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MÜTTAKĪ-LİLLÂH Skip to content Ebû İshâk İbrâhîm el-Müttakī-Lillâh b. Ca‘fer el-Muktedir-Billâh el-Abbâsî (ö. 357/968)
Abbâsî halifesi (940-944).
Halife Muktedir-Billâh’ın oğludur. Kardeşi Halife Râzî-Billâh’ın vefatının ardından hilâfet makamına getirildi (20 Rebîülevvel 329 / 23 Aralık 940). Halifeliğinde önemli rol oynayan Emîrülümerâ Beckem et-Türkî’nin bir av sırasında katledilmesi (21 Receb 329 / 21 Nisan 941) ve ordusundaki Deylemli askerlerin Türkler’le ihtilâfa düşerek Basra’ya gidip Berîdîler’e katılmaları Müttakī-Lillâh’ı zor durumda bıraktı. Ebû Abdullah el-Berîdî, Vâsıt’a hâkim olduktan sonra Bağdat üzerine yürüyerek şehri ele geçirdi (12 Ramazan 329 / 10 Haziran 941). Müttakī de Ebû Abdullah el-Berîdî’yi vezirliğe getirmeye mecbur oldu. Resmen emîrü’l-ümerâ tayin edilmemekle birlikte fiilen bu görevi de üstlenen Ebû Abdullah tehditlerle askerlerinin maaşları için halifeye 500.000 dinar ödetti. Bu durum Bağdat’taki Türk ve Deylemli askerlerin isyan etmesine sebep oldu. Berîdîler bu isyan ve halkın tepkisi sonucu yaklaşık bir ay sonra Bağdat’ı terketmek zorunda kaldılar.
Müttakī-Lillâh, Berîdîler’in ayrılmasından sonra Deylemli kumandanlardan Kür Tegin’i emîrülümerâlık makamına getirdi. Ardından Türk askerlerinin tepkisi üzerine Dımaşk’a kaçmış olan İbn Râiḳ’i çağırıp emîrü’l-ümerâ tayin etti (26 Zilhicce 329 / 21 Eylül 941). Berîdîler meselesini çözmek için teşebbüse geçen İbn Râiḳ, Vâsıt’a yürüyünce Berîdîler şehri boşaltıp Basra’ya çekildiler. Bu olaydan sonra taraflar arasında yapılan görüşmelerde anlaşma sağlandı. Berîdîler Bağdat’a her yıl 600.000 dinar ödemeyi kabul ettiler. Ardından Tüzün ve Nûştegin gibi ileri gelen Türk kumandanları Bağdat’ta İbn Râiḳ’e karşı isyana teşebbüs ettiler (2 Rebîülâhir 330 / 25 Aralık 941), Vâsıt’a giderek Berîdîler’e katıldılar. İbn Râiḳ kumandasındaki Abbâsî ordusu Türkler ve Deylemliler’den oluşan Berîdî ordusu karşısında yenilgiye uğradı (20 Cemâziyelâhir 330 / 12 Mart 942). Savaştan sonra Halife Müttakī, İbn Râiḳ ile birlikte Hamdânîler’den yardım istemek üzere Musul’a gitti. Abbâsî tarihinde ilk defa bir halife Bağdat’ı terketmiş oluyordu. Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Berîdî’nin Bağdat’a girişi karışıklığa ve çatışmalara sebep oldu, hilâfet sarayı yağmalandı, halifenin akrabalarından birçok kişi katledildi. Berîdî ordusundaki Deylemli askerler şehri yağmalayıp halkın evlerine yerleştiler. Deylemliler ile halk arasında birçok çatışma meydana geldi ve şehirde kıtlık baş gösterdi.
Bağdat’ta bu olaylar cereyan ederken Hamdânîler, Halife Müttakī’ye destek vermeyi kararlaştırdılar. Fakat tam bu sırada İbn Râiḳ, Musul Hamdânî Emîri Hasan b. Abdullah b. Hamdân tarafından bir suikastla ortadan kaldırıldı (21 Receb 330 / 11 Nisan 942). Halife, desteğine ihtiyaç duyduğu Hamdânî Emîri Hasan’ı “Nâsırüddevle” lakabını vererek emîrü’l-ümerâ tayin etti; ona ve kardeşi Ali’ye hil‘at giydirdi (1 Şâban 330 / 21 Nisan 942). İbn Râiḳ’in öldürülmesinin ardından Bağdat’ta Berîdîler’in hizmetindeki Türk askerleri Musul’a giderek Halife Müttakī-Lillâh ile birleştiler (15 Ramazan 330 / 3 Haziran 942).
