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MÜZDELİFE Skip to content Hacda Arafat vakfesinden sonra ikinci vakfenin yapıldığı yer.
1/2 Müellif: DURSUN ALİ ŞEKER Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “yaklaşmak; yaklaştırmak” anlamındaki zelf kökünün “iftiâl” kalıbından türeyen müzdelife kelimesi hac mevsiminde Arafat’tan inen insanların t…
2/2 Müellif: MEHMET ŞENER Bölüme Git
Fıkhî Hükümler. Hacıların güneş battıktan sonra Arafat’tan ayrılıp arefe gününü bayram gününe bağlayan geceyi sabah namazı vaktine kadar Müzdelife’de …
Sözlükte “yaklaşmak; yaklaştırmak” anlamındaki zelf kökünün “iftiâl” kalıbından türeyen müzdelife kelimesi hac mevsiminde Arafat’tan inen insanların toplanarak zikir, dua ve vakfe ile Allah’a yaklaşmaları yahut burasının insanları Allah’a yaklaştırmasından dolayı bu mekâna isim olmuştur. Arafat’tan hareketle buraya yaklaşıldığı veya bu yere gelmekle insanların Mina’ya yaklaşmış olmaları yahut aynı kökten zülfe kelimesinin “gecenin başlangıcından bir süre” anlamı taşıması ve gecenin ilk zaman diliminde Arafat’tan buraya gelinmesinden dolayı bu adın verildiği de söylenir. Müzdelife ayrıca Hz. Âdem ile Havvâ burada buluştuğu, insanlar toplanıp bir araya geldikleri, akşam ve yatsı namazları yatsı vakti girdikten sonra birlikte kılındığı için Cem‘ (toplanma, bir araya gelme) diye de isimlendirilmiştir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de anılan Meş‘ar-i Harâm ile (el-Bakara 2/198) Müzdelife’nin mi, yoksa buradaki Kuzah tepesinin mi kastedildiği hususunda farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür (bk. KUZAH ; MEŞ‘AR-i HARÂM ). Müzdelife kelimesi Kur’an’da zikredilmemekle birlikte “zelf” kökünün türevleri sözlük anlamında on âyette (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “zlf” md.) ve muhtelif hadislerde geçmekte, ayrıca mekân ismi olarak Müzdelife ve Cem‘ birçok hadiste anılmaktadır (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “zlf”, “cemʿ” ve “müzdelife” md.leri).
Doğu-batı istikametindeki uzunluğu 4370 m., toplam alanı 963 hektar olan Müzdelife ile Mina arasındaki batı sınırı Muhassir vadisinin doğu çizgisi ve Mudaybi‘ dağı, Arafat’la olan doğu sınırı, buradan Müzdelife’ye doğru uzanan iki dar geçidin çıkış yeriyle bu geçitlere paralel olarak Müzdelife yönüne doğru ilerleyen Dab yolunun geçitlerin çıkış yeri hizasına gelen kısmı, kuzeyde Sebîr dağı, güneyde Zâtüsselim, Zûmerah ve Müzdelife dağları olup bu dağların içe bakan yüzleri Müzdelife’ye dahildir. Günümüzde bu sınırlar işaret levhalarıyla belirlenmiştir.
Hz. İbrâhim’in dinini tahrif eden Câhiliye Arapları kendi anlayışlarına uygun biçimde Kâbe’yi tavaf etmek, hac yapmak, Arafat ve Müzdelife’de vakfeye durmak, kurban kesmek gibi âdetleri sürdürüyorlardı. Kureyş ve müttefiki olan kabileler kendilerini Harem ehli ve Allah’ın dostları sayarak diğerlerinden imtiyazlı görüyorlardı. Bu sebeple vakfeyi Harem sınırları dışında kalan Arafat’ta değil Müzdelife’deki Kuzah tepesinde yapar, Câhiliye âdetlerine göre kurban olduklarının bilinmesi için hayvanların derileri burada çizilmek suretiyle kan akıtılıp işaretlenirdi. Diğer Araplar ise Arafat’ta vakfeye durduktan sonra verilen izinle Müzdelife’ye gelirlerdi. İslâm’dan sonra haccın bir rüknü olan vakfe Arafat’ta, vâcip vakfe ise Müzdelife’de icra edilir oldu. Hz. Peygamber’in uygulaması dikkate alınarak Müzdelife vakfesinin mümkün olduğu ölçüde Kuzah tepesi veya civarında yapılması tavsiye edilmiştir.
