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MUTLAK Skip to content Kayıtlanmamış lafız anlamında fıkıh usulü terimi.
Kur’an ve hadis metinlerinin yorumu konusunda fıkıh usulünde geliştirilen terminoloji içinde önemli bir yere sahip olan mutlak ve mukayyed lafzın delâletinin vasıf, şart, zaman, mekân gibi kayıtlarla sınırlandırılmış olup olmadığını belirten bir kavram çiftidir. Mutlak için “gayri muayyen bir ferdi veya fertleri gösteren ve herhangi bir sıfatla kayıtlanmış olmayan lafız”, mukayyet için de “gayri muayyen bir ferdi veya fertleri gösteren ve herhangi bir sıfatla kayıtlanmış olan lafız” şeklinde bir tanım verilebilir. Meselâ “adam, kitap, öğrenci” kelimeleri mutlak iken bunlara “imanlı adam, dürüst adamlar, kıymetli kitap, el yazması kitaplar, terbiyeli öğrenci, çalışkan öğrenciler” şeklinde bazı kayıtlar konduğunda mukayyet olur. Gerek mutlak gerekse mukayyet için yapılan bazı tanımlarda mahiyete delâlet etme unsuruna ağırlık verilir. Fahreddin er-Râzî bunu şöyle açıklar: “Her şeyin bir hakikati (mahiyeti) vardır, bu hakikatten farklı mâna taşıyan unsurlar ise ondan başka bir şeydir. Meselâ insana sadece insan olmasından dolayı insan denilmiştir. Her ne kadar insan mefhumu tek veya çok olmasından ayrı düşünülemezse de insanın tek veya çok olması ya da olmaması onun hakikatinden ayrı mefhumlardır. Dolayısıyla sadece mahiyet belirtmek üzere bir şeyin hakikatine delâlet eden ve bu hakikatin ister olumlu isterse olumsuz kayıtlarından herhangi birine delâlet etmeyen lafza mutlak adı verilir” (el-Maḥṣûl, I/2, s. 520-521). Bazı tanımlarda ise mutlak için “kendi cinsinde şâyi olma”, mukayyet için de “şâyi olmama” unsuru öne çıkar. Buradaki “cinsinde şâyi olan” kaydı ile özel isimler, belirli ve bütün fertlerini içine alan lafızlar tanım dışı bırakılmış, böylece mutlakın şüyû, şümulsüzlük ve tahsis edilmemiş olma özelliklerini taşıması gerektiğine dikkat çekilmiştir. Şüyû “lafzın, cinsinin fertleri arasında yaygın olması ve medlûlünün mahiyet ve hakikatinden belirli olmayan bir ferdi veya fertleri göstermesi” demektir. Şümulsüzlük şartı mutlakı bütün fertlerini içine alan âm lafızdan ayırmaktadır. Tahsis edilmemekten maksat ise mutlakın bazı fertlerinin tahsis edildiğine dair herhangi bir karînenin bulunmamasıdır (Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, III, 5; Ali Haydar Efendi, s. 140-141).
Mutlakın Âm ile İlişkisi. Mutlak kavramıyla ilgili en önemli tartışma konularından biri, onun lafzın mânaya vaz‘ı bakımından yapılan âm ve hâs ayırımı içindeki yeri meselesidir. İstiğrak ve şümul değil sadece bedelî bir şüyû özelliği taşıdığı gerekçesiyle Hanefî usul âlimleri mutlakı hâs kapsamında değerlendirirken kelâmcı metodunu benimseyen usulcüler yaygınlık (şüyû) özelliğinin kısmen şümul ve umum mânası taşıması sebebiyle onu âm lafız içerisinde veya hemen ondan sonra incelemişlerdir. Şevkânî âmmın umumunun şümûlî, mutlakın umumunun ise bedelî olduğuna dikkat çekerek şu açıklamayı yapar: “Şümûlî umum küllîdir ve fertlerinin tamamını birden kapsar, bedelî umum ise küllî olmakla beraber içerdiği fertlerin hepsine birden değil her birine ayrı ayrı delâlet eder ve bir defada yalnızca yaygın bir ferdi içine alır” (İrşâdü’l-fuḥûl, s. 114).
