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MUVAFFAK el-ABBÂSÎ Skip to content Ebû Ahmed Muhammed (Talha) el-Muvaffak-Billâh en-Nâsır-Lidînillâh b. Ca‘fer el-Mütevekkil-Alellāh el-Abbâsî (ö. 278/891)
Abbâsî hânedanının en nüfuzlu şahsiyetlerinden, Mu‘temid-Alellah’ın hilâfet nâibi.
2 Rebîülevvel 229 (29 Kasım 843) tarihinde doğdu (Hatîb, II, 127). Babası Abbâsî Halifesi Mütevekkil-Alellah, annesi Ümmü İshak diye bilinen Rum asıllı câriye Eshar’dır. Babasının 247’de (861) Türk asıllı kumandanlar tarafından öldürülmesine şahit oldu. Tarih sahnesine ilk defa Halife Müstaîn-Billâh (862-866) ile Mu‘tez-Billâh (866-869) arasındaki mücadele sırasında çıktı. Müstaîn, Türk kumandanları Vasîf ve Boğa es-Sagīr ile birlikte Sâmerrâ’dan gizlice Bağdat’a gidince Sâmerrâ’yı terketmek istemeyen Türkler, Mu‘tez-Billâh’ı halife ilân ettiler (5 Muharrem 251 / 6 Şubat 865). Mu‘tez-Billâh Müstaîn’i halifelikten çekilmeye zorlamak amacıyla kardeşi Ebû Ahmed el-Muvaffak kumandasındaki büyük bir orduyu Bağdat’a gönderdi. Şehir uzun süre kuşatıldı. Bağdat’ı korumakla görevli olan Tâhirî Emîri Muhammed b. Abdullah, Muvaffak ile anlaşıp Müstaîn’i halifelikten azletmeye karar verdi. Baskılar neticesinde Müstaîn halifeliği Mu‘tezz’e devretti. Muvaffak’ın gayretleriyle 4 Muharrem 252 (25 Ocak 866) tarihinde Mu‘tez-Billâh adına hutbe okundu. Ancak Mu‘tez altı ay sonra kardeşleri Muvaffak’ı ve Müeyyed’i hapsettirdi. Muvaffak 253’te (867) Basra’ya sürüldü, oradan da Bağdat’a gönderilerek şehrin doğu yakasındaki Kasr-ı Dînâr’da ikamete mecbur edildi (İbnü’l-Esîr, VII, 183). Halife Mu‘tez-Billâh’ın kendi isteğiyle hilâfetten çekildiğini açıklaması üzerine Mühtedî-Billâh halife ilân edilince (Şâban 255 / Temmuz 869) kumandanlar ve halk ayaklanıp Ebû Ahmed el-Muvaffak’ı halife ilân etmek istediler. Ancak Muvaffak bu teklifi kabul etmedi ve Mühtedî’ye biat edildi. Mühtedî’nin 15 Receb 256 (18 Haziran 870) tarihinde hilâfetten uzaklaştırılıp öldürülmesiyle Mu‘temid-Alellah hilâfet makamına getirildi (870-892). Mu‘temid-Alellah halife oluşunun hemen ardından o sırada Mekke’de sürgünde bulunan kardeşi Ebû Ahmed el-Muvaffak’ı Sâmerrâ’ya getirtti.
Mühtedî döneminde 26 Ramazan 255 (7 Eylül 869) tarihinde Ali evlâdından olduğunu iddia ederek Batîha’da ve Dicle yöresinde etrafına topladığı Zencîler’le ayaklanan Sâhibüzzenc Ali b. Muhammed ez-Zencî Übülle, Abadan ve Ahvaz’dan sonra Abbâsî kuvvetlerini mağlûp ederek Basra’yı ele geçirdi ve binlerce müslümanı katletti, her tarafı tahrip ve yağma etti (257/871) (Taberî, IX, 663). “Ba‘de harâbi’l-Basra” (iş işten geçtikten sonra) sözü bu olay üzerine darbımesel haline gelmiştir. Bunun üzerine Halife Mu‘temid-Alellah 257’de (871) Kûfe, Tarîkimekke, Haremeyn, Yemen, Bağdat, Sevâd, Vâsıt, Dicle yöresi, Basra, Ahvaz ve Fars’ı (İbnü’l-Esîr, VII, 241), ertesi yıl da Mısır, Kınnesrîn, Avâsım ve Diyârımudar’ı iktâ ettiği Muvaffak’ı Müflih adlı kumandanıyla birlikte Zencîler üzerine gönderdi. Yapılan savaşta Müflih hayatını kaybetti. Zencî kumandanlarından Yahyâ b. Muhammed esir alındı ve Sâmerrâ’ya götürülüp öldürüldü (258/872).