Resûl-i Ekrem, Vedâ haccında Arafat vakfesinin ardından Müzdelife’ye gelip Kuzah tepesine yakın bir yere indi. Yatsı vaktinde akşamla birlikte yatsı namazını kıldı. Bu arada hasta ve güçsüz olanların Mina’ya gitmesine izin verdi ve güneş doğmadan şeytan taşlamaya başlamamalarını tembih etti. Fecre kadar dinlendikten sonra erkence kalkıp sabah namazını kıldırdı ve devesine binerek Kuzah tepesine geldi. Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın emri doğrultusunda (el-Bakara 2/198) kıbleye dönüp tekbir ve tehlîl getirdi, dua etti. Ortalık ağarıncaya kadar vakfeyi sürdürdü. Burada hacla ilgili sorulara cevap verdi, Müzdelife’nin her tarafının vakfe yeri olduğunu belirtti. Müzdelife’den ayrılmak için güneşin doğmasını bekleyen Câhiliye Arapları’nın aksine Hz. Peygamber güneş doğmadan Mina’ya hareket etti. Resûl-i Ekrem, Arafat’ta ümmetinin affı için yaptığı duayı Müzdelife’de tekrar etmiş ve ardından gülümsemişti. Bunun sebebi sorulunca duasının Allah tarafından kabul edildiğini ve ümmetinin bağışlandığını öğrenen şeytanın nasıl perişan olduğunu gördüğü için gülümsediğini belirtmiştir (el-Müsned , IV, 14-15; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, V, 118).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “zlf” md..
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “zlf” ve “cmʿa” md..
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “zlf”, “cemʿ”, “müzdelife” md.leri.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “zlf” md..
Müsned , IV, 14-15.
Ezrakī, Aḫbâru Mekke (Melhas) , II, 187 vd.
Fâkihî, Aḫbâru Mekke (nşr. Abdülmelik b. Abdullah b. Dehîş), Mekke 1407/1987, IV, 312 vd.
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , I, 121 vd.; II, 265, 303 vd.; III, 152.
Hattâbî, Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Abdülkerîm İbrâhim el-Azbâvî), Dımaşk 1402/1982, II, 24-25.
Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ , Haydarâbâd 1352, V, 118 vd.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , Kahire 1308, II, 176, 178.
Yâkūt el-Hamevî, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , Beyrut 1977, IV, 341; V, 120, 133, 198.
Nevevî, el-Mecmûʿ , VIII, 128, 130.
a.mlf., Taḥrîru elfâẓi’t-Tenbîh (nşr. Abdülganî ed-Dakr), Dımaşk 1408/1988, s. 155.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Zâdü’l-meʿâd , II, 214, 246, 248, 256, 287.
Fâsî, Şifâʾü’l-ġarâm bi-aḫbâri’l-Beledi’l-ḥarâm (nşr. Ömer Abdüsselâm Tedmürî), Beyrut 1405/1985, I, 493, 504.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , V, 71-74.
İbrâhim Rifat Paşa, Mirʾâtü’l-Ḥaremeyn , Kahire 1344/1925, I, 47 vd., 88, 332.
Abdullah b. Abdurrahman el-Bessâm, “Kitâbü Ḥudûdi’l-meşâʿiri’l-muḳaddese”, Mecelletü Mecmaʿi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî , III/3, Mekke 1987, s. 1577 vd.
Fr. Buhl, “Müzdelife”, İA , VIII, 868-869.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 239 numaralı sayfada yer almıştır.