Bu görüş ayrılığının sonucu olarak Hanefî usulcüleri mutlakın takyidinin âmmın tahsisinden farklı olduğunu söylerken çoğunluk takyidin “mutlakın umumunu tahsis etmek” anlamına geleceğini ileri sürmüştür. Hanefî usulcülerine göre tahsis âmmın dışında bir hüküm getirmez, âmmın sadece tahsis yapılan kısmı kapsadığını beyan eder. Dolayısıyla tahsis ihraç, takyid ise ispat ifade etmektedir. Serahsî tahsisin lafzın zâhiri itibariyle içine aldığı şeylerde kullanıldığını, takyidin ise takyid olmasaydı asla lafzın kapsamına girmeyecek şeylerde söz konusu olduğunu söylemiştir (el-Uṣûl, II, 83). Abdülazîz el-Buhârî de tahsiste asıl lafız ile (âm) amel olunurken takyidde asıl olan mutlakla değil mukayyetle amel olunduğuna işaret etmiştir (Keşfü’l-esrâr, III, 198). Öte yandan Hanefîler’e göre takyid nassa ziyade niteliği taşır ve mânen nesih anlamına gelir. Bu sebeple mutlak ile mukayyedin tarihleri bilinmezse aralarında çatışma söz konusu olur, tarih bilinmesi halinde ise sonra gelen mukayyet önce gelen mutlakı nesheder (Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, II, 84; Abdülazîz el-Buhârî, III, 111). Hanefîler’in takyidi nassa ziyade ve nesih olarak nitelemesi, tahsisle nesih arasında tesbit ettikleri farkların (Koca, s. 121-124) tahsisle takyid arasında da mevcut olduğunu kabul etmeleri anlamına gelir. Bunun pratik sonuçlarından biri, zannî olduğu için haber-i vâhid ile kati olan mütevâtir nassın takyidinin câiz görülmemesidir. Yine Hanefîler, kıyasla mutlakın kayıtlanmasını da (mukayyede yorulması) doğru bulmaz. Çünkü nassa ziyade olan takyid nesih anlamındadır, Kur’an’ın kıyasla neshi câiz değildir. Hanefîler’in takyid hakkındaki bu yaklaşımları, namazda Fâtiha’nın rükün sayılması gibi haber-i vâhidle sabit olan bazı hükümleri reddetmelerine sebep olmuştur (Şemsüleimme es-Serahsî, II, 84).
Başta Şâfiîler olmak üzere çoğunluğu oluşturan usulcüler ise takyid yapılınca mukayyedin dışındaki şeylerin mutlakın umumundan çıkarıldığını, dolayısıyla takyidin mutlakın umumunu tahsis etmek anlamına geleceğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. İmâmü’l-Haremeyn el-Cüveynî, tahsisi müsemmeyâtın bazı fertlerine kasrı ve mutlakın takyidi şeklinde iki kısma ayırmıştır. Ona göre mutlak âmdır ve âm için geçerli olan şeyler mutlak için de geçerlidir (el-Burhân, I, 439). Bu gruba giren bazı usulcüler mukayyedin mutlakın beyanı olduğunu ve onunla mutlaktan neyin kastedildiğinin açıklandığını (Ebû İshak eş-Şîrâzî, I, 417; İbnü’l-Hâcib, II, 155-156), bazıları ise tahsis delilleri hakkında söylediklerinin takyid için de geçerli olduğunu (Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, III, 6; Şevkânî, s. 167) ifade etmiş, hatta Hasan b. Muhammed el-Attâr âmmın tahsisiyle mutlakın takyidi arasında herhangi bir fark olmadığını söylemiştir (Ḥâşiyetü’l-ʿAṭṭâr, II, 59). Diğer taraftan Şâfiî usulcülerine göre, mutlakı mukayyede yormak ihtiyat prensibiyle hareket etmek demektir. Çünkü şâriin sadece mutlak emre itibar edeceği hususunda kesinlik yoktur. Bu sebeple mükellefin mukayyetle de amel etmesi gereklidir (Emîr Pâdişah, I, 332). Onlara göre mukayyetteki ziyade nesih değil teşrî‘ kılınan hükmün iyice yerleştirilmesi ve başka bir unsurun ona eklenmesidir (Ebû İshak eş-Şîrâzî, I, 421, 428). Bu yaklaşımın sonucu olarak Şâfiîler, Hanefîler’in aksine haber-i vâhid ve kıyasla mütevâtir nasların takyid edilebileceğini savunur (a.g.e., I, 420; Fahreddin er-Râzî, I/3, s. 217, 542-544; Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, III, 156). İbnü’l-Hümâm ve Şevkânî, hükmü beyan etmenin iptal etmekten daha kolay ve tercihe lâyık olduğu gerekçesiyle takyidin nesih değil beyan olduğu yönündeki görüşü daha isabetli bulmuşlardır (et-Taḥrîr, I, 331; İrşâdü’l-fuḥûl, s. 165).