Halife Mu‘temid-Alellah 12 Şevval 261’de (20 Temmuz 875) oğlu Ca‘fer’i Mufavvaz-İlallah lakabıyla birinci veliaht, kardeşi Ebû Ahmed’i de Muvaffak (bazı kaynaklarda Muvaffak-Billâh) ve Nâsır-Lidînillâh lakaplarıyla (a.g.e. , VII, 277-278) ikinci veliaht ilân edip Meşrik valiliğine tayin etti. Ayrıca Bağdat, Sevâd, Kûfe, Tarîkimekke ve Medine, Yemen, Kesker, Dicle yöresi, Ahvaz, Fars, İsfahan, Kum, Kerec, Dînever, Rey, Zencan ve Sind’i kendisine iktâ edip biri beyaz, diğeri siyah iki sancak verdi. Eğer kendisi oğlu Ca‘fer ergenlik çağına gelmeden ölürse yerine Muvaffak geçecek, Ca‘fer de onun veliahdı olacaktı (Taberî, IX, 514; İbnü’l-Esîr, VII, 277-278). Bu karar yazıya geçirilerek bir nüshası Kâbe’ye asılmak üzere Mekke’ye gönderildi (Taberî, IX, 514).
Bu sırada Muvaffak’ın Ya‘kūb b. Leys es-Saffâr ile uğraşmasını fırsat bilen Zencîler, Batîha ve civarını yağmalayıp Bağdat’ı tehdit eder hale gelince Mu‘temid-Alellah, Muvaffak’ı tekrar Zencîler’le savaşa memur etti. Muvaffak da Ahvaz, Basra ve Dicle yöresini Mesrûr el-Belhî adlı kumandanına iktâ edip onu öncü birliklerin başında Zencîler üzerine gönderdi. Daha sonra kendisi de yola çıkacaktı, ancak Ya‘kūb b. Leys’in isyanı buna engel oldu. Zencî isyanı Abbâsî Devleti adına ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmaya devam ediyordu. Bu sebeple Muvaffak, Safer 267’de (Eylül 880) Zencîler’le savaşmak üzere Vâsıt’a hareket etti, ardından oğlu Ebü’l-Abbas da bölgeye gitti. Muvaffak bir ay sonra Vâsıt’a ulaştı ve oğlu Ebü’l-Abbas tarafından karşılandı. Yapılan savaşta Zencîler ağır bir yenilgiye uğratıldı; pek çoğu öldürüldü. Zencîler’le mücadeleye devam eden Muvaffak, Sâhibüzzenc Ali b. Muhammed’in karargâhının bulunduğu Muhtâre şehrini ele geçirdi (Zilhicce 269 / Haziran 883). Zencîler’e son darbeyi 3 Muharrem 270’te (13 Temmuz 883) vuku bulan savaşta indirdi. Abbâsî Devleti’ni 255 (869) yılından itibaren yaklaşık on beş yıl meşgul eden ve ağır kayıplara yol açan Ali b. Muhammed’in 2 Safer 270’te (11 Ağustos 883) öldürülmesiyle Zencî isyanı da son bulmuş oldu (a.g.e. , IX, 663). Bir rivayete göre Muvaffak’a Nâsır-Lidînillâh lakabı Zencîler karşısındaki başarısından dolayı verilmiştir (İbnü’l-İmrânî, s. 137).