Fıkhî Hükümler. Hacıların güneş battıktan sonra Arafat’tan ayrılıp arefe gününü bayram gününe bağlayan geceyi sabah namazı vaktine kadar Müzdelife’de geçirmeleri Hanefî ve Şâfiî mezheplerine göre sünnet, Mâlikîler’e göre mendup, Hanbelîler’e göre müstehaptır; belirli bir süre kalarak vakfe yapmak ise bu mezheplere göre vâcip olup haccın bir rüknü değildir. Bir özrü olmadan vakfe yapmayan kimse ceza kurbanı keser. Bu hüküm, “Arafat’tan ayrılıp akın akın indiğinizde Meş‘ar-i Harâm’da Allah’ı zikredin ve O’nu size gösterdiği şekilde anın” meâlindeki âyetle (el-Bakara 2/198), “Kim bizim şu -sabah- namazımızda hazır bulunur, biz ayrılıncaya kadar bizimle birlikte vakfe yapar ve daha önce gece veya gündüz Arafat vakfesini yapmış olursa haccı tamam olur” hadisine (Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 69; Tirmizî, “Ḥac”, 57; Nesâî, “Menâsik”, 211) dayanır. Tâbiîn âlimlerinden Alkame b. Kays, Esved b. Yezîd, Şa‘bî, İbrâhim en-Nehaî ve Hasan-ı Basrî ile bazı Şâfiî fakihleri Arafat’taki vakfe gibi Müzdelife’de de vakfenin rükün olduğunu, yerine getirilmediği takdirde haccın sahih olmayacağını söyler. Nevevî bunların delil olarak gösterdikleri, “Kim Müzdelife’de gecelemezse haccı kaçırmış olur” meâlindeki hadisin sabit olmadığını ve hadis âlimlerince bilinmediğini, ayrıca bundan haccın geçersizliğinin değil tam olarak ifa edilmiş sayılmayacağının anlaşılması gerektiğini belirtmiştir (el-Mecmûʿ , VIII, 134-135, 150; Ebû Mansûr Muhammed b. Mükerrem el-Kirmânî, I, 538).
Hz. Peygamber’in, “Müzdelife’nin her tarafı vakfe yeridir, ancak Muhassir vadisinde durmayın, geçip gidin” sözü dolayısıyla (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḥac”, 166; İbn Mâce, “Menâsik”, 55; krş. Müslim, “Ḥac”, 149; Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 57, 66) Müzdelife’de geceleme veya vakfe yapma buranın sınırları içindeki herhangi bir yerde bulunmakla gerçekleşir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in uygulamasına göre Kuzah tepesinde vakfe yapmak müstehap ise de izdiham yüzünden bu herkes için mümkün değildir; dolayısıyla başkalarına eziyet edip harama girmekten sakınmalıdır.
Hanefîler’e göre vakfenin rüknü Müzdelife denilen mekânda bulunmaktır. Kişi oraya ister bizzat gelsin ister başkası tarafından taşınmış olsun vakfe gerçekleşir. Uykulu veya baygın durumda olmak, niyet edip etmemek, yaptığı ibadetin farkında olup olmamak vakfenin yerine gelmesine engel değildir. Hz. Peygamber’in güneş doğmadan Müzdelife’den ayrılmasını (Müslim, “Ḥac”, 147; Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 59) esas alan Hanefîler’e göre vakfenin zamanı, kurban bayramı günü fecrin doğuşu ile güneşin doğuşu arasındaki zaman dilimidir. Fecir doğmadan önce veya güneş doğduktan sonra yapılan vakfe geçerli sayılmaz. Vakfenin süresiyle ilgili vâcip olan miktar çok az bir zamandır. Sünnet olan ise vakfenin ortalık iyice ağarıncaya kadar devam etmesidir. Sabah namazının fecir doğduğunda alaca karanlıkta kılınması ve vakfenin namazdan sonra yapılması daha faziletlidir.
