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MÜZEKKER ve MÜENNES Skip to content Arapça’da ve diğer dillerde kelimelerin erillik ve dişilliği konusu, bu alanda yazılan eserlerin ortak adı.
Kelimeler arasındaki cinsiyet kategorisinin, insanların ve hayvanların erkekleriyle dişileri arasındaki cinsiyet farkının ilkel insanın dikkatini çekmesi ve bunun sonucunda diline yansımasıyla ortaya çıktığı belirtilir. Bu sebeple dünya dillerinde en yaygın tasnif, eril ve dişil kabul edilen öğeler için ayrı kelimelerin kullanılması şeklinde görülür. Ancak bu durumun kelime sayısının artmasına yol açtığının görülmesi üzerine birçok dilde aynı kelime sadece takı ve alâmet farkı ile her iki cins için de kullanılmıştır. Dillerde eril asıl, dişil onun bir unsuru olarak kabul edildiğinden takılar ve alâmetler dişil öğeye ait olur. Aristo, Protagoras’tan naklen Yunanca’da eril ve dişilden başka ne eril ne de dişil olan üçüncü bir kategorinin (nötr) mevcut olduğunu söyler ve gerçek cinsiyetin insanlarla hayvan isimleri arasında bulunduğunu, diğer varlıklardaki erillik ve dişilliğin mecaz yoluyla doğduğunu belirtir (Retorik, s. 175).
İlkel dillerde birbirinden gramatikal olarak ayırt edilebilen birçok cinsiyet kategorisi mevcuttur. Bu durum, ilkel insanların her şeyin canlı olduğu şeklindeki metafizik tasavvurunun diline yansıması sonucunda fizik âlemdeki her şeyi cinsiyet kategorileri içinde değerlendirmesi neticesinde ortaya çıkmıştır. Birçok örnekte kelimenin anlamı ile ona atfedilen cinsiyet arasında açıklanabilir bir ilginin bulunmaması da dillerdeki cinsiyet kategorilerinin metafizik tasavvurlara dayandığı izlenimini güçlendirmektedir. Meselâ Arap dilinde dişil öğelerin dişillik sebebi olan organ eril iken eril öğelerin erillik sebebi olan organın birçok sıfatı dişildir. Sâmî dillerde farklı cinsiyetler atfedilen güneşin (şems) Arapça’da dişil olarak kabulü de Araplar’ın önemli gök cisimlerinin Allah’ın kızları olduğu inancından kaynaklandığı ifade edilmektedir. Genellikle güçlü, hâkim, etkin, yiğit ve saygın öğelere erillik, buna karşılık üretken, zayıf, edilgin ve âciz öğelere dişillik izâfe edilmesi de canlı-cansız varlıklara yarar-zarar açısından bakan totemizmin izleri olarak değerlendirilmektedir (Gesinius, s. 391).
Müzekker lafzan veya hükmen ve takdiren dişil alâmeti taşımayan kelimedir. Hakiki ve mecazi olarak ikiye ayrılır. Hakiki müzekker erkeklik organına sahip olan insanlarla hayvanların erkekleri, mecazi müzekker ise bu tür organı olmayan diğer varlıkların erilleridir. Müzekker ayrıca zâtî, hükmî (kesbî) ve te’vîlî olmak üzere üçe ayrılır.
Müennes lafzan veya hükmen dişil alâmeti taşıyan, hakiki müennes dişilik organı olan, mecazi müennes ise böyle olmayan kelimedir. Müennes de müzekker gibi zâtî, hükmî ve te’vîlî kısımlarına ayrılır. Mecazi müennes dişil alâmeti taşıyorsa kıyasî (mıhfaza gibi), taşımıyorsa (ayn gibi) gayri kıyasî kısımlarına ayrılır. Gayri kıyasî müenneslere hakiki müennes olmadığı ve dişil alâmetleri taşımadığı için “semaî müennesler” adı da verilir. Dişil alâmetleri taşımamaları sebebiyle ihtilâfların çoğu semaî müenneslerde yoğunlaşmıştır. Klasik eserlerde 125 kadar olan bu nevi kelimelerden çok kullanılan altmış tanesini İbnü’l-Hâcib kasidesinde saymış (bk. bibl.) ve sadece otuz dördünde ittifakın bulunduğunu belirtmiştir. Diğerlerinin eril sayılması da câizdir.