Muvaffak’ı meşgul eden en önemli olaylardan biri de Saffârîler’in kurucusu Ya‘kūb b. Leys’in Sîstan’a hâkim olduktan sonra Abbâsîler’in idaresindeki Fars’ı da işgale kalkışmasıydı. Onun 257’de (871) Fars’ı ele geçirmesinden rahatsız olan Halife Mu‘temid-Alellah bu meselenin halledilmesi işini de Muvaffak’a bıraktı. Muvaffak, Ya‘kūb b. Leys’e bir mektup yazarak Belh, Tohâristan, Sicistan ve Sind’i kendisine iktâ edeceğini bildirdi, karşılığında da Fars’tan uzaklaşmasını istedi, o da teklifi kabul edip geri döndü (İbnü’l-Esîr, VII, 247). Ancak ardından Nîşâbur’u ele geçirerek Tâhîrîler hânedanını ortadan kaldırdı. Horasan valiliğinin kendisine verilmemesi üzerine de Ahvaz ve Vâsıt yoluyla Bağdat’a yöneldi. Bu sırada Bağdat’ta bulunan Muvaffak hemen yöreden gelen tüccarları çağırıp Horasan, Cürcân, Taberistan, Rey ve Fars bölgesine ilâveten Bağdat valiliğinin de Ya‘kūb’a verildiğini söyledi. Ancak Ya‘kūb halifenin sarayına girmedikçe hiçbir teklifi kabul etmeyeceğini bildirdi ve ileri harekâta devam edip Askerimükrem’den Vâsıt’a, oradan Bağdat’a 50 mil mesafedeki Deyrülâkūl’e hareket etti. Muvaffak, Abbâsî kuvvetleriyle Ya‘kūb’un üzerine yürüdü ve savaş Ya‘kūb’un ağır yenilgisiyle sonuçlandı. Ya‘kūb’un yanında esir tutulan Muhammed b. Tâhir esaretten kurtarıldı ve Bağdat sâhibü’ş-şurtalığına tayin edildi (a.g.e. , VII, 326). Ya‘kūb’un 14 Şevval 265’te (9 Haziran 879) ölümü üzerine yerine geçen kardeşi Amr, Halife Mu‘temid’e itaat arzedince Muvaffak, Horasan, Fars, İsfahan, Sicistan, Sind ve Kirman’ı ona iktâ etti (Taberî, IX, 545), Bağdat sâhibü’ş-şurtalığını da ona verdi.
Zencî isyanının yol açtığı otorite boşluğundan yararlanan Tolunoğulları hânedanının kurucusu Ahmed b. Tolun hâkimiyet sahasını genişletmek için fırsat kolluyordu. Muvaffak onun yayılmacı politikasından haberdar olmakla beraber Zencîler’e karşı kendisinden askerî ve malî yardım beklediği için doğrudan müdahale etmekten çekiniyordu. Ahmed b. Tolun’un 1.200.000 dinar yardım göndermesine rağmen Muvaffak bunu yeterli bulmadı ve kendisine ağır ifadeler içeren bir mektup yazdı. Ayrıca Mûsâ b. Boğa el-Kebîr kumandasındaki büyük bir orduyu Mısır’a sevketti. Bu ordu Rakka’da bir süre bekledikten sonra geri döndü (259/873). Muvaffak, Ahmed b. Tolun’a karşı oğlu Abbas’ı isyana teşvik etti. Bu isyanı bastıran Ahmed b. Tolun kendi adına sikke bastırıp Muvaffak’a meydan okudu. Muvaffak da Suriye Valisi Lü’lü’yü kendi saflarına çekmeyi başardı, fakat bu defa Ahmed, Halife Mu‘temid’i Muvaffak’ın nüfuzundan kurtarmak için Mısır’a gelmeye ikna etti. Muvaffak bunu haber alınca Musul Valisi İshak b. Kündacık’a mektup yazarak halifenin Mısır’a intikaline engel oldu. Halife Sâmerrâ’ya getirildikten sonra Muvaffak, Ahmed b. Tolun’u Mısır valiliğinden azletti (262/876), ancak bu emir fiilen gerçekleşmedi. Buna karşılık Ahmed, Dımaşk ulemâsını toplayıp Muvaffak’ı veliahtlıktan azlettirdi. Mu‘temid, istemeyerek de olsa Muvaffak’ın baskısıyla Ahmed’in hutbelerde tel‘in edilmesini emretti. Mücadeleye devam eden Ahmed b. Tolun, Mekke’ye hâkim olmak için kuvvet