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MÜTEVEKKİL-ALELLAH, Ca‘fer b. Muhammed Skip to content Ebü’l-Fazl el-Mütevekkil-Alellāh Ca‘fer b. Muhammed el-Mu‘tasım el-Hâşimî el-Abbâsî (ö. 247/861)
Abbâsî halifesi (847-861).
Şevval 206’da (Mart 822) Bağdat yakınlarındaki Femüssılh’ta doğdu. Babası Halife Mu‘tasım-Billâh, annesi Türk asıllı bir hanım olan Şücâ‘dır. Halifeliğinden önceki hayatına dair yeterli bilgi bulunmayan Mütevekkil’in 227 (842) yılında hac emîri olarak Mekke’ye yaptığı yolculuk dışında başşehir Sâmerrâ’dan ayrılmadığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Halife Vâsiḳ-Billâh veliaht tayin etmeden vefat edince Abbâsî tarihinde ilk defa devlet erkânı yeni halifeyi seçmek için toplandı. Kādılkudât İbn Ebû Duâd, Vezir İbnü’z-Zeyyât Muhammed b. Abdülmelik, aralarında İnâk et-Türkî ve Vasîf’in de bulunduğu Türk kumandanları ile diğer devlet görevlilerinin katıldığı toplantıda Vâsiḳ’ın oğlu Muhammed’in hilâfet makamına getirilmesi kararlaştırıldı. Fakat küçük yaşta olması itirazlara yol açtı. Vasîf ve diğer Türk kumandanlarının destekleri sonucu Vâsiḳ-Billâh’ın kardeşi Ca‘fer, Mütevekkil-Alellah lakabıyla halife ilân edildi (24 Zilhicce 232 / 11 Ağustos 847).
Mütevekkil, ilk iş olarak Vâsiḳ-Billâh zamanında halifeyi kendisine karşı kışkırtan Vezir İbnü’z-Zeyyât’ı azletti. Ardından yolsuzlukla suçlanan bazı divan başkanlarıyla çeşitli devlet görevlilerinin işlerine son verdi. Büyük miktarlara ulaşan mal varlıklarının müsadere edilmesini emretti. İlk zamanlarında devlet işlerini bizzat takip eden Mütevekkil 233 (848) yılı sonlarında vezirliğe Muhammed b. Fazl el-Cercerâî’yi getirdi. Bir süre sonra onun yerine Türk asıllı Ebü’l-Hasan İbn Hâkān’ı tayin etti (236/850). Mütevekkil, daha sonra Halife Me’mûn’un başlatıp Mu‘tasım ve Vâsiḳ-Billâh’ın devam ettirdiği siyasî, dinî ve fikrî politikalarda değişikliklere yöneldi. Otoritesini güçlendirmek için devlet içindeki nüfuzlu unsurlarla mücadeleye girişti, halkı memnun eden bir politika takip etti. Bu da yeni bir siyasî-dinî eğilimle kendini gösterdi. Bu doğrultuda önce Mu‘tezilî siyasete karşı çıkarak devletin ve toplumun gündemindeki halku’l-Kur’ân’la ilgili dinî tartışmaları ve Mu‘tezile’nin görüşünü benimsemeyenler üzerinde uygulanan baskıyı sona erdirdi (bk. MİHNE). Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğu konusundaki tartışmalar yasaklandı. Mihnenin tam anlamıyla ortadan kalkması Başkadı Ebü’l-Velîd Muhammed’in görevinden azledilmesiyle gerçekleşti (237/851-52). Mütevekkil bu tarihten sonra muhafazakâr Sünnî âlimlerinin hâmisi oldu. Mihne sebebiyle tutuklu bulunanları serbest bıraktı. Mu‘tezile’nin ileri gelenlerinden Kādılkudât İbn Ebû Duâd’ı uzaklaştırıp yerine Yahyâ b. Eksem’i getirdi. Sünnîliğin yaygınlaştırılmasına çalıştı. Mihne döneminde muhalefetin âdeta öncülüğünü yapmış olan Ahmed b. Hanbel’e yakınlık gösterdi, Hanefî âlimlerini önemli görevlere getirdi.
Türk kumandanlarının nüfuzundan rahatsızlık duyan halifenin bu husustaki ilk icraatı İnâk et-Türkî’yi bertaraf etmek oldu. İnak hac dönüşü Bağdat’ta düzenlenen bir suikast sonucu öldürüldü (235/849). Mütevekkil aynı yıl üç oğlu Müntasır, Mu‘tez ve Müeyyed’i sırayla veliaht tayin etti. Bu tayindeki maksadını etraflıca açıkladığı uzun bir ahidnâme çıkarttı (Taberî, IX, 176-180). Siyasî ve sosyal faaliyetleri ve müslümanlara karşı davranışları sebebiyle halktan gelen yoğun şikâyetler üzerine zimmîlerle ilgili sınırlayıcı birtakım kararlar aldı (235/850, 239/853).