Kadim Mısır diliyle (hiyeroglif) Arapça, İbrânîce gibi Sâmî dillerde mecazi müennesleri tesbit için birçok kural ortaya konulmuş, insan ve hayvanların organlarının adları, ülke, belde, şehir, nehir, deniz, gün, gök cisimleri gibi belirli kesimlere ait isimlerden eril ve dişil sayılanlar belirlenmiştir (Gesinius, s. 222, 389). Meselâ Arapça’da insan organlarından çift olanların adları dişil, tek olanlar erildir (İbn Vehb, s. 49-52).
Dünyanın birçok dilinde eril ve dişil öğeler takılarla ayırt edilir. Arapça’da ve diğer Sâmî dillerde isimler için mevcut olan üç dişil takısı et-tâü’l-merbûta, elif-i maksûre (ـَ ى ) ve elif-i memdûdedir (اَء). Bunların dişil alâmeti olabilmesi için kelimenin asıl harflerine ek ve zâit olarak gelmeleri şarttır. Arapça’da ve diğer Sâmî dillerde dişil alâmetlerinin en çok kullanılanı yuvarlak “tâ”dır ve Arapça’da önü daima fethadır. Akkadca, İbrânîce gibi diğer Sâmî dillerde ise önü çoğunlukla fetha değildir. “Vakt, uht, bint” gibi tek heceli (üç harfli) kelimelerdeki “tâ”ların ise önleri sâkin harftir. Arap gramercilerine göre bu “tâ”lar ya kelimenin asıl harfidir ya da asıl harfinden bedel olduğu için dişil alâmeti değildir; açık te (ت ) şeklinde yazılır, duruş ve geçiş hallerinde hep “te” olarak söylenir. Şarkiyatçılara göre bu Sâmî dilleri bilmemekten kaynaklanmış bir yanılgıdır. Çünkü Arapça’nın dışındaki Sâmî dillerde dişil “tâ”sı daima “te” şeklinde söylendiği gibi önünde de çoğunlukla fethalı değil sâkin harf bulunur. Habeşçe “rest” (miras), “hebt” (hibe), Akkadca “şartu” (şa‘re: saç), “beltu” (ba‘le: eş) gibi. Bergstrasser, Arap gramercilerinin aksine “uht” ve “bint” kelimelerinin “tâ”larını dişil alâmeti kabul eder. Bunların erilleri olan “aḫ” ve “bin” kelimeleri, Arap gramercilerinin dediği gibi asıl itibariyle üç harfli (ahv, bny) değil sadece ikişer harfli (ah, bn) ve çok eski Sâmî kelimelerdir. Bu sebeple sonlarındaki “tâ”lar dişil takısı olarak eklenmiştir (et-Teṭavvürü’n-naḥvî, s. 51).
Asurca, Habeşçe gibi Sâmî dillerin birçoğunda dişil “tâ”sı her konumda “te” şeklinde söylenirken Arapça’da duruş (sekt / vakf) halinde “t” yerine “h” geldiğinden veya “t”nin “h”ye dönüştüğünden söz edilir. Kûfe gramercilerine göre “t”nin (ـة ) aslı, elif-i maksûreye mahreç itibariyle benzemesinden dolayı “h” olup geçiş durumunda “t”ye dönüşür. Basralı gramercilere göre ise aslı “t” olup duruş halinde “h” onun yerine bedel olarak gelir. İbrâhim Enîs gibi bazı çağdaş dilbilimciler duruş halinde “t”nin düştüğünü, önündeki fethanın belirginleştirilmesi amacıyla uzatılmasından dolayı sona duruş “h”sinin geldiğini ifade ederler (el-Lehecâtü’l-ʿArabiyye, s. 124). Dişil “t”sinin aslının “h” değil “t” olduğuna dair birçok kanıt ortaya konulmuştur. Arap gramercileri “t”nin eril öğeyi dişil yapma işlevi dışında dönüştürme (zebîh ⟶ zebîha), mübalağa (allâm ⟶ allâme) gibi yirmiden fazla amaç için kullanıldığını tesbit etmişlerdir. Çağdaş dilbilim uzmanlarından Herîdî’ye göre Talha, Hamza gibi özel isimlerin “t”leri lafzî dişillik “t”si değil duruş “h”sinin Arapça’daki benzer kelimelere kıyasla “t” şeklinde yazılmış halidir.