sevkettiyse de Muvaffak gerekli tedbirleri aldığından Mısır birlikleri Abbâsî ordusu karşısında yenilip geri döndü. Ahmed b. Tolun’un ölümü üzerine (270/884) yerine geçen Humâreveyh de Suriye’yi hâkimiyeti altında tutmak için Muvaffak ile mücadele etmek zorunda kaldı. Fakat Muvaffak, Muhammed b. Ebü’s-Sâc, İshak b. Kündacık ve oğlu Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed kumandasında gönderdiği kuvvetlerle bütün Suriye’yi ele geçirdi. Ancak Abbâsîler başlangıçta kazandıkları başarıları sürdüremediler ve Humâreveyh ile müttefikleri el-Cezîre ve Musul’a kadar bütün bölgeye hâkim oldular. Tolunoğulları’nın giderek güçlendiğini gören Muvaffak, Humâreveyh ile bir anlaşma yaptı ve Tolunoğulları’nın Mısır’daki hâkimiyetini tanıdı. Ayrıca Suriye, Filistin, Sugūr, Anadolu ve İrmîniye bölgeleriyle el-Cezîre’nin otuz yıl boyunca Tolunoğulları’na bırakılmasını kabul etti.
Muvaffak 276 (889) yılında çıktığı Cibâl bölgesi seferinde nikris hastalığına yakalandı. Daha sonra da fil hastalığına müptelâ olup ayakları şişti. Ata binemediği için bir sedye üzerinde taşınarak Bağdat’a getirildi. Muvaffak burada hastalığının daha da ağırlaşması üzerine emirlerine karşı çıktığından dolayı hapsettiği oğlu Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed’i ölümünden kısa bir süre önce serbest bıraktı. 22 Safer 278 (5 Haziran 891) tarihinde Rusâfe’de el-Kasrü’l-Hasenî’de vefat etti ve annesinin kabrinin yanına defnedildi (Taberî, X, 22; Mes‘ûdî, IV, 228; Hatîb, II, 127). Muvaffak veliaht ilân edildikten sonra, zevk ve eğlenceye düşkün olan Halife Mu‘temid-Alellah’ın hutbe ve sikkelerde isminin zikredilmesinden başka hiçbir yetki ve otoritesi kalmamıştı (İbnü’t-Tıktakā, s. 250). Hilâfet vezirleri de Muvaffak tarafından tayin ediliyordu. Zencî isyanının bastırılmasındaki başarısından dolayı Muvaffak, âdeta Abbâsîler’in ikinci kurucusu gibi düşünülmüş ve kendisine Seffâh es-Sânî lakabı verilmiştir. Adaleti ve güzel ahlâkıyla tanınmıştı; edebiyat, şiir, ensâb, fıkıh ve siyâset ilmine vâkıftı. Fakihler ve diğer din âlimleriyle yakından ilgilenirdi. Mâlikî fakihi Hammâd b. İshak ile Mekke’de bulunduğu sırada yazıştığı bilinmektedir. Çok cesur, heybetli, cömert, kabiliyetli ve halk tarafından çok sevilen bir komutandı. Yeğeni İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, Yahyâ b. Muhammed el-Eslemî ve Yahyâ b. Hâlid b. Mervân gibi şairler onu öven kasideler yazmış (Taberî, IX, 663-665), İbn Bessâm el-Bağdâdî ise onu yeren şiirler kaleme almıştır. İlk sûfîlerden Ebû Bekir eş-Şiblî ile astronomi âlimi Ebû Ma‘şer el-Belhî, Muvaffak’ın himayesine mazhar olmuşlardır. Dil, edebiyat, tefsir ve hadis âlimi İbn Keysân el-Muvaffaḳ fi’n-naḥv , Kûfe dil mektebinin ileri gelenlerinden Ebü’l-Abbas Sa‘leb eş-Şeybânî de el-Muvaffaḳī (fî muḫtaṣari’n-naḥv) adlı eserlerini Muvaffak-Billâh adına kaleme almışlardır. Ensâb âlimi ve tarihçi Zübeyr b. Bekkâr da öğrencisi olan Muvaffak için el-Aḫbârü’l-Muvaffaḳıyyât adıyla bir eser yazmıştır. Zencîler’in lideri Ali b. Muhammed’in karargâh olarak kullandığı Muhtâre şehrinin