Halife Müttakī-Lillâh, Hamdânîler ve Türk kumandanlarının desteğinde Bağdat’a girdi. Nâsırüddevle de fiilen emîrülümerâlık görevine başladı (Şevval 330 / Haziran-Temmuz 942). Kısa bir süre sonra Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Berîdî’nin yeniden Bağdat’a yürümesi üzerine Nâsırüddevle, Medâin’den kardeşi Ali kumandasında bir ordu sevketti. Berîdîler, Vâsıt’ı boşaltıp Basra’ya çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. Halife Müttakī, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Hamdân’a Berîdîler karşısında kazandığı zaferden dolayı “Seyfüddevle” unvanını verdi.
İktidarın mutlak sahibi olmaya çalışan Nâsırüddevle saray mensuplarının harcamalarını iyice kıstı, Halife Müttakī ve annesinin mâlikânelerini ellerinden alarak kendine mal etti. Ağır vergiler ve veba gibi salgın hastalıklar yüzünden Bağdat’ta halkın durumu kötüleşti. Şehirde güvenlik yeterince sağlanamadığı için hırsızlık olayları çoğaldı ve yer yer şehirden göç başladı.
Türk askerleri üzerinde otorite sağlamada yeterince başarılı olamadığını gören Nâsırüddevle emîrülümerâlık görevini bırakarak Bağdat’tan ayrıldı (4 Ramazan 331 / 12 Mayıs 943). Bu olayın ardından Tüzün’e bağlı kuvvetler Bağdat’a karşı yürüyüşe geçtiler. Halife, Tüzün’ü durdurduğu takdirde Seyfüddevle’yi kardeşinin yerine emîrü’l-ümerâ tayin etmeye hazır olduğunu söyledi ve kendisine 400.000 dirhem gönderdi. Ancak Seyfüddevle, Tüzün’ün Bağdat’a yaklaşmasıyla başşehirden ayrıldı, Tüzün de kolayca Bağdat’a girdi. Halife Müttakī’nin artık onu emîrü’l-ümerâ tayin etmekten başka çaresi kalmadı (6 Şevval 331 / 13 Haziran 943). Büveyhî Emîri Muizzüddevle 331’de (942-43) Basra’ya, ertesi yıl Vâsıt’a askerî harekât düzenlediyse de Tüzün sayesinde bu girişimi sonuçsuz bıraktı.
Tüzün, bir süre sonra halifenin hiç hoşlanmadığı İbn Şîrzâd’ı kendi nâibi sıfatıyla Bağdat’a gönderdi. Bu durum, başta Vezir Ebü’l-Hasan Ali İbn Mukle olmak üzere hilâfet sarayındaki bir kısım sivil ve askerî yetkililer tarafından Tüzün’ün Berîdîler’le ittifak içinde halifeye karşı tertibe kalkışacağının bir işareti olarak değerlendirildi. İbn Şîrzâd tarafından hal‘edilip Berîdîler’e teslim edileceğine inandırılan Halife Müttakī-Lillâh, yanında ailesi ve devlet erkânı olduğu halde Bağdat’ı ikinci defa terkederek Musul’a gitti ve Hamdânîler’in yardımına başvurdu. Tüzün hemen harekete geçip Hamdânîler’in başşehri Musul’u ele geçirince Hamdânîler Nusaybin’e kadar geri çekilmek zorunda kaldılar (332/944). Musul’un zaptından sonra Tüzün, Nâsırüddevle’ye başvurarak halifenin kendisine teslim edilmesini istedi. Endişeye kapılan halife Nâsırüddevle’nin yanından ayrılıp Rakka’ya gitti. Burada İhşîdîler ve Sâmânîler’den yardım istedi.
Rakka’da Hamdânîler’in kendisine zorluk çıkarması ve ülkeden ayrılmasını ima eden davranışlarda bulunması Müttakī’yi Tüzün ile iyi ilişkiler kurmaya zorladı ve bu maksatla Tüzün’e bir elçi gönderdi. Tüzün, halifeye isyan etmiş bir kişi gibi görünmekten kurtulmak ve Büveyhîler gibi mevcut durumdan yararlanmak isteyen rakiplerine fırsat vermemek için teklifi hemen kabul etti (Zilhicce 332 / Ağustos 944). Tüzün ile müzakerelerin devam ettiği bir sırada Rakka’ya gelen İhşîdî Emîri Muhammed b. Tuğc, halifeye Suriye veya Mısır’a gelmesi halinde kendisine her konuda destek olacağını söyledi. Müttakī Tüzün ile anlaşmaya vardığı için İhşîdî emîrinin teklifini kabul etmedi ve bir süre sonra Bağdat’a dönmek üzere yola çıktı. Bağdat yakınlarında Tüzün tarafından karşılandı. Ancak Tüzün anlaşma şartlarına uymayıp bir hile ile onu kendi karargâhına götürdü ve orada bulunan Müktefî-Billâh’ın oğlu Ebü’l-Kāsım’a (Müstekfî-Billâh) biat etmesini söyledi. Müttakī bu teklifi reddedince gözlerine mil çektirdi ve onu hilâfetten hal‘edip Müstekfî-Billâh’ı halife ilân etti (3 Safer 333 / 25 Eylül 944). Hilâfetten uzaklaştırıldıktan sonra yirmi beş yıl tutuklu olarak yaşayan Müttakī-Lillâh Şâban 357’de (Temmuz 968) vefat etti ve Bağdat’ın batısındaki Harîmüttâhirî’de defnedildi.