Öte yandan diğer Abbâsî halifeleri gibi Mütevekkil de Hz. Ali evlâdına karşı şiddet ve baskı politikası uyguladı. Bu hususta aşırı tavırlarıyla dikkat çeken halife Ali b. Cehm, şair Şâmî, İbn Lüey, Ömer er-Ruhhacî, Vezir Ubeydullah b. Yahyâ gibi Hz. Ali ve evlâdına karşı nefret hisleriyle dolu kişileri önemli görevlere getirdi. Ali evlâdı aleyhinde şiir söyleyen şairlere ihsanlarda bulundu. Hz. Ali ile sürekli alay etti ve Ali evlâdının her hareketinden şüphe duydu. Fedek arazisini Ali evlâdından geri alarak yakınlarından birine iktâ etti. Hz. Ali ve evlâdına sevgisiyle tanınan edip İbnü’s-Sikkît’i işkenceyle öldürttü (244/858). Mütevekkil döneminde Ali evlâdına karşı gerçekleştirilen baskıcı uygulamalardan ilki ve en önemlilerinden biri onuncu imam Ali el-Hâdî’nin Sâmerrâ’ya sürülerek göz hapsinde tutulmasıdır. Ali evlâdından Muhammed b. Muhammed’i Rey’deki faaliyetlerinden dolayı Horasan Valisi Abdullah b. Tâhir yakalatarak hapse attırdı ve Muhammed hapiste öldü; aynı şekilde Yahyâ b. Ömer el-Hüseynî tutuklanıp Bağdat’ta hapsedildi (235/849-50). 236 (850-51) yılında Hz. Hüseyin’in türbesinin ve etrafındaki yapıların yıkılmasını, kabrin bulunduğu arazinin bahçe haline getirilmesini ve halkın burayı ziyaret etmesine engel olunmasını isteyen halife, aynı yıl Mısır Valisi İshak b. Yahyâ’ya emir verip Mısır’da bulunan Ali evlâdının Medine’ye sürülmesini emretti. Daha sonra Mısır’daki Ali evlâdı ikinci bir sürgüne tâbi tutuldu (242/856). Ali evlâdından sevilen bir isim olan Kāsım b. Abdullah b. Hüseyin de Medine’den Sâmerrâ’ya götürülüp zehirletilerek öldürüldü. Zeydî liderlerinden Ahmed b. Îsâ el-Hüseynî takibata uğrayınca halifenin ölümüne kadar gizlenmek zorunda kaldı (247/861). Halifenin bu politikasından Ahmed b. Hanbel de nasibini aldı ve Ali evlâdından birini sakladığı ithamıyla evi arandı. Ali evlâdından Muhammed b. Sâlih’in Medine yakınlarında Süveyka’daki isyanı Ebü’s-Sâc kumandasındaki birlikler tarafından bastırıldı. Rey, Taberistan ve diğer bölgelerdeki küçük çaplı hareketler de önlendi.
Mütevekkil’in hilâfet dönemi barış içinde geçmekle beraber zaman zaman sınır eyaletlerinde bazı isyanlar meydana geldi. Bunların ilki 234 (848-49) yılında Azerbaycan’da İbn Buays tarafından başlatıldı. Boğa es-Sagīr bölgeye gönderilerek isyan bastırıldı (235/849-50). Mütevekkil’i meşgul eden ayaklanmaların en tehlikelisi 237’de (852) İrmîniye’de patlak verdi. Ermeni beyleri vali ile beraberindeki askerleri öldürdüler. İsyanın büyümesi üzerine Mütevekkil, Boğa el-Kebîr’i büyük bir orduyla bölgeye sevketti. Boğa el-Kebîr dört yıl boyunca bölgede kaldı ve karışıklıkları tamamen önledi. Doğu Sudan’daki Nûbe’de Beceliler 241 (855-56) yılında antlaşmayı bozarak bölgedeki müslümanlara yönelik saldırılarını arttırdılar. Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Kummî kumandasında gönderilen büyük bir ordu Beceliler’i ağır zayiata uğrattı ve onlarla yeniden antlaşma yapıldı.