Şâfiîler ve Hanbelîler bir an bile olsa Müzdelife’de vakfe yapmakla vâcibin yerine geleceğini, hiç durmadan oradan geçip gitmenin bile yeterli olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Bu mezheplere göre vakfenin vakti gece yarısından sonraki zaman dilimidir; bundan önce Müzdelife’ye gelenlerin bu vakte kadar beklemesi vâcip olup daha önce ayrılan ceza kurbanı keser. Kişi, gece yarısından sonra ister bir özür sebebiyle ister özürsüz olarak Müzdelife’den ayrılırsa bir şey gerekmez. Mâlikîler’e göre gecenin herhangi bir anında kısa bir süre konaklamak, akşam ve yatsı namazlarını kılıp bir şeyler yiyip içecek kadar bir süre vakfe yapmak yeterlidir. Fecir doğduğunda alaca karanlıkta sabah namazı kılınması, ardından vakfeye durulması, ortalık iyice ağarıncaya kadar dua ve niyazda bulunup güneş doğmadan önce Mina’ya hareket edilmesi sünnettir.
Resûlullah’ın Müzdelife gecesi yaşlı, şişman ve kalabalığın sıkıntısına dayanamayacak durumda olan eşi Sevde ile henüz çocuk yaşta olan Abdullah b. Abbas’a ve diğer bazı kimselere erkenden Mina’ya gitme izni vermesini (Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 98; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 293, 303, 304) gerekçe gösteren fıkıh âlimleri, gerek yolda gerekse büyük şeytanın taşlanması sırasında oluşacak izdihamın sıkıntısından kurtulmak ve ibadetin huşû içinde ifasını sağlamak için yaşlı, zayıf ve güçsüz olan kadın ve erkeklerle çocukları gece yarısından sonra Mina’ya göndermenin sünnet olduğu görüşünü benimsemişlerdir. Bazı mezhepler, Mina’ya erken intikal etmeleri gereken meslek sahiplerini de bu hükme dahil etmişlerdir. Cünüplük, hayız gibi guslü gerektiren durumlar, Arafat vakfesi ve Mina’da şeytan taşlamada olduğu gibi Müzdelife’de vakfe yapmaya da engel değildir; ancak temizlenmiş olarak vakfe yapılması müstehaptır.
Müzdelife’de bayram için gusül abdesti almak, su bulunmaması durumunda teyemmüm etmek, akşam ve yatsı namazlarını yatsı vaktinde birleştirerek kılmak, geceyi namaz kılmak, Kur’an okumak, zikir ve dua gibi ibadetlerle ihya etmek, gece yarısından sonra şeytan taşlamak için taş toplamak, erken vaktinde kılınan sabah namazından sonra Kuzah tepesinin yanına gitmek ve Kâbe’ye dönerek Allah’a hamdedip dua ve niyazda bulunmak, tekbir ve tehlîl getirip telbiye okumak, Muhassir vadisini süratle geçmek müstehap kabul edilmiştir. Ayrıca Arafat’tan Müzdelife’ye, oradan ayrılıp Mina’ya giderken Hz. Peygamber’in, “Ey insanlar! Sükûnet içinde ağır ağır yürüyün” (Müslim, “Ḥac”, 147; Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 57) tavsiyesine uyarak izdihama yol açmadan yürümek sünnettir.
Arafat’ta vakfe tamamlanıp güneş battıktan sonra Müzdelife’ye hareket eden hacıların akşam namazını yolda kılmayıp oraya ulaştıklarında yatsı namazıyla birlikte yatsı vaktinde birleştirerek (cem‘) kılmaları sünnettir. Bu konuda fıkıh âlimleri arasında ihtilâf bulunmadığı, hatta cem‘ yapmanın sünnet olduğu konusunda icmâ bulunduğu belirtilmiştir (İbnü’l-Münzir en-Nîsâbûrî, metin: s. 58; İbn Kudâme, III, 418). Akşam ve yatsı namazlarının Arafat’ta veya Müzdelife’ye giderken yolda kılınması halinde oraya varınca yeniden eda edilir. Fakat geç kalındığı için vaktin çıkmasından endişe ediliyorsa yolda kılınabilir. Cem‘ yapıldığı takdirde iki farz arasında sünnet kılınmaz. Hanefîler’e göre cem‘in cemaatle kılınması şart olmayıp tek başına edası da câizdir, ancak cemaatle kılmak sünnettir. Bu mezhebe göre hac için ihrama girmeyen kimsenin cem‘ yapması câiz değildir.