Müttakī-Lillâh döneminde iç karışıklıklardan yararlanıp Urfa’ya kadar gelen Bizanslılar burada bir kilisede bulunan, Hz. Îsâ’ya ait bir eşyanın kendilerine verilmesi için halifeye başvurdular. Müttakī, fukahanın görüşünü aldıktan sonra müslüman esirlerin serbest bırakılması karşılığında bu talebin yerine getirilmesine karar verdi (332/943-44). Emîrü’l-ümerânın devlet hayatındaki yeri Müttakī-Lillâh zamanında yaşanan gelişmelerle iyice belirginleşti. Halifenin nisbî güçsüzlüğü, ayrıca vezirliğin giderek sembolik bir makam haline gelmesi, emîrü’l-ümerânın kâtibinin resmen değilse de fiilen vezirin yerini alması sonucunu doğurdu.
Aşırı Şiîler (Râfizîler) karşısında geleneksel Abbâsî politikasını sürdüren Müttakī-Lillâh döneminde mutedil Şiîler için bazı olumlu gelişmelerin meydana geldiği görülmektedir. Meselâ Şiîler’in Halife Muktedir-Billâh zamanında yıktırılan Bağdat’ın Kerh semtindeki Berâsâ Camii, Râzî-Billâh devrinde Emîrülümerâ Beckem tarafından yeniden inşa ettirilmeye başlanmış ve Müttakī-Lillâh döneminde tamamlanarak hizmete açılmıştır (İbnü’l-Cevzî, VI, 317). Şiîler’e karşı düşmanlıklarıyla tanınan bir kısım aşırı Hanbelîler’in hareketleri sınırlandırılmış ve Berâsâ Camii’ni yeniden yıkma ve Şiî mahallelerine saldırı girişimlerine engel olunmuştur (Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî, s. 198). Diğer taraftan Büveyhîler zamanında ayrı bir kurum halinde gelişecek olan Alevî nakibliğinin Abbâsî nakibliğinden ayrılması yolunda ilk adımlar Müttakī-Lillâh zamanında atılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Ebû Bekir es-Sûlî, Aḫbârü’r-Râżî-Billâh ve’l-Müttaḳī-Lillâh (nşr. J. Heyworth-Dunne), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 186-285; Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd), IV, 339-354; İbn Miskeveyh, Tecâribü’l-ümem, II, 2-3, 9-30, 37-45, 47-51, 55, 67-76; el-ʿUyûn ve’l-ḥadâʾiḳ fî aḫbâri’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ (nşr. Ömer es-Saîdî), Dımaşk 1972, IV, 351-388, 399-411; Muhammed b. Abdülmelik el-Hemedânî, Tekmiletü Târîḫi’ṭ-Ṭaberî (Taberî, Târîḫ [Ebü’l-Fazl], XI içinde), s. 324-349; İbnü’l-İmrânî, el-İnbâʾ fî târîḫi’l-ḫulefâʾ (nşr. Kāsım es-Sâmerrâî), Leiden 1973, s. 168-174; İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam, VI, 316-319, 325-326, 330-331, 338-339, 382-383; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil, VIII, 368-369, 371-385, 396-401, 404-409, 411-412, 418-419; İbnü’t-Tıktakā, el-Faḫrî, s. 254-255; G. le Strange, Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate, Oxford 1924, s. 156, 195; D. Sourdel, Le vizirat ʿAbbāside de 749 à 936 , Damas 1960, II, 493-494; İbrâhim Selmân el-Kürevî, el-Büveyhiyyûn ve’l-ḫilâfetü’l-ʿAbbâsiyye, Küveyt 1402/1982, s. 151-167; W. Muir, The Caliphate its Rise, Decline and Fall, London 1984, s. 567, 569, 571; Hasan İbrâhim, İslâm Tarihi, II, 377-385; Fehmî Abdülcelîl Mahmûd, “el-Üsretü’l-Ḥamdâniyye ve devrühâ fî müsânedeti’l-ḫilâfeti’l-ʿAbbâsiyye”, Nedvetü’t-târîḫi’l-İslâmî (Câmiatü’l-Kāhire Külliyyetü’l-ulûm), Kahire 1410/1990, VIII, 169-192; Ahmet Güner, Büveyhîler’in Şiî-Sünnî Siyaseti, İzmir 1999, s. 130; K. V. Zetterstéen, “Müttakî”, İA, VIII, 865; a.mlf. – [C. E. Bosworth], “al-Muttakī Li’llāh”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 800.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 223-224 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.