dinî terim anlamının kastedildiğine hükmedilir. Meselâ salât kelimesi sözlükte “dua” mânasına gelmekle birlikte dinî terim olarak Türkçe’de namaz denilen ibadeti ifade eder. Belirtilen kurala göre Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de geçen salât lafızlarının aksi yönde karîne bulunmadıkça namaz olarak anlaşılması gerekir. Buna karşılık Ahzâb sûresinin 56. âyetinde fiil kalıbında geçen salât lafzı Resûlullah’ı anma bağlamında kullanıldığından sözlük anlamında yorumlanır. 2. Eğer lafız, dinî terim anlamı söz konusu olmadan iki veya daha fazla mâna arasında müşterek ise sîga üzerinde inceleme yapmak ve konuya açıklık getirecek başka deliller araştırmak suretiyle ictihad edilir (M. Edîb Sâlih, II, 138-141). Tercihi gerektiren delil veya karîne bulunmadıkça müşterekin hükmü, delâlet ettiği mânalardan herhangi birinin tercih edilmeyip (tevakkuf edilip) kendisiyle kastedilenin hak olduğuna inanmaktır (Debûsî, s. 104; Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, I, 162; Fahreddin er-Râzî, I, 105-107; Zekiyyüddin Şa‘bân, s. 307). İnceleme ve araştırma sonucunda mânalarından biri tercihe şayan bulunursa artık diğer mânaları dikkate alınmaz. Böylece lafız müştereklikten çıkar ve “müevvel” adını alır. Bütün inceleme ve araştırmalara rağmen bununla kastedilen mâna anlaşılamazsa müşterek lafız mücmele dönüşür. Mücmel ise ancak sözün sahibinin (mücmil) açıklamasıyla anlaşılabilir (Bihârî, I, 203; Abdülvehhâb Hallâf, s. 327).
Müşterekin mânalarından biri tercih edilemediği zaman bu mânaların her birinin kastedilmiş sayılıp sayılmayacağı (umûmü’l-müşterek) konusu usul eserlerinde geniş biçimde tartışılmıştır. İmam Şâfiî’ye nisbet edilen ve birçok Şâfiî ve Mu‘tezile âlimince benimsenen görüşe göre bu mânaların hepsinin birden kastedilmesi mümkündür. İmam Ebû Hanîfe’ye nisbet edilen ve başta Kerhî olmak üzere Hanefîler’in çoğunluğuyla bazı Şâfiî ve Mu‘tezile âlimleri tarafından savunulan görüş ise aksi istikamettedir. Usul eserlerinde bazı âlimlere bu konuda iki yönde de görüş izâfe edildiği görülmektedir. Bu arada mecaz-hakikat ayırımı yaparak mecazen ve olumsuz-olumlu ayırımı yaparak olumsuz ifade içinde umûmü’l-müştereki kabul edenler de vardır. Şevkânî, müşterekin her bir anlamının ayrı bir vaz‘ ile konulmuş olması ve bir kelimenin aynı anda birkaç mânaya birden delâletinin tam ve kâmil olmaması sebebiyle müşterekin umumu bulunmadığına dair görüşü tercihe şayan bulur (İrşâdü’l-fuḥûl, s. 46-48; bu görüşler ve gerekçeleri için ayrıca bk. Cessâs, I, 76-78; İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî, I, 343; Gazzâlî, II, 71; Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, s. 343-345; Fahreddin er-Râzî, I, 102; Bihârî, I, 201).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Lisânü’l-ʿArab, “şrk” md.; Tehânevî, Keşşâf, I, 776-780; Cessâs, el-Fuṣûl fi’l-uṣûl (nşr. Uceyl Câsim en-Neşemî), Küveyt 1405/1985, I, 76-79; Debûsî, Taḳvîmü’l-edille fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh (nşr. Halîl Muhyiddin el-Meys), Beyrut 1421/2001, s. 94-95, 104; Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî, el-Muʿtemed (nşr. Muhammed Hamîdullah), Dımaşk 1385/1965, II, 922; İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî, el-Burhân fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh (nşr. Abdülazîm ed-Dîb), Devha 1399, I, 343; Pezdevî, Kenzü’l-vüṣûl, I, 38; Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, el-Uṣûl (nşr. Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Efgānî), Haydarâbâd 1372 → Beyrut 1393/1973, I, 124, 126-127, 162-163; Gazzâlî, el-Müstaṣfâ, Kahire 1322, I, 31-33; II, 71; Alâeddin es-Semerkandî, Mîzânü’l-uṣûl , s. 337-347; Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Maḥṣûl , Beyrut 1408/1988, I, 96-110; İbnü’l-Hâcib, Muḫtaṣarü’l-Müntehâ, Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 111-114; Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, Keşfü’l-esrâr, İstanbul 1307, I, 42; Sadrüşşerîa, et-Tavżîḥ fî ḥalli ġavâmizi’t-Tenḳīḥ (Teftâzânî, et-Telvîḥ içinde), Kahire 1377/1957, I, 32-33, 66-67; Zerkeşî, el-Burhân, II, 207-208; Bihârî, Müsellemü’s̱-s̱übût (Gazzâlî, el-Müstaṣfâ içinde), Kahire 1322, I, 198-203; Şevkânî, İrşâdü’l-fuḥûl (nşr. Ebû Mus‘ab M. Saîd el-Bedrî), Beyrut 1412/1992, s. 42-48; Ali Haydar Efendi, Usûl-i Fıkıh Dersleri, İstanbul 1966, s. 162-165; Abdülvehhâb Hallâf, İslâm Hukuk Felsefesi: İlmü uṣûli’l-fıkh (trc. Hüseyin Atay), Ankara 1973, s. 325-328; Fahrettin Atar, Fıkıh Usûlü, İstanbul 1988, s. 201-203; M. Edîb Sâlih, Tefsîrü’n-nuṣûṣ fi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî, Beyrut 1404/1984, II, 133-156; Ferhat Koca, İslâm Hukuk Metodolojisinde Tahsis, İstanbul 1996, s. 75-77, 138-140; Zekiyyüddin Şa‘bân, İslâm Hukuk İlminin Esasları (trc. İbrahim Kâfi Dönmez), Ankara 2004, s. 307, 360-363.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 172-174 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.