Arapça’da dişil takısı olan zâit elif-i maksûre İbrânîce ve Süryânîce’deki “-ay, (ـَ اىْ )” takısına tekabül etmektedir. Elif-i maksûrenin dişil alâmeti olabilmesi için zâit olarak eklenmiş olması şarttır. Bu sebeple ”معنىً، مشفىً“ gibi örnekler dişil değildir, çünkü elif-i maksûreleri aslî harftir. Kelimeyi bir vezne uyarlamak için getirilen elif-i maksûreler de zâit olmakla birlikte dişil alâmeti sayılmaz. Elif-i maksûrenin dişil takısı olarak geldiği en işlek vezin ism-i tafdîlin dişili olan “fu‘lâ” (فعلى ) veznidir, “kübrâ” (كبرى ) gibi.
Arapça’da dişil alâmeti olan elif-i memdûdenin (ـَ اء ) zâit olması şarttır. Bu sebeple ”بناء، عدّاء“ kelimeleri dişil değildir, çünkü elif-i memdûdeleri aslî harftir. Sîbeveyhi elif-i memdûdenin aslının elif-i maksûre olduğunu ve ziyade med için hemzenin eklendiğini söyler. Brockelmann, İbrânîce’de yer adlarına eklenen ( ) takısının elif-i memdûdeye tekabül ettiğini belirtir (Grundriss, I, 410). Arapça’da dişil takısı elif-i memdûde alan çok sayıda vezin vardır. Elif-i maksûre ile elif-i memdûde bazı çağdaş Arap lehçelerinde kaybolmuş, yerini “t” (ـة ) almıştır: ”صحراء ⟵ صحرة، كبرى ⟵ كبرة“ gibi. Bunun sebebi dillerin kolaya ve basite doğru gelişim süreci izlemesidir. Nitekim çocuk dilinde de sadece en işlek dişil takısı olan “t” (ة ) kullanılır. Çağdaş dilbilimcilerden İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî ile Hâmid Sâdık Kanîbî gerçek dişil alâmetinin dişil takısının önündeki fetha olduğunu, dişil takısı olarak söylenegelen tâ-i merbûte (ـة ), elif-i maksûre ve elif-i memdûdenin önlerindeki fethayı belirginleştirme işlevi gördüklerini örneklerle kanıtlamaya çalışmıştır.
Özellikle ana dili Arapça olmayan kâtip ve yazarların eril ve dişil kelimelerin kullanımında yaptıkları hatalarla Aristo’nun eril ve dişili bilmenin kâtip, edip ve hatipler için önemini vurgulaması gibi etmenlerin tesiriyle III. (IX.) yüzyılın başlarından itibaren ve bilhassa IV. (X.) yüzyıl boyunca “el-müzekker ve’l-müennes” adı altında çok sayıda eser yazılmıştır. Bunların çoğu mensur, bir kısmı manzum olup sayıları elliye yaklaşır. Bu alanda bilinen ilk çalışma Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ’nın (ö. 207/822) el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱’idir (nşr. Mustafa ez-Zerkā, Beyrut-Halep 1345; nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb, Kahire 1975). Daha sonra kaleme alınan Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî, Müberred, Mufaddal b. Seleme, Ebû Mûsâ el-Hâmız, Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî, İbnü’t-Tüsterî, İbn Cinnî, İbn Fâris ve Kemâleddin el-Enbârî’ye ait eserler yayımlanmıştır. Bunların içinde Ferrâ ile Müberred’inkiler gramer ağırlıklı, İbnü’t-Tüsterî ile İbn Cinnî’ninkiler alfabetiktir. En hacimlisi olan Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Enbârî’nin eseri, elli bölümde eril-dişil meselelerini ve kalıplarını zengin şevâhid ve misallerle incelemektedir. Ayrıca İbn Sîde, Arap dilinin en hacimli konu sözlüğü olan el-Muḫaṣṣaṣ’ında eril-dişil meselesine 200’den fazla sayfa ayırmış, başta Sîbeveyhi’nin el-Kitâb’ı ile Müberred’in el-Muḳteḍab’ı olmak üzere Arap gramerine dair eserlerde de konuyla ilgili ayrıntılı bilgilere yer verilmiştir.