Hükmü. Bir nasta mutlak olarak yer alan bir lafız başka bir nasta mukayyet olarak gelmemişse mutlak haline göre amel edilir ve takyidine dair delil bulunmadıkça takyid edilmesi doğru olmaz. Meselâ ramazan ayında hastalık veya yolculuk sebebiyle orucunu tehir eden kişinin tutamadığı oruçları kazâ etmesiyle ilgili âyette geçen (el-Bakara 2/185) “günler” kelimesi -aynı konuda olmak üzere- başka bir nasta mukayyet olarak (“peş peşe” kaydıyla) zikredilmemiştir. Bundan çıkan sonuç, böyle bir kimsenin tutamadığı günlere karşılık kazâ edeceği günleri peş peşe tutma mecburiyetinin olmadığıdır. Bir nasta mutlak olarak gelmekle beraber takyidine dair delil bulunan mutlak lafza ise Nisâ sûresinin 11. âyetinde geçen vasiyet kelimesi örnek verilebilir. Burada vasiyet belirli bir miktarla kayıtlanmış olmamakla birlikte Hz. Peygamber’in, malının tamamını vasiyet etmek isteyen Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās’ı bundan meneden hadisinde “üçte bir” kaydı yer almıştır (Müslim, “Vaṣiyyet”, 5, 7, 8). Bu delilden âyetteki vasiyetten maksadın üçte birle sınırlı olduğu sonucu çıkmaktadır. Mutlakla ilgili bu hüküm Mecelle’de, “Mutlak ıtlakı üzre câri olur. Eğer nassan yahut delâleten takyid delili bulunmaz ise” şeklinde ifade edilmiştir (md. 64). Ayrıca Mecelle’nin 1414, 1415, 1474, 1483, 1494, 1498. maddeleri konuya dair çeşitli atıflar içermektedir.
Öte yandan bir nasta mukayyet olarak yer alan bir lafız başka bir nasta mutlak olarak geçmemişse kayıtlı haline göre amel edilir ve kaldırıldığına dair delil bulunmadıkça bu kaydın dikkate alınması gerekir. Taşıdığı kaydın kaldırıldığına dair delil bulunmayan mukayyede zıhâr kefâretiyle ilgili âyette geçen (el-Mücâdile 58/4) “peş peşe iki ay oruç tutma” ifadesi örnek gösterilebilir. Buradaki “peş peşe” kaydını kaldıran başka bir delil bulunmadığından takyide göre amel edilecek ve zıhâr kefâretinde aralıklı olarak oruç tutulması bu borcun düşmesine yeterli sayılmayacaktır. Kaydın kaldırıldığına dair delil bulunan mukayyet için de şöyle bir örnek verilebilir: “Kendileriyle birleştiğiniz karılarınızdan olup evlerinizde bulunan üvey kızlarınız (ile evlenmek size haram kılındı)” (en-Nisâ 4/23) âyetinde geçen “üvey kızlar” ifadesi “evlerinizde bulunan” şeklinde kayıtlanmıştır. Fakat aynı âyetin devamında “eğer onlarla (üvey kızlarınızın anneleriyle) zifafa girmemişseniz -evlenmenizde- beis yoktur” denilerek bir erkeğin nikâhladığı fakat zifafa girmediği kadının kızıyla evlenmesinin yasak olmadığı ifade edilmiştir. Buradan, “evlerinizde bulunan” kaydının genellikle karşılaşılan durumu belirttiği ve özel bir yasaklık hükmü getirmediği anlaşılmaktadır. Zira üvey kızın kişinin evinde ve gözetiminde olması haramlık sebebi olsaydı helâlliği gösteren cümlede “zifafa girmemişseniz ve evlerinizde de değilse” denirdi (Zekiyyüddin Şa‘bân, s. 271-272). Mecelle’nin 1420, 1423, 1470, 1471, 1473, 1479, 1484, 1495, 1501. maddelerinde mukayyedin takyidiyle amel etme konusunda çeşitli hükümler yer almaktadır.