Mütevekkil Bizans’a karşı seferleri sürdürdü. Sınır bölgelerindeki İslâm kara ordusunun gücünü anlayan Bizans, özellikle Girit’e yapılan yardımları kesmek amacıyla 238’de (853) büyük bir deniz filosuyla âni olarak Mısır sahillerinde Dimyat’a saldırdı. Bu saldırıdan sonra Mütevekkil sahillerdeki önemli merkezlere kaleler inşa edilmesini emretti. Sugūr Valisi Ali b. Yahyâ 239 (853-54) yılından itibaren Bizans topraklarına seferler düzenleyip iç kısımlara kadar ilerledi. 241’de (855-56) iki devlet arasında esir mübadelesi yapıldı. Aynı yıl Bizans Suriye sınır hattındaki Aynizerbâ’ya saldırdı. Bunun üzerine Ali b. Yahyâ Şam sınırından Bizans topraklarına girdi. Mütevekkil Bizans’a kış seferine de çıkılmasını emretti. Harekete geçen Boğa el-Kebîr Orta Anadolu’daki Samâlû’yu fethetti (244/858). Sugūr birliklerinin artan saldırıları üzerine Bizans 245’te (859) esir değişimi istedi. Ancak bu talepten kısa bir süre sonra Sümeysât’a saldırdı. Bu saldırıya karşı Ali b. Yahyâ harekete geçip Bizans hâkimiyetindeki Lü’lüe Kalesi’ni (bugün Ulukışla yakınlarında) teslim aldı. Aynı yıl Fazl b. Kārin kumandasındaki donanma Bizans’ın Akdeniz’de faal bir ticaret limanı olan Antalya Kalesi’ni zaptetti. Deniz kuvvetlerine ağırlık veren Mütevekkil, donanmayı Suriye sahil şehirlerine yerleştirip buralarda harekâta hazırlıklı deniz birlikleri meydana getirdi.
Türk kumandanlarının nüfuzunu kırmak için Mütevekkil, başşehrini Arap unsurun ağırlıklı olarak bulunduğu Dımaşk’a nakletmeyi kararlaştırdı. Bu maksatla veziri Ubeydullah b. Yahyâ, başmüşaviri Feth b. Hâkān el-Fârisî ve diğer görevlilerin bulunduğu kalabalık bir heyetle Sâmerrâ’dan ayrılıp Safer 244’te (Mayıs 858) Dımaşk’a geldi. Başşehrin Dımaşk’a nakli ordudaki Türk birlikleri arasında huzursuzluğa yol açtı. Türk askerleri Irak’a dönmek için gösteri yapmaya başladılar. Diğer taraftan Mütevekkil Dımaşk’ın iklimine uyum sağlayamadı, ordunun da yoğun baskısı üzerine aynı yıl Sâmerrâ’ya dönmek zorunda kaldı. Türk kumandanları ile arasındaki ihtilâfın büyümesi üzerine Sâmerrâ yakınlarında Ca‘feriye (Mütevekkiliye) adını verdiği şehrin inşasını emreden Mütevekkil kısa süre sonra buraya taşındı (246/860). Arap, Fars ve diğer unsurlardan oluşan yeni askerî birlikler kurdu. Bu unsurlar arasındaki çekişmeden faydalanarak hepsini kontrol altında tutmayı hedeflemekteydi. Ancak bu durum kriz dönemlerinde daha yıkıcı hizip kavgalarını doğurdu.
Mütevekkil’in Türkler’e yönelik politikası ve veliaht tayin ettiği oğullarına karşı hissî ve yanlış tutumu onun öldürülmesinin başlıca sebebi oldu. Büyük oğlu Müntasır’a veliaht tayininde ilk sırayı verdiği halde daha sonra saray entrikalarının tesiri ve Müntasır’la aralarındaki görüş ayrılığından dolayı ikinci sıradaki Mu‘tezz’i öne almayı kararlaştırdı. Veliahtlıktan çekilmeyi kabul etmeyen Müntasır Türk kumandanları ile iş birliği yapma yolunu seçti. Mütevekkil, Türk kumandanlarının Müntasır’la beraber düzenlediği suikast sonucu Ca‘ferî sarayında öldürüldü (4 Şevval 247 / 11 Aralık 861). Aynı gün sarayda defnedilen Mütevekkil’in yerine Müntasır-Billâh geçti. Mütevekkil’in katli İslâm tarihinde bir halifeye karşı muhafız birlikleri tarafından işlenen ilk cinayettir. Onun katliyle halifelerin siyasî nüfuzları yanında mânevî nüfuzları da zayıflamaya başladı. Bu olay, bir asırdan fazla bir süredir iktidarda bulunan güçlü Abbâsî hükümdarlarının hızlı bir şekilde gerilemelerinin başlangıcını teşkil etmiştir.