Hanefîler’e göre akşamla yatsı namazı bir ezan ve Arafat’taki cem‘den farklı olarak bir kāmetle kılınır. Abdullah b. Ömer’in rivayetine göre Hz. Peygamber, Müzdelife’de akşam namazı ile yatsı namazını birleştirip bir kāmetle akşamı üç, yatsıyı iki rek‘at olarak kıldırmıştır (Müslim, “Ḥac”, 289-291). Her namaz için ayrı ezan ve kāmet okunacağını söyleyen Mâlikîler’e göre hac ibadetini yöneten imamla birlikte Arafat’ta vakfede duran kimse Müzdelife’ye de onunla gelmişse birlikte, geri kalmışsa tek başına cem‘ yapar; vakfeyi imamla beraber yapmayan kişi her namazı kendi vaktinde ayrı ayrı kılar. Ayrıca seferî durumunda olanlar yatsıyı iki rek‘at, diğerleri tam olarak eda ederler. Hanbelîler ve Şâfiîler de cem‘in hac sebebiyle değil seferîlikten dolayı meşrû olduğu görüşündedir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in bir ezan ve iki kāmetle akşamla yatsı namazlarını kıldırdığı, aralarında herhangi bir nâfile namaz kılmadığı rivayetini (Müslim, “Ḥac”, 147) esas alan Şâfiîler’e göre bir ezan okunur, ancak her iki namaz için de kāmet getirilir. Züfer b. Hüzeyl ve Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tahâvî gibi Hanefî âlimleri de bu görüşü benimsemiştir. Hanbelîler, bu farklı rivayetler sebebiyle her namaz için ayrı kāmet getirilmesi daha iyi olmakla birlikte iki namazın tek kāmetle de kılınabileceğini belirtmişlerdir (ayrıca bk. CEM‘ ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḥac”, 166.
Buhârî, “Ḥac”, 98.
Müslim, “Ḥac”, 147, 149, 289-291, 293, 303, 304.
İbn Mâce, “Menâsik”, 55.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Menâsik”, 57, 59, 66, 69.
Tirmizî, “Ḥac”, 57.
Nesâî, “Menâsik”, 211.
İbnü’l-Münzir en-Nîsâbûrî, Kitâbü’l-İcmâ‘: İslâm Hukukçularınca Üzerinde İcmâ‘ Edilen Konular (nşr. ve trc. Abdülkadir Şener), Ankara 1983, metin: s. 58; tercüme: s. 38.
Ebû Mansûr Muhammed b. Mükerrem el-Kirmânî, el-Mesâlik fi’l-menâsik (nşr. Suûd b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed eş-Şüreyyim), Beyrut 1424/2003, I, 528-548.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , II, 135-136.
İbn Rüşd, Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , Beyrut 1978, I, 350.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , III, 416-423.
Nevevî, el-Mecmûʿ , VIII, 123-153.
İbn Cüzey, Ḳavânînü’l-aḥkâmi’ş-şerʿiyye , Beyrut, ts., s. 148.
Osman b. Ali ez-Zeylaî, Tebyînü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ , Bulak 1313, I, 27-29.
İzzeddin İbn Cemâa, Hidâyetü’s-sâlik ile’l-meẕâhibi’l-erbaʿa fi’l-menâsik (nşr. Nûreddin Itr), Beyrut 1414/1994, III, 1038-1068.
Hattâb, Mevâhibü’l-celîl (nşr. Zekeriyyâ Umeyrât), Beyrut 1425/2003, IV, 168-178.
Rahmetullah b. Kādî Ali es-Sindî, Lübâbü’l-menâsik (nşr. Abdürrahîm b. Muhammed Ebû Bekir), Beyrut 1421, s. 147-149.
Muhammed b. Ahmed ed-Desûkī, Ḥâşiye ʿale’ş-Şerḥi’l-kebîr , Kahire 1328, II, 44-45.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , II, 178, 509, 511.
Vehbe ez-Zühaylî, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî ve edilletüh , Dımaşk 1405/1985, III, 178, 189.
“Ḥac”, Mv.F , XVII, 54, 67.
“Müzdelife”, a.e. , XXXVII, 93-102.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 239-240 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.