Mutlakın Mukayyede Hamli. Yukarıda belirtilen durumlar dışında aynı lafzın bir nasta mutlak iken başka bir nasta mukayyet olarak bulunması ihtimali vardır ki bu durumda mukayyetten çıkan anlamın esas alınmasına “mutlakın mukayyede hamli” denir. Bu konuda önce ıtlak ve takyidin hükmün sebebinde ve hükmün kendisinde olması ihtimallerini birbirinden ayırt etmek gerekir. 1. Sebepte Itlak ve Takyid. Itlak ve takyid hükmün sebebindeyse ve hüküm her iki nasta aynı ise Hanefîler’e göre mutlak mukayyede hamledilmez, her iki nasla ayrı ayrı amel edilir; diğer fakihlere göre ise mutlak mukayyede hamledilir. Meselâ Hz. Peygamber’den gelen sadaka-i fıtr vecîbesiyle ilgili bir rivayette -din kaydı taşımaksızın- kişinin velâyeti altında bulunanlar için de fitre vermesi istendiği halde başka bir hadiste velâyeti altında bulunan müslümanlar için verileceği belirtilmektedir (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ, “Zekât”, 52; Müsned, V, 432; Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, II, 406). Bu nasların ikisinde de hüküm aynıdır, yani sadaka-i fıtrın vâcip oluşudur. Itlak ve takyid ise hükmün sebebindedir; bu da mükellefin nafakası ile yükümlü bulunduğu ve üzerinde tam bir velâyet hakkına sahip olduğu kişilerdir. Naslardan birinde bu kişiler için müslüman olma kaydı geçtiği halde diğerinde böyle bir kayıt bulunmamaktadır. Böyle durumlarda mutlakın mukayyede hamledilmeyeceği ve her biriyle ayrı ayrı amel edileceği kuralını benimseyen Hanefîler’e göre bir müslüman, müslüman olsun veya olmasın nafakası ile mükellef olduğu ve üzerinde tam bir velâyet hakkına sahip bulunduğu kişilerin sadaka-i fıtrını ödemekle yükümlüdür. Diğer mezheplere göre ise burada mutlakın mukayyede göre yorumlanması gerekir, dolayısıyla bir müslüman ancak nafakası ile mükellef olduğu ve velâyet hakkına sahip bulunduğu müslüman kişilerin sadaka-i fıtrını vermekle yükümlü olur (Zekiyyüddin Şa‘bân, s. 272-273). 2. Hükümde Itlak ve Takyid. Itlak ve takyid hükmün kendisinde ise hüküm ve hükmün dayandırıldığı sebebin aynı ya da farklı olmasına göre şu durumlar söz konusu olabilir: a) Her iki nasta hüküm ve hükmün dayandırıldığı sebebin bir olması halinde mutlakın mukayyede hamledileceği hususunda ittifak vardır. Meselâ haram kılınan yiyeceklerle ilgili bir âyette kan kelimesi mutlak olduğu halde (el-Mâide 5/3) diğerinde “akıtılmış kan” şeklinde kayıtlandırılmıştır (el-En‘âm 6/145). Her iki âyette hüküm kanın yenilip içilmesinin haramlığı, hükmün sebebi de kan yeme ve içmenin zararlı olmasıdır. Bu durumu dikkate alan âlimler, 1. âyetteki mutlak lafzı 2. âyetteki mukayyet lafza hamletmiş ve haram kılınan kanın akıtılmış kan olduğu, hayvanın etinde, damarlarında, ciğerinde ve yüreğinde kalan akıtılmamış kanın ise haram olmadığı sonucuna varmıştır. b) Hükümler ve hükümlerin dayandırıldığı sebeplerin farklı olması halinde mutlakın mukayyede hamledilemeyeceği hususunda ittifak edilmiştir. Meselâ hırsızlık yapana verilecek ceza ile ilgili âyette el kelimesi mutlak iken (el-Mâide 5/38) abdest âyetinde aynı kelime “dirseklere kadar” şeklinde