karşısına Muvaffakıye adlı bir şehir inşa ettiren Muvaffak aldığı tedbirlerle Abbâsî Devleti’nin çöküşünü geciktirmiş, siyasî tehlike ve tehditleri bertaraf etmek için çalışmış, Türk asıllı kumandanların halifelik üzerindeki nüfuzlarını zayıflatmıştır. Babası Mütevekkil-Alellah, kardeşleri Müntasır-Billâh, Mu‘tez-Billâh, Mu‘temid-Alellah, oğlu Mu‘tazıd-Billâh ve torunları Müktefî-Billâh, Muktedir-Billâh ve Kāhir-Billâh hilâfet makamına geçmiştir. BİBLİYOGRAFYA Zübeyr b. Bekkâr, el-Aḫbârü’l-Muvaffaḳıyyât (nşr. Sâmî Mekkî el-Ânî), Bağdad 1416/1996, neşredenin girişi, s. 21-22; Ya‘kūbî, Târîḫ , II, 503, 505, 510; Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl), IX, 514, 545, 663-665, ayrıca bk. İndeks; X, 18, 22, 41; Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd), IV, 199-229; Makdisî, el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , VI, 124-125; Belevî, Sîretü Aḥmed b. Ṭolûn (nşr. M. Kürd Ali), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’s-sekāfeti’d-dîniyye), bk. İndeks; Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , II, 127-128; İbnü’l-İmrânî, el-İnbâʾ fî târîḫi’l-ḫulefâʾ (nşr. Kāsım es-Sâmerrâî), Leiden 1973, s. 15, 121, 137-139; İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam (Atâ), XII, 303-304; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , VII, tür.yer.; İbnü’t-Tıktakā, el-Faḫrî , s. 31, 250, 251, 252, 254; Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb , XXXIII, 327-343; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 169-170; Mahmûd b. Saîd Makdîş, Nüzhetü’l-enẓâr fî ʿacâʾibi’t-tevârîḫ ve’l-aḫbâr (nşr. Ali ez-Züvârî – M. Mahfûz), Beyrut 1988, I, 260-261; G. le Strange, Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate , Oxford 1924, s. 247-248, 325; Hudarî, Muḥâḍarât: ʿAbbâsiyye , s. 303-313; H. Kennedy, The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates , London 1986, s. 174-176, 178-179, 180-182; a.mlf., “al-Muwaffaḳ”, EI2 (İng.), VII, 801; C. E. Bosworth, The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542-3) , Costa Mesa 1994, s. 101, 139-142, 147-149, 155, 159-162, 178, 186, 191, 212-213, 316; Muhammed Sa‘d eş-Şeybânî, Târîḫu’l-ʿIrâḳ , Tunus 1996, s. 37-64; İbrâhim Bâstânî Bârîzî, Yaʿḳūb b. el-Leys̱ eṣ-Ṣaffâr (trc. M. Fethî Yûsuf er-Reyyîs), Kahire, ts. (Dârü’r-râidi’l-Arabî), s. 202-213; A. Popovic, The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq in the 3rd/9th Century (trc. L. King), Princeton 1999; Hakkı Dursun Yıldız, İslâmiyet ve Türkler , İstanbul 2000, s. 197-201, 215, 218, 223; Mustafa Demirci, Siyah Öfke: Ortaçağ İslâm Dünyasında Zencî Kölelerin İsyanı (869-883) , Konya 2005; Saim Yılmaz, Mu‘tazıd ve Müktefi Döneminde Abbâsîler , İstanbul 2006, tür.yer.; M. Tolmacheva, “Zanj”, Dictionary of the Middle Ages (ed. J. R. Strayer), New York 1989, XII, 738-740; Ali Aktan, “Mu‘temid-Alellah, Ahmed b. Ca‘fer”, DİA , XXXI, 388; a.mlf., “Mu‘tez-Billâh”, a.e. , XXXI, 390-391.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 326-328 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.