Mütevekkil dönemi ilmî ve kültürel açıdan parlak bir devir olmuş, önceki dönemlerde büyük gelişme gösteren tercüme hareketinin ardından yoğun bir telif devri başlamıştır. Mütevekkil’in dinî konulardaki tartışmaları yasaklaması sonucu Mu‘tezile kelâmcılığı ve felsefe alanındaki çalışmaların canlılığını kaybetmesine karşılık hadis alanındaki çalışmalar hızlanmış, pek çok muhaddis onun desteğini görmüştür. Zünnûn el-Mısrî, Hâtim el-Esam, Muhâsibî, Bâyezîd-i Bistâmî gibi zâhid ve sûfîler Mütevekkil zamanında yaşamıştır. Onun saray hekimleri ve nedimleri arasında yer alan Buhtişû‘ b. Cebrâil, Huneyn b. İshak, Yuhannâ b. Mâseveyh, Ali b. Rabben et-Taberî gibi şahsiyetler tercüme, tedris ve telif faaliyetleriyle tıbbî gelişmelere önemli katkılarda bulunmuşlardır. Edebiyattan anlayan ve şiir yazdığı bilinen Mütevekkil’in âlimlere, edip ve şairlere yüksek miktarlarda hediyeler verdiği kaydedilmektedir. İbnü’s-Sikkît, Ebû Osman el-Mâzinî, Müberred onun ihsanlarına mazhar olanlardan bazılarıdır. Feth b. Hâkān el-Fârisî, İbrâhim b. Abbas es-Sûlî gibi üst düzey devlet görevlileri edebiyatta dönemin tanınmış simalarındandı. Câhiz ve İbn Kuteybe gibi çok yönlü müellifler sarayın himayesini görmüş, Belâzürî saray danışmanları içinde yer almıştır. Buhtürî, Ali b. Cehm, Mervân b. Ebü’l-Cenûb, Hüseyin b. Dahhâk gibi pek çok ünlü şair Mütevekkil’in nedimleri arasına girmiş ve onun politikalarını desteklemiştir. Mûsiki ile de ilgilenen Mütevekkil mûsiki ustalarının en büyük destekçisi olmuştur. Büyük mûsiki nazariyecilerinden İshak el-Mevsılî, öğrencisi Amr b. Bâne, As‘as, Ebû Haşîşe, İbnü’l-Hafsî ve Ahmed b. Sadaka onun nedimlerinden bazılarıdır.
Siyasî rakiplerine karşı acımasız olan Mütevekkil halka âdil ve hoşgörülü davranmaya özen göstermiş, bu konuda devlet görevlilerini uyarmış, halkın menfaatine olan muamelelerde kendisine danışılmamasını, halkın aleyhine bir durum söz konusu olduğu takdirde mutlaka kendisine bildirilmesini emretmiştir. Vergi konusunda da birtakım düzenlemeler yapmış, mahallî ve kamerî takvimler yerine güneş takvimine geçerek vergi dönemini hasat mevsiminin arkasına almıştır. Devlet gelirlerinin büyük bir kısmını oluşturan haraç vergisinin ödeme zamanının hasat sonrasına alınması çiftçilere vergilerini ödeme konusunda büyük bir kolaylık sağlamıştır.
Mimariye yeni bir üslûp geliştirecek kadar yakın ilgi duyan Mütevekkil giriştiği büyük çaptaki imar faaliyetleriyle başşehir Sâmerrâ’yı genişletmiş, burada günümüze kadar ayakta kalabilen meşhur Sâmerrâ Ulucamii ile yirminin üzerinde saray ve köşk inşa ettirmiştir. Sâmerrâ yakınlarında kendi adıyla anılan bir şehir kuran Mütevekkil, Mekke su yollarındaki büyük çaplı ıslah çalışmalarında bulunmuş, Kâbe’nin onarımı ve tezyinatına önem vermiştir. 247 (861) yılında Nil’in mevsimlere göre su seviyesini ölçmek ve yıllık su taşmalarını hesaplamak için yeni bir mikyas (nilometre) inşa ettirmiştir.
Kaynaklarda son derece cömert bir kişi olarak tanıtılan Mütevekkil devlet hazinesini ölçüsüz şekilde kullanmış, inşa ettirdiği binalar için büyük meblağlara ulaşan harcamalar yapmış, saraylarda düzenlediği muhteşem ziyafetler ve şairlere verdiği câize ve bağışlar devlet hazinesini tükenme noktasına getirmiştir. Sarayında içki ve eğlence meclisleri tertip etmiş, onun döneminde sarayda oyun, eğlence ve mizah bir hayli yaygınlaşmış, yakınları ve halk da bu hususlarda onu takip etmiştir. Latife ve nüktelerden hoşlanan, kendisi de nüktedan biri olan Mütevekkil nevruz merasimlerinden büyük keyif alır, oyunculara ve halka para dağıtırdı. İbnü’n-Nedîm, satranç hakkında ilk defa eser yazan Adlî ve Râzî’nin Mütevekkil’in huzurunda satranç oynadıklarını kaydeder.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 212-214 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.