kayıtlanmıştır (el-Mâide 5/6). Bu iki âyetin hükümleri de (kesme cezası, yıkama farîzası) bu hükümlerin sebepleri de (hırsızlık suçu, namaz iradesi ve hazırlığı) farklıdır. Dolayısıyla bu iki nas arasında hüküm ve sebep bakımından herhangi bir bağ bulunmadığı için mutlak mukayyede hamledilmeyip her biriyle ayrı ayrı amel edilir. c) Hükümlerin farklı, dayandırıldıkları sebebin bir olması halinde de mutlakın mukayyede hamledilemeyeceği hususunda görüş birliği vardır. Abdest ve teyemmüm âyetlerinde geçen “el(ler)” kelimesi bu duruma örnek gösterilebilir. Teyemmüme dair âyette bu kelime mutlak geçtiği halde (en-Nisâ 4/43) abdestle ilgili âyette “dirseklere kadar” şeklinde kayıtlanmıştır (el-Mâide 5/6). İki nasta yer alan hükümlerin dayandırıldığı sebep (namaz iradesi ve hazırlığı) bir olmakla beraber hükümler farklı olup birincisinde meshetmenin, ikincisinde yıkamanın farziyeti ifade edilmektedir. Bu durumda mutlakın mukayyede hamledilemeyeceği hususunda âlimler ittifak etmiştir. Ancak teyemmümle ilgili çeşitli hadislerde “eller” kelimesi “dirsekler” veya “avuçlar, el bilekleri” ile kayıtlanmıştır (örnek olarak bk. Buhârî, “Teyemmüm”, 5, 7). Buna göre hüküm ve sebep bir olduğu için Kur’an’ın mutlak nassı mukayyet sünnetle kayıtlanmış, yani teyemmümde kolların tamamının değil bir kısmının meshedilmesi yeterli görülmüştür. d) Hükmün bir fakat hükmün dayandırıldığı sebeplerin farklı olması halinde Hanefîler’e göre mutlak mukayyede hamledilemez, çoğunluğa göre ise hamledilir. Meselâ zıhâr kefâretiyle ilgili âyette mutlak olarak bir köleyi hürriyete kavuşturmaktan söz edilirken (el-Mücâdile 58/3) hata ile adam öldürme fiilinin kefâreti hakkındaki âyette “mümin bir köle âzat etme” ifadesi kullanılmıştır (en-Nisâ 4/92). Her iki âyetin hükmü köle âzat etmenin gerekliliğidir; ancak birinde hükmün sebebi zıhâr, ikincisinde hata ile adam öldürme fiilidir. Bu örnekte Hanefîler’e göre mutlakın mukayyede hamledilmemesi, âyetlerin her biriyle ayrı ayrı amel edilmesi gerekir. Dolayısıyla onlara göre zıhâr kefâretinde mümin olmayan kölenin âzat edilmesi geçerli olur, çünkü ilgili nas mutlaktır; hata ile adam öldürme kefâretinde ise mümin olmayan kölenin âzat edilmesi kefâret vecîbesini düşürmez, zira bu konudaki nas “mümin” kaydı ile kayıtlanmıştır. Hanefîler’in dışındakilere göre ise hata ile adam öldürme kefâretinde olduğu gibi zıhâr kefâretinde de âzat edilecek kölenin mümin olması şarttır (Zekiyyüddin Şa‘bân, s. 274-278).
Mutlakın mukayyede yorulmasını câiz gören usul âlimleri bunun için takyide engel bir delilin bulunmaması, takyid dışında mutlakla mukayyet arasını birleştirmenin mümkün olmaması, mukayyet nasta içerdiği kaydın niçin konulduğunu belirten ilâve bir açıklamanın yer almaması, mutlakın mubahlık ifade eden alanlarla ilgili olmaması ve mukayyedin yasaklama ve olumsuzluk içermemesi gibi şartlar ileri sürmüşlerdir (bunlara dair görüş ayrılıkları için bk. Şevkânî, s. 166-167).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 31. cildinde, 402-405 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.