Eril-dişil konusuna dair yazılan manzumelerden günümüze ulaşanlar İshak b. İbrâhim el-Fârâbî’nin Manẓûme fi’l-müʾennes̱âti’s-semâʿiyye’si ile (yazması için bk. İbnü’t-Tüsterî, neşredenin girişi, s. 36), İbnü’l-Hâcib ve Ahmed es-Sücâî’ye ait eserlerdir. Ayrıca Süyûtî, konuyla ilgili olarak Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Hasan ez-Zebîdî’ye ait iki manzumeden, İbn Mâlik’e ve meçhul bir nâzıma ait manzumelerden bazı parçalara yer vermiştir (el-Müzhir, II, 223-224).
Modern dönemde de M. Hıdır Hüseyin et-Tûnîsî, M. Reşâd Abdüzzâhir Halîfe ve İ. İbrâhim Berekât gibi yazarlarca eril-dişil meselesine dair inceleme ve sözlük türü bazı eserler telif edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA Aristotales, Retorik (trc. Mehmet H. Doğan), İstanbul 1995, s. 175; Yahyâ b. Ziyâd el-Ferrâ, el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Kahire 1989, s. 37-40; Ebû Hâtim es-Sicistânî, el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin), Beyrut 1418/1997, neşredenin girişi, s. 23-28; a.e. (nşr. İzzet Hasan), Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’ş-şarki’l-Arabî), s. 22-24; Müberred, el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb – Selâhaddin el-Hâdî), Kahire 1970, neşredenlerin girişi, s. 62-64; İbn Vehb, el-Burhân fî vücûhi’l-beyân (nşr. Ahmed Matlûb – Hadîce el-Hadîsî), Bağdad 1976, s. 49-52, 315-316; İbnü’t-Tüsterî, el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ (nşr. Ahmed Abdülmecîd Herîdî), Kahire 1403/1983, neşredenin girişi, s. 13-39; İbn Cinnî, el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ (nşr. Târık Necm Abdullah), Cidde 1405/1985, neşredenin girişi, s. 23-40; İbn Fâris, el-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Kahire 1969, neşredenin girişi, s. 28-42; İbn Sîde, el-Muḫaṣṣaṣ, Bulak 1316-21, IV/16, s. 79-191; IV/17, s. 1-96; Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, el-Bülġa fi’l-farḳ beyne’l-müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Kahire 1970, neşredenin girişi, s. 37-52; İbn Rüşd, Telḫîṣu’l-Ḫaṭâbe (nşr. M. Selîm Sâlim), Kahire 1967, s. 529, 569-570; İbnü’l-Hâcib, el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-müveşşaḥa bi’l-esmâʾi’l-müʾennes̱eti’s-semâʿiyye (nşr. Târık Necm Abdullah), Beyrut 1411/1991, neşredenin girişi, s. 41-60; İbn Mâlik et-Tâî, Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’ş-Şâfiye (nşr. Abdülmün‘im Ahmed Herîdî), Mekke 1402/1982, IV, 1730-1756; Süyûtî, el-Müzhir , II, 223-224; W. Gesenius, Hebrew Grammar, London 1980, s. 222, 389-392; C. Brockelmann, Grundriss der Vergleichenden Grammatik der Semitischen Sprachen, Berlin 1908-13, I, 405, 410; a.mlf., Fıḳhü’l-luġāti’s-Sâmiyye (trc. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Riyad 1977, s. 95; İbrâhim Enîs, el-Lehecâtü’l-ʿArabiyye, Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-fikri’l-Arabî), s. 124; G. Bergstrasser, et-Teṭavvürü’n-naḥvî (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Kahire 1982, s. 51-115; İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, Maʿa’l-meṣâdir fi’l-luġa ve’l-edeb, Amman 1403/1983, II, 74-75; Hâmid Sâdık Kuneybî, Muʿcemü’l-müʾennes̱âti’s-semâʿiyye, Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 7-53; Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, el-Muʿcemü’l-mufaṣṣal fi’l-müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱, Beyrut 1414/1994, s. 7-120; Zülfikār Ahmed en-Nakavî, el-Muʿcemü’l-mübteker fîmâ yeteʿallaḳ bi’l-müʾennes̱ ve’l-müẕekker, Beyrut 1998, s. 17-33, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2006 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 32. cildinde, 243-245 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.